Gilbert i Salivan

Gilbert i Salivan odnosi se na pozorišno partnerstvo dramaturga V. S. Gilberta (1836–1911) i kompozitora Artura Salivana (1842–1900) iz viktorijanske ere i na dela koja su zajednički stvorili. Njih dvojica su sarađivali na četrnaest komičnih opera između 1871 i 1896, od kojih su H.M.S. Pinafor, Pirati Penzansa i Mikado među najpoznatijim.^[1]

Gilbert, koji je napisao librete za ove opere, stvorio je maštovite „lepršave” svetove u kojima je svaki apsurd doveden do svog logičnog zaključka - vile se druže sa britanskim lordovima, flert je kapitalni prekršaj, gondolijeri postaju deo monarhije, a gusari se pojavljuju kao plemići koji su zagubili put.^[2] Salivan, koji je bio šest godina mlađi od Gilberta, komponovao je muziku, doprinoseći nezaboravnim melodijama^[3] koje su mogle da dočaraju humor i tugu.^[4]

Njihove opere uživale su širok i trajan međunarodni uspeh i još uvek se često izvode širom sveta na engleskom govornom području.^[5]^[6] Gilbert i Salivan uveli su inovacije u sadržaju i formi koje su direktno uticale na razvoj muzičkog pozorišta tokom 20. veka.^[7] Njihove opere su takođe uticale na politički diskurs, književnost, film i televiziju, i humoristi su ih široko parodirali i imitirali. Producent Ričard Kart je združio Gilberta i Salivan i pospešivao njihovu saradnju.^[8] On je 1881. godine izgradio Savojski teatar kako bi predstavio njihove zajedničke radove (koji su postali poznati kao Savojske opere) i osnovao opersku kompaniju Dojli Karta, koja je više od jednog veka izvodila i promovisala radove Gilberta i Salivana.

Počeci

Gilbert pre Salivana

Jedna od Gilbertovih ilustracija za njegovu *Bab baladu* „Nežna Alis Braun”

Gilbert je rođen u Londonu, 18. novembra 1836. Njegov otac, Vilijam, bio je mornarički hirurg, koji je kasnije pisao romane i kratke priče, od kojih su neke uključivale i ilustracije njegovog sina.^[9] Godine 1861, kako bi dopunio svoje prihode, mlađi Gilbert je počeo da piše svoje ilustrovane priče, pesme i članke, od kojih će mnoge kasnije biti nadahnuće za njegove drame i opere, posebno Gilbertove serije ilustrovanih pesama, Bab balade.^[10]

U Bab baladama i njegovim ranim dramama, Gilbert je razvio jedinstveni stil (engl. topsy-turvy) u kome je humor izveden postavljanjem smešne premise i razvijanjem njenih logičnih posledica, koliko god apsurdnih. Reditelj i dramatičar Majk Li opisao je „Gilbertski” stil na sledeći način:

S velikom fluidnošću i slobodom, [Gilbert] kontinuirano dovodi u pitanje naša prirodna očekivanja. Prvo, u okviru priče on ostvaruje bizarne stvari i preokreće svet naglavačke. Tako se učeni Sudija ženi tužiteljem, vojnici se pretvaraju u estete, i tako dalje, i skoro svaka opera se rešava spretnim pomeranjem ciljeva ... Njegov genij je da stapa suprotnosti neosetnom veštnom ruke, spajajući nadrealno sa realnim, i karikatura s prirodnim. Drugim rečima, da ispriča potpuno neverovatnu priču na potpuno bezizrazan način.^[2]

Gilbert je razvio svoje inovativne teorije o umetnosti scenskog režiranja, prateći pozorišnog reformatora Toma Robertsona.^[9] U vreme kada je Gilbert počeo da piše, pozorište u Britaniji je bilo zapušteno.^[11] Gilbert je pomogao da se reformiše i podigne respektabilnost pozorišta, posebno počevši od njegovih šest kratkih komičnih porodično-podesnih opera ili „zabava” za Tomasa Germana Rida.^[12]

*Veoma davno*, tokom probe za koju je Frederik Klej upoznao Gilberta i Salivana

Na probi jedne od tih predstava, Veoma davno, 1870. godine, kompozitor Frederik Klej je upoznao Gilberta sa svojim prijateljem, mladim kompozitorom Arturom Salivanom.^[13]^[14] Sledeće godine, pre nego što su njih dvoje počeli da sarađuju, Gilbert je nastavio da piše šaljive stihove, priče i predstave, uključujući komične opere Naš ostrvski dom (1870) i Senzacionalna novela (1871), i komedije slobodnih stihova Princeza (1870), Palata istine (1870) i Pigmalion i Galatea (1871).

Salivan pre Gilberta

Salivan je rođen u Londonu 13. maja 1842. Otac mu je bio vojni vođa orkestra, i do vremena kada je Artur navršio osmu godinu, on je mogao da svira sve instrumente u bendu. U školi je počeo da komponuje himne i pesme. Godine 1856, on je dobio prvu Mendelsonovu stipendiju i studirao na Kraljevskoj muzičkoj akademiji, a potom i u Lajpcigu, gde je takođe počeo da se bavi dirigovanjem. Njegov diplomski rad, završen 1861. godine, bio je zbirka prateće muzike za Šekspirovsku Buru. To delo je u izmenjenom i proširenom obliku izvedeno u Kristalnoj palati 1862. godine i bilo je senzacionalno uspešno. On je počeo da izgrađuje reputaciju vrhunskog mladog engleskog kompozitora, komponujući simfoniju, koncert i nekoliko uvertira, među kojima je bila i Uvertira Di Balo, 1870. godine.^[15]

Reference

^ Davis, Peter G. Smooth Sailing, New York magazine, 21 January 2002, accessed 6 November 2007
^ ^а ^б Leigh, Mike. "True anarchists", The Guardian, 4 November 2007, accessed 6 November 2007
^ "Form and symmetry he seems to possess by instinct; rhythm and melody clothe everything he touches; the music shows not only sympathetic genius, but sense, judgement, proportion, and a complete absence of pedantry and pretension; while the orchestration is distinguished by a happy and original beauty hardly surpassed by the greatest masters." Sir George Grove. "Arthur Sullivan 1842–1900", The Musical Times, December 1900, accessed 28 October 2007
^ Gian Andrea Mazzucato in The Musical Standard of 30 December 1899: "[Sullivan] ... will ... be classed among the epoch-making composers, the select few whose genius and strength of will empowered them to find and found a national school of music, that is, to endow their countrymen with the undefinable, yet positive means of evoking in a man's soul, by the magic of sound, those delicate nuances of feeling which are characteristic of the emotional power of each different race." Quoted in the Sir Arthur Sullivan Society Journal, No. 34, Spring 1992, pp. 11–12
^ Bradley (2005), Chapter 1
^ Hewett, Ivan. "The Magic of Gilbert and Sullivan". The Telegraph, 2 August 2009, accessed 14 April 2010.
^ [Downs, Peter. "Actors Cast Away Cares", Hartford Courant, 18 October 2006
^ Crowther, Andrew. "The Carpet Quarrel Explained", The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, 28 June 1997, accessed 6 November 2007
^ ^а ^б Crowther, Andrew. The Life of W. S. Gilbert, The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed 21 August 2012.
^ Stedman, pp. 26–29, 123–24, and the introduction to Gilbert's Foggerty's Fairy and Other Tales
^ Bond, Jessie.The Reminiscences of Jessie Bond: Introduction, The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed 21 May 2007. Bond created the mezzo-soprano roles in most of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas and is here leading into a description of Gilbert's role in reforming the Victorian theatre.
^ Stedman, pp. 62–68; Bond, Jessie, The Reminiscences of Jessie Bond: Introduction, The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed 21 August 2012
^ Crowther, Andrew. Ages Ago—Early Days, The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed 21 August 2012
^ Gilbert and Sullivan met at a rehearsal for a second run of Gilbert's Ages Ago at the Gallery of Illustration, probably in July 1870. See Crowther (2011), p. 84
^ "An Illustrated Interview with Sir Arthur Sullivan, by Arthur H Lawrence, Part 1", The Strand Magazine, Volume xiv, No.84 (December 1897). See also Sullivan's Letter to The Times, 27 October 1881, Issue 30336, pg. 8 col C

Literatura

Ainger, Michael (2002). Gilbert and Sullivan, a Dual Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514769-3.
Allen, Reginald (1975). The First Night Gilbert and Sullivan. London: Chappell & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-903443-10-4.
Baily, Leslie (1966). The Gilbert and Sullivan Book (new изд.). London: Spring Books. ISBN 0-500-13046-9.
Bradley, Ian (1996). The Complete Annotated Gilbert and Sullivan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816503-X.
Bradley, Ian (2005). Oh Joy! Oh Rapture! The Enduring Phenomenon of Gilbert and Sullivan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516700-7.
Cellier, François and Cunningham Bridgeman (1914). Gilbert and Sullivan and Their Operas. London: Sir Isaac Pitman & sons, ltd.
Crowther, Andrew (2011). Gilbert of Gilbert & Sullivan: his Life and Character. London: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-5589-1.
Dark, Sidney; Rowland Grey (1923). W S Gilbert: His Life and Letters. London: Methuen. стр. 157—58.
Dillard, Philip H. (1991). How quaint the ways of paradox!. Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 0-8108-2445-0.
Hughes, Gervase (1959). The Music of Sir Arthur Sullivan. London: Macmillan & Co Ltd. Available online here.
Jacobs, Arthur (1986). Arthur Sullivan – A Victorian Musician. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-282033-8.
Joseph, Tony (1994). D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, 1875–1982: An Unofficial History. London: Bunthorne Books. ISBN 0-9507992-1-1. ISBN 0-9507992-1-1
Stedman, Jane W. (1996). W. S. Gilbert, A Classic Victorian & His Theatre. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816174-3.
Walbrook, H.M. (1922). Gilbert & Sullivan Opera, A History and a Comment. London: F. V. White & Co. Ltd.
Williams, Carolyn (2010). Gilbert and Sullivan: Gender, Genre, Parody. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-14804-6.
Wilson, Robin; Frederic Lloyd (1984). Gilbert & Sullivan: The Official D'Oyly Carte Picture History. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN 0-394-54113-8.
Wolfson, John (1976). Final curtain: The last Gilbert and Sullivan Operas. London: Chappell in association with A. Deutsch. ISBN 0-903443-12-0. ISBN 0-903443-12-0
Benford, Harry (1999). The Gilbert & Sullivan Lexicon, 3rd Revised Edition. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The Queensbury Press. ISBN 0-9667916-1-4.
Crowther, Andrew (2000). Contradiction Contradicted – The Plays of W. S. Gilbert. Associated University Presses. ISBN 0-8386-3839-2.
Fitzgerald, Percy Hetherington (1894). The Savoy Opera and the Savoyards. London: Chatto & Windus.
Gilbert, W. S. (1932). Deems Taylor, ур. Plays and Poems of W. S. Gilbert. New York: Random House.
Gilbert, W. S. (1976). The Complete Plays of Gilbert and Sullivan. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-00828-2.
Gilbert, W. S. (1994). The Savoy Operas. Hertfordshire, England: Wordsworth Editions Ltd. ISBN 1-85326-313-3.
Hulme, David Russell (1986). The operettas of Sir Arthur Sullivan: A study of available autograph scores. Aberystwyth University.

Spoljašnje veze

The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive
Historical survey of G&S
University of Rochester's online Gilbert & Sullivan exhibit
Savoynet G&S discussion list, an email-based G&S listserv Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (13. јун 2018)
The Gilbert and Sullivan Discography Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (22. мај 2022)
The Gilbert and Sullivan Society, London
Other appreciation societies Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (24. јун 2018)
Professional Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (13. јун 2018) and Amateur performing groups worldwide listed at The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive

[Davis1-1] Davis, Peter G. Smooth Sailing, New York magazine, 21 January 2002, accessed 6 November 2007

[Leigh-2] а ^б Leigh, Mike. "True anarchists", The Guardian, 4 November 2007, accessed 6 November 2007

[3] "Form and symmetry he seems to possess by instinct; rhythm and melody clothe everything he touches; the music shows not only sympathetic genius, but sense, judgement, proportion, and a complete absence of pedantry and pretension; while the orchestration is distinguished by a happy and original beauty hardly surpassed by the greatest masters." Sir George Grove. "Arthur Sullivan 1842–1900", The Musical Times, December 1900, accessed 28 October 2007

[4] Gian Andrea Mazzucato in The Musical Standard of 30 December 1899: "[Sullivan] ... will ... be classed among the epoch-making composers, the select few whose genius and strength of will empowered them to find and found a national school of music, that is, to endow their countrymen with the undefinable, yet positive means of evoking in a man's soul, by the magic of sound, those delicate nuances of feeling which are characteristic of the emotional power of each different race." Quoted in the Sir Arthur Sullivan Society Journal, No. 34, Spring 1992, pp. 11–12

[5] Bradley (2005), Chapter 1

[Hewett-6] Hewett, Ivan. "The Magic of Gilbert and Sullivan". The Telegraph, 2 August 2009, accessed 14 April 2010.

[PeterDowns-7] [Downs, Peter. "Actors Cast Away Cares", Hartford Courant, 18 October 2006

[Carpet-8] Crowther, Andrew. "The Carpet Quarrel Explained", The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, 28 June 1997, accessed 6 November 2007

[CrowtherLife-9] а ^б Crowther, Andrew. The Life of W. S. Gilbert, The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed 21 August 2012.

[10] Stedman, pp. 26–29, 123–24, and the introduction to Gilbert's Foggerty's Fairy and Other Tales

[11] Bond, Jessie.The Reminiscences of Jessie Bond: Introduction, The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed 21 May 2007. Bond created the mezzo-soprano roles in most of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas and is here leading into a description of Gilbert's role in reforming the Victorian theatre.

[12] Stedman, pp. 62–68; Bond, Jessie, The Reminiscences of Jessie Bond: Introduction, The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed 21 August 2012

[CrowtherAgesAgo-13] Crowther, Andrew. Ages Ago—Early Days, The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed 21 August 2012

[14] Gilbert and Sullivan met at a rehearsal for a second run of Gilbert's Ages Ago at the Gallery of Illustration, probably in July 1870. See Crowther (2011), p. 84

[Lawrence1-15] "An Illustrated Interview with Sir Arthur Sullivan, by Arthur H Lawrence, Part 1", The Strand Magazine, Volume xiv, No.84 (December 1897). See also Sullivan's Letter to The Times, 27 October 1881, Issue 30336, pg. 8 col C

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]