Gratë në pirateri
Edhe pse shumica e piratëve në histori kanë qenë burra,[1] ka rreth njëqind shembuj të njohur të pirateve femra,[2][a] rreth dyzet prej të cilave ishin aktive në Epokën e Artë të Piraterisë.[4] Disa gra kanë qenë kapitenë pirate dhe disa kanë komanduar flota të tëra piratesh. Ndër gratë pirate më të fuqishme ishin figura të tilla si Zheng Yi Sao (1775–1844) dhe Huang Bamei (1906–1982), të cilat të dyja drejtuan dhjetëra mijëra piratë.[5][6]
Përveç atyre të paktëve që ishin vetë pirate, gratë gjithashtu historikisht kanë qenë më shumë të përfshira në piraterinë përmes roleve dytësore, duke ndërvepruar me piratët duke qenë kontrabandistë, huadhënëse parash, blerës të mallrave të vjedhura, taverna dhe prostituta, dhe duke qenë anëtarë të familjes së piratëve dhe viktimave.[1][7] Disa gra gjithashtu u martuan me piratë dhe i kthyen shtëpitë ose objektet e tyre në streha të sigurta piratike.[8] Nëpërmjet grave në këto role dytësore, piratët u mbështetën fuqishëm nga agjencia e grave.[9] Disa gra me ndikim, duke përfshirë monarkët si Elizabeta I e Anglisë (r. 1558-1603), kanë vepruar gjithashtu si mbrojtës të fuqishëm të piratëve.[1] Megjithëse kanë marrë pak vëmendje akademike, gratë ende i zënë këto role të rëndësishme dytësore në piraterinë bashkëkohore. Pirateria në brigjet e Somalisë, për shembull, mbështetet në një masë të madhe nga gratë në breg që marrin pjesë në transport, strehim dhe rekrutim.[10]
Lundrimi në përgjithësi ka qenë historikisht një aktivitet me gjini mashkullore.[11] Gratë që bëheshin pirate herë pas here maskoheshin si burra për ta bërë këtë, pasi përndryshe ato rrallë lejoheshin në anijet pirate. Në shumë anije në Epokën e Artë të Piraterisë, gratë ishin të ndaluara nga kontrata e anijes (kërkohej të nënshkruhej nga të gjithë anëtarët e ekuipazhit) për shkak të konsiderimit si fat i keq dhe për shkak të frikës se anëtarët meshkuj të ekuipazhit do të ziheshin për gratë. Shumë pirate femra të famshme, si Anne Bonny (1697–?) dhe Mary Read (1685–1721), visheshin dhe vepronin si burra.[12] Meqenëse gjinia e shumë grave pirate u ekspozua vetëm pasi u kapën, është e mundur që të ketë pasur më shumë gra në pirateri sesa tregohet ndryshe nga burimet e mbijetuara.[13]
Përveç pirateve femra historike, femrat në pirateri janë shfaqur shpesh edhe në legjenda dhe folklor. Pirateja më e hershme femër legjendare është ndoshta Atalanta e mitologjisë greke, e cila sipas legjendës iu bashkua argonautëve në vitet para Luftës së Trojës.[14] Folklori dhe mitologjia skandinave, ndonëse vetë përrallat janë të paverifikuara, përfshin shumë luftëtare femra (mburoja-vashë) që komandojnë anije dhe flota.[15] Piratet femra kanë pasur role të ndryshme në letërsinë moderne, duke reflektuar shpesh normat dhe traditat kulturore. Duke filluar nga shekulli i 20-të, gratë e imagjinuara pirate ndonjëherë janë romantizuar si simbole të lirisë femërore.[16]
List of named female pirates
[Redakto | Redakto nëpërmjet kodit] Historikiteti i diskutueshëm apo figura legjendare
Piratët e lashtë
[Redakto | Redakto nëpërmjet kodit]| Emri | Jetgjatësia | Aktiv | Kultura | Shënime |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dido a.k.a. Elissa |
~800 BC | Fenikase | Themeluese legjendare e Carthage.[17] Ndonjëherë konsiderohet një pirate pasi legjenda e saj përfshin udhëheqjen e një ekspedite detare,[17][18] bastisjet,[17] dhe rrëmbimin e një grupi të madh grash.[18] | |
| Tchiao Kuo-fu-ja[2] a.k.a. Ch’iao K’uo Fü Jên |
~600 BC | Kineze | Piratja legjendare kineze e cila shfaqet në një legjendë ku ajo dhe ekuipazhi i saj çlirojnë një grua të re të robëruar me emrin P'ao.[19] | |
| Mbretëresha Artemisia I of Caria | 480 BC | Greke | Mbretëresha e qytet-shtetit Halicarnassus. Pirateja femër më e hershme historike, Artemisia kapitenin e një anijeje luftarake [20] dhe udhëhoqi flotën më të famshme pirate në Mesdhe.[21] Ajo mori pjesë në pushtimin e dytë persian të Greqisë (480–479 pes), duke luftuar përkrah Xerxes I të Perandorisë Akaemenide.[20] | |
| Mbretëresha Teutë e Ardianëve | 231–228 BC | Ilire | Mbretëresha regjente e fisit Ardiaei, aktive në detin Adriatik. Sanksionoi një numër sulmesh piratesh kundër Republikës Romake dhe luftoi kundër romakëve në Luftën e Parë Ilire (229–228 p.e.r.).[22][23] |
Epoka e Vendelit dhe e Vikingëve
[Redakto | Redakto nëpërmjet kodit]| Emri | Jetgjatësia | Aktiv | Kultura | Shënime |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Princess Sela | rr. 420[24] | Norwegian | Appears in the Gesta Danorum.[25][b] Sister of the Norwegian king Koller, with whom she quarreled, and led her own raids both in sea and land. Killed by the Jutish king-turned-pirate Aurvandill after she attempted to avenge her brother.[24] | |
| Alf and Alfhild a.k.a. Alvid; Altilda; Atwilda; Alvilda |
rr. 550[30] | Geatish | Appears in the Gesta Danorum.[b] Her story is akin to a fairy tale and she consequently appears to be a mythical figure.[30][31] Daughter of the Geatish king Synardus. Turned to piracy to escape an enforced marriage and led an all-female pirate crew. Eventually tracked down and defeated by her intended spouse, whereafter she married him on account of his prowess in battle.[30] | |
| Groe | rr. 550[30] | Geatish | Appears in the Gesta Danorum.[b] One of the women accompanying Afhild.[32] | |
| Stikla | 8th century? | Norwegian | Appears in the Gesta Danorum.[25][b] Shield-maiden and pirate[31] who alongside her sister Rusila fought against the Norwegian ruler Olov for control of his kingdom.[25][33] Defeated and killed by Olov's forces who were aided by the Danish king Harald Wartooth.[33] | |
| Rusila | 8th century? | Norwegian | Appears in the Gesta Danorum.[b] Sister of Stikla, fought with her against Olov and Harald.[25][33] | |
| Veborg | rr. 770[15] | Danish | Briefly mentioned in the Gesta Danorum.[b] Longship captain who was killed in battle.[25] Participated in the legendary Battle of Brávellir.[34] | |
| Hetha | rr. 770[15] | Danish | Briefly mentioned in the Gesta Danorum.[b] Longship captain who became the ruler of Zealand.[25] Participated in the legendary Battle of Brávellir.[34] | |
| Wisna | rr. 770[15] | Danish | Briefly mentioned in the Gesta Danorum.[b] Longship captain who became a standard-bearer and lost her right hand in battle.[25] Participated in the legendary Battle of Brávellir.[34] | |
| Rusla, "Red Daughter" | 8th/9th century? | Norwegian | Appears in the Gesta Danorum.[b] Sometimes conflated with Rusila but appears to be a distinct figure.[25] Sister of the Norwegian ruler Tesondus, who had been deposed by the Danish king Omundus. Angered at the Danish conquest and her brother being content with it, she fought against both but was ultimately defeated.[25] | |
| Lagertha | 9th century | Norwegian | Appears in the Gesta Danorum.[b] Viking shield-maiden who accompanied and later married the legendary hero and king Ragnar Lodbrok.[25] |
Piratët e Mesjetës dhe Rilindjes
[Redakto | Redakto nëpërmjet kodit]| Emri | Jetgjatësia | Aktiv | Kultura | Shënime |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians | rr. 870–918 | 911 | Anglo-Saxon | Ruler of Mercia. Became a military leader after her husband's death in battle against the Danes in 911. Took command of the fleets to rid the seas of the Viking raiders. Sometimes referred to as a pirate.[4] |
| Joanna of Flanders, "the Flame" a.k.a. Joanna of Montfort |
rr. 1295–1374 | 1341–1347 | French / Breton | Duchess of Brittany by marriage to John of Montfort. Famous and admired in Brittany for her skills as a warrior and military leader. Fought alongside her troops against the French in the War of the Breton Succession (1341–1365), at points commanding great fleets in naval battles. Sometimes referred to as a pirate.[35] |
| Jeanne de Clisson, "Lioness of Brittany" a.k.a. Jeanne de Belleville |
1300–1359 | 1343–1350s | French / Breton | French/Breton noblewoman. Turned to piracy to avenge her husband Olivier IV de Clisson. who was executed as a traitor during the War of the Breton Succession. Purchased three ships, which she commanded, and attacked French ships off the coast of Normandy. Ended her pirate career after she remarried to the English knight Walter Bentley in the 1350s.[36] |
| Elise Eskilsdotter | d. 1483 | 1455–1470s | Norwegian | Norwegian noblewoman who turned to piracy to avenge her husband Olav Nilsson. Attacked ships in the seas near Bergen.[4] |
| Grace O'Malley a.k.a. Gráinne Ní Mháille, Granuaile |
rr. 1530–1603 | 16th century | Irish | Daughter of a local chieftain in Connacht. Her family ran both a legitimate shipping business and a piracy business. Inherited her father's lands (Umhaill), becoming a powerful Irish ruler. With her three ships and two hundred men, O'Malley plundered ships both from England and from other parts of Ireland. She became so prolific that Queen Elizabeth I put a reward on her head and considered sending the royal fleet against her. Captured by the English in 1577 but released in a hostage exchange and continued to engage in piracy. Entered into English service as a privateer in 1593.[37] |
| Sayyida al Hurra | 1485–1561 | 1515–1542 | Moroccan | Ruler of the western coasts of Morocco for over thirty years and a powerful Barbary corsair, operating out of Tétouan. Allied with the Ottoman corsair Oruç Reis, who operated out of Algiers. Raided Christian ships from Spain, regaining wealth her family had lost during the expulsions of Muslims from Spain. Much of the wealth was used to revive Tétouan. Earnt the title al-Hurra (a woman who exercises power) and later married Ahmed el Outassi, Sultan of Morocco. Wishing to retain her political influence, she forced Outassi to travel to Tétouan for the wedding, the only time in Moroccan history a royal wedding was not held in the capital.[38] |
| Mary Wolverston, Lady Killigrew a.k.a. Elizabeth Killigrew; Old Lady Killigrew |
Stampa:Floruit 1525–1587 | 16th century | English | Daughter of the pirate Philip Wolverston, who educated her in piracy in her youth.[39] Married into the Cornish Killigrew family, owners of Arwenack. Among other businesses, the Killigrews ran a criminal enterprise of seizing ships and hiding stolen goods and bribed officials to look the other way.[40][41] Wolverston was actively involved in the family's piracy. In 1582, she led pirate crews on her own pirate attacks against a Spanish[39][40][42] and then a German ship.[40] Wolverston was thereafter imprisoned and sentenced to death by Queen Elizabeth I but was ultimately pardoned.[40][42][43] |
| Dorothy Monk, Lady Killigrew | 16th century | English | Daughter-in-law of Mary Wolverston. Also charged with having engaged in piracy.[44][45] | |
| Elizabetha Patrickson | Stampa:Floruit 1634 | 17th century | English | Raided English ships alongside her husband William. Indicted on piracy, robbery, and murder charges on 10 March 1634 in an English court. She was tortured into a confession and later hanged.[46] |
Epoka e Artë e Piraterisë
[Redakto | Redakto nëpërmjet kodit]| Emri | Jetgjatësia | Aktiv | Kultura | Shënime |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charlotte de Berry | 1636–? | 17th century | English | Reportedly kidnapped and forced to go to sea, whereafter she organized a mutiny, took control of the ship and began a pirate career of her own.[47] She is likely fictional since her earliest known mention in a literary work dates to 1836.[48] |
| Jacquotte Delahaye | Stampa:Floruit 1656 | Mid-17th century | Haitian or Spanish | Legendary pirate whose story differs between accounts, sometimes said to have been motivated by revenge and other times said to have wished to earn wealth to support her family. Supposedly rose to command a hundred pirates. Depending on the account said to have either continuously dressed as a man or to have taken a male alias after faking her death. Likely fictional as she first appears only in accounts written significantly later than her purported lifespan.[48] |
| Christina Anna Skytte | 1643–1677 | 1657–1668 | Swedish | A baroness who is said to in 1657 have joined her brother Gustav Skytte, who secretly owned a pirate ship. Together they assaulted ships in the Baltic Sea. Fled the country to escape the authorities in 1663 but returned and retired from piracy in 1668. Her role in the piracy is somewhat disputed since the relevant court documents (which confirm the piracy of her brother and fiancé) do not explicitly mention her.[49] |
| Neel Cuyper a.k.a. Cornelia; Nellie Cowper; Santa Rubia |
rr. 1655–1695 | Late 17th century | Dutch | Served on Dutch merchant ships masquerading as a man. Captured by pirates who recruited her on account of her experience. After some time with the pirates, Cuyper was discovered to be a woman, whereafter she was disembarked together with her share of the loot at Tortuga. Later founded a resort for pirates at Labadee in Haiti, eventually becoming known as the "Queen of Labadee Bay". Killed by British and Spanish forces during a raid in 1695.[50] |
| Mrs. Bear | Stampa:Floruit 1684–1689 | Late 17th century | English? | Full name unknown. Wife of the pirate John Bear, whom she accompanied on pirate voyages dressed in men's clothes.[51] |
| Anne Dieu-le-Veut | 1661–1710 | Late 17th century | French | According to legends the wife of the Dutch pirate Laurens de Graaf, whom she is said to have accompanied on pirate raids. Her legend conflicts with known historical information on Laurens de Graaf's life;[48] although documentary evidence confirms her as a real person, she only married de Graaf after he is believed to have left his pirate life behind him.[52] |
| Ingela Gathenhielm | 1692–1729 | 1711–1721 | Swedish | Married the shipowner and privateer Lars Gathenhielm, who also operated a pirate business. Ingela was deeply involved in her husband's business and took charge of it after Lars died in 1718.[53] |
| Maria Lindsey | 1740s–1760s | English | Prostitute who married the pirate Eric Cobham.[54] Thought to have been insane, she joined Cobham and they assembled a pirate crew together. They conducted pirate attacks together in New England and Newfoundland; Cobham's memoirs portray Lindsey as ruthless in how she dealt with captives.[55] | |
| Anne Bonny a.k.a. Anne Bonney; Ann Fulford |
1697–? | 1719–1720 | Irlandeze | E njohur kryesisht përmes librit të Kapitenit Charles Johnson të vitit 1724, Historia e Përgjithshme e Piratëve;[56] edhe pse pjesa më e madhe e historisë së saj është me vërtetësi të pasigurt, të dhënat bashkëkohore konfirmojnë ekzistencën e saj dhe se ajo u dënua për piraterinë.[57] Sipas historisë së Johnson, ajo u martua me piratin/privatin James Bonny dhe pati një lidhje me piratin John "Calico Jack" Rackham,[56] ekuipazhit pirate të të cilit ajo iu bashkua në vitin 1719.[58] Gjithashtu pjesë e ekuipazhit të Rackham ishte një tjetër pirate femër, Mary Read. U kap dhe u dënua në fund të vitit 1720, por i shpëtoi ekzekutimit duke treguar se ishte shtatzënë, por fati i saj i mëtejshëm nuk dihet.[59] |
| Mary Read | 1685–1721 | ?–1720 | English | E njohur kryesisht përmes librit të Kapitenit Charles Johnson të vitit 1724, Historia e Përgjithshme e Piratëve;[57][60] megjithëse pjesa më e madhe e historisë së saj është e vërtetë e pasigurt, të dhënat bashkëkohore konfirmojnë ekzistencën e saj dhe se ajo u dënua për pirateri.[57] U kthye në piraterinë pasi një anije në të cilën ajo ishte u kap nga piratët. U bashkua me ekuipazhin e John "Calico Jack" Rackham në vitin 1719,[61] pjesë e së cilës ishte edhe Anne Bonny.[59] E kapën dhe e dënuan në fund të vitit 1720, por i shpëtoi ekzekutimit duke treguar se ajo ishte shtatzënë. Vdiq nga një ethe në burg në 1721, ndoshta lidhur me ndërlikimet e lindjes.[60] |
| Martha Farley a.k.a. Mary Farley; Mary Harvey; Mary Farlee |
Stampa:Floruit 1726 | Early 18th century | English? | Tried for piracy in Virginia alongside three men in 1726; whereas all men were executed, Farley was spared by the court.[13] Though Farley does not appear to have taken an active militant role alongside the men, she was present during at least one capture of a ship and is thought to have aided in eavesdropping on the conversations of the prisoners.[62] |
| Mary Critchett a.k.a. Mary Crickett; Mary Crichett |
d. 1729 | Early 18th century | English | Tried for piracy in Virginia alongside a crew of five men in 1729 and executed.[13] Critchett and the others had been felons who escaped and stole a ship in the Rappahannock River before making their way into the Chesapeake Bay, where they captured another ship.[63] |
| Martha Herring | Stampa:Floruit 1714–1735 | 1714–1715 | English? | Daughter of a captain killed in 1714 a mutiny by her lover Sandy Gordon, who turned to piracy. Herring continued to follow Gordon aboard the Flying Scot. Gordon was killed in 1715 and Herring then stayed behind on the island on which the two were married.[64] |
| Flora Burn | Stampa:Floruit 1741 | 18th century | American | Active along the eastern coast of North America.[65] Her existence is verified through surviving documentation but little is known of her career.[66] |
Shekujt 18-19
[Redakto | Redakto nëpërmjet kodit]| Name | Lifespan | Active | Culture | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sarah Bishop | 1778–1770 | American | Forced aboard a British privateer/pirate ship in 1778 as a sex slave. Eventually became the captain's wife and sometimes stood watch or handled the ship's wheel. Escaped through swimming to the shore after the captain was killed in 1780, whereafter she became a hermit in Ridgefield, Connecticut.[64] | |
| Rachel Wall | rr. 1760–1789 | 1781–1782/1789 | American | One of the most notorious American pirates and perhaps the earliest female pirate to be born in America itself.[66] Partook in the capture and plunder of several ships in 1781–1782 through luring them with false distress. Sole survivor after her ship came under attack and thereafter ostensibly retired from piracy. Alleged to have continued to rob ships during the night. Imprisoned and then hanged in 1789 after she assaulted a woman and stole her bonnet.[67] |
| Zheng Yi Sao a.k.a. Ching Shih; Cheng I Sao |
1775–1844 | 1801–1810 | Chinese | Wife of the pirate Zheng Yi.[5] Participated in his piracy from the time of their marriage in 1801 onwards.[68] After her husband's death in 1807, she took command of his powerful Red Flag Fleet and dominated the South China Sea both militarily and politically. Enforced various pirate codes, including making the rape of female captives punishable by death.[69] At the height of her power in 1805 she commanded 400 junks and between 40,000 and 60,000 pirates.[70] After facing significant opposition from government authorities as well as major powers such as the East India Company and the Portuguese Empire she surrendered in 1810 and was allowed to retire in peace.[71] |
| Jossabee | Stampa:Floruit 1804 | Early 19th century | Algerian | Mentioned by the French author H. Mesnik in his book Les femmes pirates (1804), wherein he claimed to have lived with her for a time.[72] |
| Margaret Jordan a.k.a. Margaret Croke |
Stampa:Floruit 1809 | Early 19th century | Irish | Wife of the pirate Edward Jordan. Tried for piracy and murder following a violent dispute with investors over the schooner The Three Sisters. Found innocent and released by the court so that she could care for her children.[73] Despite this it is almost certain that she assisted her husband in his piracy, and that she thus was a pirate herself.[74] |
| Lucia Allen a.k.a. Lucie; Lucille; Señora del Norte |
Stampa:Floruit 1821 | Early 19th century | American | Friend and perhaps mistress of the pirate captain Pierre Lafitte. Recorded to have accompanied Lafitte on a pirate voyage and raid in the summer of 1821. Might have died in childbirth in November that year.[75] |
| Johanna Hård a.k.a. Johanna Jungberg |
1789–1851 | 1823 | Swedish | In popular remembrance considered the last Swedish pirate. Lived on Vrångö Island and was the widow of a bookkeeper.[76] Lived off of smuggling and running speakeasy. Accused of piracy in 1823, Hård was found not guilty and the veracity of the accusation remains unknown.[77] |
| Ng Akew a.k.a. Aku |
Stampa:Floruit 1849 | 19th century | Chinese | Part of the crew of an American gunpowder and opium-trader on the ship Ruparell,[78] having been purchased as a slave by its captain James Bridges Endicott.[79] Known for a series of events in 1849 when she personally smuggled opium[79] and acted as the representative of a pirate fleet to negotiate with Captain Lockyer of the British navy ship HMS Medea.[78] |
| Eliza Welsh | 1806–after 1871 | Middle 19th century | Spanish | Lived with a Captain Graham aboard HMS Devonshire who became a pirate. Welsh accompanied him and partook in his piracies. Captured by the British navy, whereafter Graham was hanged in London and Welsh was placed in a prison camp in Tasmania, where she spent twenty years.[80] |
| Sadie Farrell, "Sadie the Goat" | Stampa:Floruit 1869[81] | 1850s–1869s | Irish American[82] | River pirate who led the Charlton Street Gang in the rivers surrounding New York City, raiding ships, villages and small towns and flying a Jolly Roger flag.[83] She earnt her nickname before becoming a pirate; it derived from her strategy to headbutt people in the stomach, whereafter one of her male companions would rob the now grounded victim.[84][85] |
Shekulli i 20-të
[Redakto | Redakto nëpërmjet kodit]| Name | Lifespan | Active | Culture | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lo Hon-cho a.k.a. Lo Honcho |
1921–1922 | Chinese | Took charge of a pirate fleet after her husband’s death in 1921,[86] probably in her mid-20s. Earnt a ruthless reputation through her attacks in the region surrounding Beihai. Commanded 64 junks at the height of her power. Captured by the Chinese military in October 1922.[87] | |
| Lai Choi San a.k.a. Lai Sho Sz’en |
Stampa:Floruit 1931–1939 | 1920s–1930s | Chinese | Active in the South China Sea and the East China Sea, commanded 12 junks. Her historicity, or at least the historicity of her exploits, are disputed since she is mainly known from the report I Sailed with Pirates (1931) by Aleko Lilius, a journalist of dubious repute. She appears to have been a real figure since she is also mentioned in a later report by a war journalist during the Sino-Japanese War.[88] |
| Tan Chin Chiao, "Golden Grace" a.k.a. T'ang Ch'ên Ch'iao |
Stampa:Floruit 1935 | Early 20th century | Chinese | Also called the "Queen of the Pirates". Commanded several pirate ships, arrested in Daya Bay in 1935.[30] Recorded to have proclaimed herself the "mortal enemy of the West".[6] |
| P’en Ch’ih Ch’iko | Stampa:Floruit 1936 | Early 20th century | Chinese | Commanded over a hundred pirates in 1936.[6] |
| Ki Ming a.k.a. King Mi; Ching Mi |
Early 20th century | Chinese | Attacked and tried to seize the RMS Empress of Canada in Manila, aided by a gang of her crewmembers hidden among the steerage passengers.[89] | |
| Huang Bamei, "Two Guns" a.k.a. Huang P’ei-mei; Huang P'emei |
1906–1982 | 1931–1951 | Chinese | Active along the coasts of the Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces in the 1930s. Her gang, among other local criminal gangs, was recruited by the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China at the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, although she was of dubious allegiance.[90] Huang's fleet grew considerably during the war; at her height she commanded 50,000 pirates and 70 ships.[6][91] After the war she returned to piracy, raiding around Lake Tai. Recruited by the military again in 1949 to fight in the Chinese Civil War. Largely retired from maritime activities in 1951.[90] |
| Sister Ping | 1949–2014 | 1970s–1990s | Chinese | Operated out of Guangzhou as an owner and financer of pirate ships in the South China Sea. Also known for smuggling Chinese immigrants into the United States and Europe. Was convicted in the United States and sentenced to 35 years in prison.[5] |
| Linda | 20th century | Filipino | Full name unknown. Pirate responsible for several raids along the Philippine coasts,[54][92] encountered by the French sailor Frances Guillain.[92] | |
| Susan Frani | 1990s | Filipino | Member of the pirate crew of Emilio Changco, whom she had an intimate relationship with. Perhaps the sole female member of the crew.[93][94] The Changco crew operated in the 1980s and 1990s and hijacked numerous ships in Philippine waters.[95] |
Shiko gjithashtu
[Redakto | Redakto nëpërmjet kodit]Shënime
[Redakto | Redakto nëpërmjet kodit]- ^ Numri i saktë ndryshon në varësi të faktit nëse përfshihen figura legjendare dhe se si përkufizohet "pirati". Disa studiues për shembull përfshijnë figura mitologjike si p.sh Atalanta dhe privateers si Louise Antonini (1771–1861) dhe Julienne David (1773–1843).[2] Disa figura që dikur shiheshin si piratë, si Charlotte Badger (1778–pas vitit 1843) gjithashtu janë demonstruar se kanë qenë viktima të sensacionalizmit shumë të trilluar.[3]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Although there were Viking warrior women,[25][26][27] attested both by military equipment found in the graves of women and texts describing women as among the Viking invaders,[15] the women named in the Gesta Danorum are considered legendary and unverified on account of the unreliability of the work itself. The Gesta Danorum was written in the 12th/13th century partially as a work of royal propaganda[28] and is not considered a reliable historical account for the centuries before its own time, though portions of it may be distorted retellings of earlier sources.[29]
Referime
[Redakto | Redakto nëpërmjet kodit]- ^ a b c Powell 2015, Chapter 6.
- ^ a b c Zuidhoek 2022, f. 3.
- ^ Hardie 2019, f. 84.
- ^ a b c Hollick 2017, Were Women There in the Golden Age of Piracy?.
- ^ a b c Zuidhoek 2022, f. 163.
- ^ a b c d Klausmann, Meinzerin & Kuhn 1997, ff. 54–55.
- ^ Pennell 2001, f. 284.
- ^ Pennell 2001, ff. 289–290.
- ^ Gilmer 2019, f. 372.
- ^ Gilmer 2019, ff. 371–372, 383.
- ^ Appleby 2013, f. 191.
- ^ Pennell 2001, ff. 285, 303.
- ^ a b c Rediker 2011, f. 112.
- ^ Zuidhoek 2022, f. 48.
- ^ a b c d e Mueller-Vollmer & Wolf 2022, f. 216.
- ^ Parker 2013, Pirate Utopianism.
- ^ a b c Klausmann, Meinzerin & Kuhn 1997, f. 69.
- ^ a b Zuidhoek 2022, f. 273.
- ^ Klausmann, Meinzerin & Kuhn 1997, f. 31.
- ^ a b Zuidhoek 2022, f. 43.
- ^ Klausmann, Meinzerin & Kuhn 1997, f. 81.
- ^ Zuidhoek 2022, ff. 768–769.
- ^ Stanley etj. 1995, f. 74.
- ^ a b Zuidhoek 2022, f. 707.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Duncombe 2017, Gatekeepers of Valhalla.
- ^ Hedenstierna-Jonson etj. 2017, f. 853.
- ^ Price etj. 2019, ff. 189–192.
- ^ Hermanson 2013, f. 110.
- ^ Sawyer 2003, f. 17.
- ^ a b c d e Zuidhoek 2022, ff. 27–28.
- ^ a b Sharp 2002, f. 22.
- ^ Zuidhoek 2022, f. 352.
- ^ a b c Harrison Lindbergh 2017, f. 262.
- ^ a b c Mondschein 2017, f. 151.
- ^ Klausmann, Meinzerin & Kuhn 1997, ff. 117–120.
- ^ Zuidhoek 2022, f. 79.
- ^ Sharp 2002, ff. 31–37.
- ^ Klausmann, Meinzerin & Kuhn 1997, ff. 97–99.
- ^ a b Klausmann, Meinzerin & Kuhn 1997, f. 149.
- ^ a b c d Sharp 2002, ff. 42–47.
- ^ Klausmann, Meinzerin & Kuhn 1997, f. 146.
- ^ a b Zuidhoek 2022, f. 782.
- ^ Klausmann, Meinzerin & Kuhn 1997, f. 151.
- ^ Zuidhoek 2022, f. 549.
- ^ Probasco 2017, f. 223.
- ^ Druett 2001, ff. 52–53.
- ^ Compton 2013, f. 48.
- ^ a b c Duncombe 2017, The Golden Age.
- ^ Zuidhoek 2022, f. 725.
- ^ Zuidhoek 2022, f. 212.
- ^ Zuidhoek 2022, f. 75.
- ^ Little 2016.
- ^ Streifert Eikeland 2014, f. 371.
- ^ a b Zuidhoek 2022, f. 493.
- ^ Edwards 2012, ff. 54–55.
- ^ a b Zuidhoek 2022, f. 98.
- ^ a b c Stefoff 2014, f. 19.
- ^ Stefoff 2014, f. 21.
- ^ a b Zuidhoek 2022, ff. 98–99.
- ^ a b Zuidhoek 2022, f. 657.
- ^ Stefoff 2014, f. 20.
- ^ Theophilus 2013, f. 225.
- ^ Theophilus 2013, ff. 225–226.
- ^ a b Zuidhoek 2022, f. 87.
- ^ Zuidhoek 2022, f. 129.
- ^ a b Duncombe 2017, Veterans of the American Wars.
- ^ Allison 2012, ff. 631–633.
- ^ Murray 1987, f. 71.
- ^ Zuidhoek 2022, ff. 163–164.
- ^ Murray 2001, f. 258.
- ^ Zuidhoek 2022, f. 164.
- ^ Zuidhoek 2022, f. 446.
- ^ Zuidhoek 2022, f. 445.
- ^ Greenwood & Boissery 2000, f. 73.
- ^ Zuidhoek 2022, f. 26.
- ^ Wolke 2015, 1700- och 1800-talen.
- ^ Tingdal 2020.
- ^ a b Zuidhoek 2022, f. 21.
- ^ a b Lim 2011, f. 283.
- ^ Zuidhoek 2022, f. 830.
- ^ Zuidhoek 2022, f. 85.
- ^ Arsovska & Allum 2014, f. 4.
- ^ Owen 2021, f. 19.
- ^ Macintyre 2011, f. 20.
- ^ Batterberry & Batterberry 1998, f. 105.
- ^ Gosse 2012, f. 281.
- ^ Stanley etj. 1995, ff. 243–244.
- ^ Duncombe 2017, Evil Incarnate and the Dragon Lady.
- ^ Zuidhoek 2022, f. 465.
- ^ a b Guo 2019, f. 6–31.
- ^ Zuidhoek 2022, f. 407.
- ^ a b Stanley etj. 1995, f. 268.
- ^ Zuidhoek 2022, f. 37.
- ^ Stanley etj. 1995, ff. 264, 270.
- ^ Fontana 2012, The Philippines.
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