Monoklina

Monoklina, oblikovana na konici majhnega narivnega preloma, Brims Ness, Caithness, Škotska

Monoklina (ali redko, monoforma, tudi monoklinala, fleksura, kolenasta guba) je stopničasta guba v vzporednih skalnih plasteh, ki jo sestavlja območje strmejšega padca znotraj sicer vodoravnega ali rahlo padajočega zaporedja in je na pregibu navadno tanjša.

Nastanek

Monokline lahko nastanejo na več različnih načinov (glej diagram):

Z diferencialnim zbijanjem nad ležečo strukturo, zlasti velikim prelomom na robu bazena zaradi večje zbitosti polnila bazena, bo amplituda gube postopoma zamrla navzgor.^[1]
Z blagim ponovnim aktiviranjem prejšnje ekstenzijske napake med fazo inverzije, ki povzroči zvijanje v prekrivnem zaporedju.^[2]
Kot oblika širjenja preloma je guba med širjenjem navzgor ekstenzijske prelomnice v tleh v prekrivno zaporedje.^[3]
Kot oblika širjenja preloma se zloži med širjenjem navzgor reverznega preloma v tleh v prekrivno zaporedje.^[4]

Primeri

Waterpocket Fold v narodnem parku Capitol Reef, Utah^[5]
Comb Ridge v južnem Utahu^[6]
Grandview-Phantom Monocline v Grand Canyonu, Arizona^[7]
Grand Hogback v Koloradu^[8]
Gorovje Lebombo v južni Afriki^[9]
Monoklina Lapstone v Blue Mountains (Avstralija)^[10]
Monoklina Beaumaris v Viktoriji (Avstralija)^[11]
Monoklina Purbeck na otoku Purbeck, Dorset, Anglija^[12]
Fore-Sudetski monoklinal, Poljska^[13]
Monoklina Sindh, Pakistan^[14]
Torres Flexure, južna Brazilija^[15]

Sklici

↑ Skuce, A.G. (1996). »Forward modelling of compaction above normal faults: an example from the Sirte Basin, Libya« (PDF). V Buchanan, P.G.; Nieuwland, D.A. (ur.). Modern Developments in Structural Interpretation, Validation and Modelling. Special Publications. Zv. 99. London: Geological Society. str. 135–146. ISBN 978-1-897799-43-7. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča (PDF) dne 16. marca 2012.
↑ Chadwick, R.A. (1993). »Aspects of basin inversion in southern Britain«. Journal of the Geological Society. 150 (2): 311–322. Bibcode:1993JGSoc.150..311C. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.150.2.0311. S2CID 131396080.
↑ Willsey, S.P.; Umhoefer, P.J.; Hilley, G.E. (2002). »Early evolution of an extensional monocline by a propagating normal fault: 3D analysis from combined field study and numerical modeling« (PDF). Journal of Structural Geology. 24 (4): 651–669. Bibcode:2002JSG....24..651W. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00120-1. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča (PDF) dne 20. julija 2011. Pridobljeno 9. januarja 2011.
↑ Finch, E.; Hardy, S.; Gawthorpe, R. (2003). »Discrete element modelling of contractional fault-propagation folding above rigid basement fault blocks«. Journal of Structural Geology. 25 (4): 515–528. Bibcode:2003JSG....25..515F. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00053-6.
↑ »Geology«. Capitol Reef National Park. National Park Service. 23. december 2017. Pridobljeno 1. marca 2018.
↑ »Comb Ridge, Utah«. earthobservatory.nasa.gov (v angleščini). 24. november 2019. Pridobljeno 22. oktobra 2021.
↑ Abbott, Lon; Cook, Terri (2004). Hiking the Grand Canyon's Geology. Seattle: The Mountaineers Books. str. 99–114. ISBN 978-0-89886-895-1.
↑ Murray, Frederick N. (1967). »Jointing in Sedimentary Rocks along the Grand Hogback Monocline, Colorado«. The Journal of Geology. 75 (3): 340–350. Bibcode:1967JG.....75..340M. doi:10.1086/627261. JSTOR 30071521. S2CID 128672429.
↑ Klausen, M.B. (2009). »The Lebombo monocline and associated feeder dyke swarm: Diagnostic of a successful and highly volcanic rifted margin?«. Tectonophysics. 468 (1–4): 42–62. Bibcode:2009Tectp.468...42K. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.012.
↑ »L001 : Lapstone Monocline«. Heritage places and items. Office of Environment and Heritage, Government of New South Wales. Pridobljeno 1. marca 2018.
↑ »61. Beaumaris Cliffs 3 - Monocline«. Sites of Geological and Geomorphological Significance. Agriculture Victoria. 8. junij 2017. Pridobljeno 1. marca 2018.
↑ Nowell, D.A.G. (1997). »Structures affecting the coast around Lulworth Cove, Dorset and syn-sedimentary Wealden faulting«. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 108 (4): 257–268. Bibcode:1997PrGA..108..257N. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(97)80011-9.
↑ Kluska, B.; Rospondek, M.J.; Marynowski, L.; Schaeffer, P. (2013). »The Werra cyclotheme (Upper Permian, Fore-Sudetic Monocline, Poland): Insights into fluctuations of the sedimentary environment from organic geochemical studies«. Applied Geochemistry. 29: 73–91. Bibcode:2013ApGC...29...73K. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.09.010.
↑ Memon, A.D.; Siddiqui, I.; Memon, A. (1999). »Tectonics of the Sindh monocline, Pakistan and their effects on hydrocarbons«. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. 18 (2): 87–96.
↑ Seth, H. (2018). Tectonic Deformation of Flood Basalt Provinces. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-67704-0.

Zunanje povezave

Učno gradivo o zgibih z ETH Zurich (PDF; 2,2 MB)
Geologija

[Skuce-1] Skuce, A.G. (1996). »Forward modelling of compaction above normal faults: an example from the Sirte Basin, Libya« (PDF). V Buchanan, P.G.; Nieuwland, D.A. (ur.). Modern Developments in Structural Interpretation, Validation and Modelling. Special Publications. Zv. 99. London: Geological Society. str. 135–146. ISBN 978-1-897799-43-7. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča (PDF) dne 16. marca 2012.

[andy-2] Chadwick, R.A. (1993). »Aspects of basin inversion in southern Britain«. Journal of the Geological Society. 150 (2): 311–322. Bibcode:1993JGSoc.150..311C. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.150.2.0311. S2CID 131396080.

[willsey-3] Willsey, S.P.; Umhoefer, P.J.; Hilley, G.E. (2002). »Early evolution of an extensional monocline by a propagating normal fault: 3D analysis from combined field study and numerical modeling« (PDF). Journal of Structural Geology. 24 (4): 651–669. Bibcode:2002JSG....24..651W. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00120-1. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča (PDF) dne 20. julija 2011. Pridobljeno 9. januarja 2011.

[finch-4] Finch, E.; Hardy, S.; Gawthorpe, R. (2003). »Discrete element modelling of contractional fault-propagation folding above rigid basement fault blocks«. Journal of Structural Geology. 25 (4): 515–528. Bibcode:2003JSG....25..515F. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00053-6.

[NPSCapitol-5] »Geology«. Capitol Reef National Park. National Park Service. 23. december 2017. Pridobljeno 1. marca 2018.

[6] »Comb Ridge, Utah«. earthobservatory.nasa.gov (v angleščini). 24. november 2019. Pridobljeno 22. oktobra 2021.

[7] Abbott, Lon; Cook, Terri (2004). Hiking the Grand Canyon's Geology. Seattle: The Mountaineers Books. str. 99–114. ISBN 978-0-89886-895-1.

[Murray1967-8] Murray, Frederick N. (1967). »Jointing in Sedimentary Rocks along the Grand Hogback Monocline, Colorado«. The Journal of Geology. 75 (3): 340–350. Bibcode:1967JG.....75..340M. doi:10.1086/627261. JSTOR 30071521. S2CID 128672429.

[Klausen2009-9] Klausen, M.B. (2009). »The Lebombo monocline and associated feeder dyke swarm: Diagnostic of a successful and highly volcanic rifted margin?«. Tectonophysics. 468 (1–4): 42–62. Bibcode:2009Tectp.468...42K. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.012.

[NSW_Gov-10] »L001 : Lapstone Monocline«. Heritage places and items. Office of Environment and Heritage, Government of New South Wales. Pridobljeno 1. marca 2018.

[VRO1-11] »61. Beaumaris Cliffs 3 - Monocline«. Sites of Geological and Geomorphological Significance. Agriculture Victoria. 8. junij 2017. Pridobljeno 1. marca 2018.

[Nowell1997-12] Nowell, D.A.G. (1997). »Structures affecting the coast around Lulworth Cove, Dorset and syn-sedimentary Wealden faulting«. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 108 (4): 257–268. Bibcode:1997PrGA..108..257N. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(97)80011-9.

[KluskaEtAl2013-13] Kluska, B.; Rospondek, M.J.; Marynowski, L.; Schaeffer, P. (2013). »The Werra cyclotheme (Upper Permian, Fore-Sudetic Monocline, Poland): Insights into fluctuations of the sedimentary environment from organic geochemical studies«. Applied Geochemistry. 29: 73–91. Bibcode:2013ApGC...29...73K. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.09.010.

[MemonEtAl1999-14] Memon, A.D.; Siddiqui, I.; Memon, A. (1999). »Tectonics of the Sindh monocline, Pakistan and their effects on hydrocarbons«. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. 18 (2): 87–96.

[Seth1-15] Seth, H. (2018). Tectonic Deformation of Flood Basalt Provinces. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-67704-0.

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