Trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis (often called trich) is a sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by a parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis, which is a protozoa made of just one cell.[1] Trichomoniasis can affect both men and women. It is usually an infection of the urinary system and genitals.
Cause
[change | change source]The Trichomonas vaginalis parasite can only live in the human genital tract. Trichomoniasis is only spread through sex, or if two people's genitals touch.[2]
Signs and symptoms
[change | change source]Most people with trichomoniasis do not have any symptoms.[3]
When people do have symptoms, they usually start about 5 to 28 days after the person got infected. Symptoms may include:[4]
- Pain, burning, or itching in the urethra (urethritis), the vagina (vaginitis), or the penis
- Pain while having sex (dyspareunia)
- Women may have a yellow-green, badly-smelling vaginal discharge
- Lower abdominal pain (this does not happen often)
Complications
[change | change source]Complications are serious problems that can happen because a person has a disease. These problems do not happen to everyone with trichomoniasis. They are the most serious problems that trichomoniasis can cause. Some of the most dangerous problems that can happen to a person with trichomoniasis include:
- People with trichomoniasis are more likely to get (or spread) HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.[5][6]
- If a woman is pregnant, trichomoniasis can cause her to have a premature infant, or an infant that weighs less than normal.[5]
- Trichomoniasis may work together with human papillomavirus (HPV) to cause cervical cancer, although this has not been proven.[7]
- In men, trichomoniasis can cause inflammation (swelling) of the urethra and the prostate. In the prostate, trichomoniasis may create chronic (long-term) inflammation that may eventually cause prostate cancer.[8][9]
Treatment
[change | change source]Treatment for trichomoniasis is usually metronidazole (Flagyl), which kills protozoa like Trichomonas vaginalis.[10] However, this medication has to be used carefully with woman who are in the early stages of pregnancy.[11] Anyone the infected person has had sex with should also get treatment, even if they have no symptoms.[12]
About 95% to 97% of people with trichomoniasis are cured after one dose of metronidazole.[13][14]
Without treatment, trichomoniasis can stay in a woman's body for months to years. In many (but not all) men, it seems to go away on its own.[5]
Prevention
[change | change source]Trichomoniasis can be prevented by having safe sex (for example, by using condoms).[15]
The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggests that women who are having vaginal discharge should get tested for trichomoniasis.[13]
How common is trichomoniasis?
[change | change source]Trichomoniasis is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world that is not caused by a virus. Every year, about 248 million more people get trichomoniasis.[16][17] It is more common in women than men.[18]
It is also the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease in the United States. In the U.S., about 3.7 million people have trichomoniasis, and about 1.1 million more people get infected every year.[19][20] Recent research has said that 3% of the U.S. population (3 in every 100 people) have trichomoniasis.[21][22] In people who are at higher risk of getting trichomoniasis, like people with HIV and people in prison, between 7.5% to 32% are infected.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]
Related pages
[change | change source]References
[change | change source]- ↑ Midlej V., Benchimol M. (2010). "Trichomonas vaginalis kills and eats- evidence for phagocytic activity as a cytopathic effect". Parasitology. 137 (1): 65–76. doi:10.1017/S0031182009991041. PMID 19723359. S2CID 33988014.
- ↑ "Trichomoniasis - CDC Fact Sheet". Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
- ↑ "STD Facts - Trichomoniasis". cdc.gov. 2 December 2021. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
- ↑ Trichomoniasis symptoms Archived 2013-02-19 at the Wayback Machine. cdc.gov
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Secor W, Meites E, Starr M, Workowski K (2014). "Neglected parasitic infections in the United States: trichomoniasis". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 90 (5): 800–804. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0723. PMC 4015567. PMID 24808247.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Kissinger P and Adamski A (2013). "Trichomoniasis and HIV interactions: a review". Nih.gov. 89 (6): 426–433. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2012-051005. PMC 3748151. PMID 23605851.
- ↑ Donders GG; et al. (2013). "Association of Trichomonas vaginalis and cytological abnormalities of the cervix in low risk women". Nih.gov. 8 (12): e86266. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086266. PMC 3875579. PMID 24386492.
- ↑ Caini, Saverio; Gandini, Sara; Dudas, Maria; Bremer, Viviane; Severi, Ettore; Gherasim, Alin (2014). "Sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Cancer Epidemiology. 38 (4): 329–338. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2014.06.002. ISSN 1877-7821. PMID 24986642.
- ↑ Stark, Jennifer R.; Judson, Gregory; Alderete, John F.; Mundodi, Vasanthakrishna; Kucknoor, Ashwini S.; Giovannucci, Edward L.; Platz, Elizabeth A.; Sutcliffe, Siobhan; et al. (2009). "Prospective Study of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection and Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality: Physicians' Health Study". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 101 (20): 1406–11. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp306. PMC 2765259. PMID 19741211.
- ↑ Vaginitis/Trichomoniasis :Treatment for trichomoniasis Archived 2008-04-01 at the Wayback Machine, American Social Health Association. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
- ↑ Cudmore SL, Delgaty KL, Hayward-McClelland SF, Petrin DP, Garber GE (October 2004). "Treatment of infections caused by metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17 (4): 783–93, table of contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.4.783-793.2004. PMC 523556. PMID 15489348.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[permanent dead link] - ↑ Rob, Lukáš; Martan, Alois; Citterbart, Karel (2008). Gynekologie (in Czech) (2nd ed.). Prague: Galen. p. 136. ISBN 978-80-7262-501-7.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Workowski KA, Berman S. "Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010" MMWR Recomm Rep 2010;59(RR-12):1–110.
- ↑ Niccolai LM, Kopicko JJ, Kassie A, Petros H, Clark RA, Kissinger P (2000). "Incidence and predictors of reinfection with Trichomonas vaginalis in HIV-infected women". Sex Transm Dis. 27 (5): 284–288. doi:10.1097/00007435-200005000-00009. PMID 10821602. S2CID 37556873.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Vaginitis/Trichomoniasis :Reduce your risk Archived 2008-03-16 at the Wayback Machine, American Social Health Association. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
- ↑ World Health Organization. Prevalence and Incidence of Selected Sexually Transmitted Infections, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, syphilis and Trichomonas vaginalis: Methods and Results Used by WHO to Generate 2005 Estimates. 2011. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241502450_eng.pdf Archived 2013-06-13 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research. Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections – 2008. Geneva, Switzerland; 2008.
- ↑ Vos, T (Dec 15, 2012). "Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2163–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2. PMC 6350784. PMID 23245607.
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, and TB. Division of STD Prevention. Trichomoniasis - CDC Fact Sheet. 2012.
- ↑ Satterwhite CL, Torrone E, Meites E; et al. (2013). "Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008". Sex Transm Dis. 40 (3): 187–93. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318286bb53. PMID 23403598. S2CID 25094427.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Ginocchio C, Chapin K (2012). "Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States as determined by the Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis nucleic acid amplification assay". J Clin Microbiol. 50 (8): 2601–2608. doi:10.1128/JCM.00748-12. PMC 3421522. PMID 22622447.
- ↑ Sutton M, Sternberg M, Koumans EH, Mcquillan G, Berman S (2007). "The Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection among Reproductive-Age Women in the United". Clin Infect Dis. 45 (10): 1319–1626. doi:10.1086/522532. PMID 17968828. S2CID 23192591.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Rogers SM, Turner CF, Hobbs M; et al. (2014). "Epidemiology of undiagnosed trichomoniasis in a probability sample of urban young adults". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e90548. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090548. PMC 3953116. PMID 24626058.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Javanbakht M, Stirland A, Stahlman S; et al. (2013). "Prevalence and Factors Associated With Trichomonas vaginalis Infection Among High-Risk Women in Los Angeles". Sex Transm Dis. 40 (10): 804–807. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000026. PMC 4188531. PMID 24275733.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Helms DJ, Mosure DJ, Metcalf C; et al. (2008). "Risk factors for prevalent and incident Trichomonas vaginalis among women attending three sexually transmitted disease clinics". Sex Transm Dis. 35 (5): 484–8. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181644b9c. PMID 18360314. S2CID 31156646.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Swartzendruber A, Sales JM, Brown JL, Diclemente RJ, Rose ES (2014). "Correlates of incident Trichomonas vaginalis infections among African American female adolescents". Sex Transm Dis. 41 (4): 240–5. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000094. PMC 4313569. PMID 24622635.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Muzny C, Rivers C, Austin EL, Schwebke JR (2013). "Trichomonas vaginalis infection among women receiving gynaecological care at an Alabama HIV Clinic". Sex Transm Infect. 89 (6): 514–8. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2012-050889. PMID 23449600. S2CID 29645466.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Munson E, Kramme T, Napierala M, Munson KL, Miller C, Hryciuk JE (2012). "Female epidemiology of transcription-mediated amplification-based Trichomonas vaginalis detection in a metropolitan setting with a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infection". J Clin Microbiol. 50 (12): 3927–31. doi:10.1128/JCM.02078-12. PMC 3503002. PMID 23015673.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Freeman AH, Katz KA, Pandori MW, et al. Prevalence and correlates of Trichomonas vaginalis among incarcerated persons assessed using a highly sensitive molecular assay. Sex Transm Dis. 2010;37(3):165–168. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181bcd3fc
- ↑ Nijhawan AE, DeLong AK, Celentano DD; et al. (2011). "The Association Between Trichomonas Infection and Incarceration in HIV-Seropositive and At-Risk HIV-Seronegative Women". Sex Transm Dis. 38 (12): 1094–1100. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31822ea147. PMC 3767476. PMID 22082718.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)