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Christopher Plummer

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Christopher Plummer

CC
Plummer in 2014
Born
Arthur Christopher Orme Plummer

(1929-12-13)December 13, 1929
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
DiedFebruary 5, 2021(2021-02-05) (aged 91)
Weston, Connecticut, U.S.
NationalityCanadian
EducationHigh School of Montreal
OccupationActor
Years active1946–2021
WorksList of his works
Spouses
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1956; div. 1960)​
  • Patricia Lewis
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1962; div. 1967)​
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1970)​
ChildrenAmanda (With Grimes)
AwardsSee Awards

Arthur Christopher Orme Plummer CC (December 13, 1929 – February 5, 2021) was a Canadian actor. His career began in 1946. He first acted on Broadway in 1954. His stage roles as Cyrano de Bergerac in Cyrano (1974) and John Barrymore in Barrymore (1997) won him Tony Awards.

After being on stage, he acted in his first movie Stage Struck (1958). He had his very first main role that same year in Wind Across the Everglades. He became well known for playing Captain Georg von Trapp in the musical movie The Sound of Music (1965).[1] Plummer played many historical people in movies, including Commodus in The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964), Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington in Waterloo (1970), Rudyard Kipling in The Man Who Would Be King (1975), Mike Wallace in The Insider (1999), Leo Tolstoy in The Last Station (2009), Kaiser Wilhelm II in The Exception (2016), and J. Paul Getty in All the Money in the World (2017).

Plummer narrated the animated series Madeline. He voiced Charles Muntz in the Disney Pixar movie Up (2009). His final roles before his death were as Harlan Thrombey in Knives Out (2019), Frank Pitsenbarger in The Last Full Measure (2020) and Howard Lawson in the television drama Departure (2019–2021).

Plummer won many awards for his work. He won an Academy Award, two Primetime Emmy Awards, two Tony Awards, a Golden Globe Award,[2] a Screen Actors Guild Award,[3] and a British Academy Film Award.[4] He was one of the few actors and only Canadian to have won the Triple Crown of Acting.[5][6] He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for Beginners (2010). At the time, at age 82 he was the oldest person to win an acting Oscar. He was nominated again for an Academy Award for All the Money in the World. This made him the oldest person to be nominated for an acting Oscar at age 88.[7]

Early life

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Plummer went to High School of Montreal, where he learned how to act

Plummer was born on December 13, 1929, in Toronto, Ontario.[8] He was the only child of John Orme Plummer and Isabella Mary Abbott.[9][10] His great-grandfather was Canadian Prime Minister Sir John Abbott.[9][11] Plummer's parents divorced not long after he was born.[12] He was raised by his mother in the Abbott family home in Senneville, Quebec.[12] He spoke English and French very well.[12][13]

At an early age, he loved acting.[14] He went to High School of Montreal.[14][15] He wanted to become an actor after watching Laurence Olivier's movie Henry V (1944).[16][17]

In 1946, the Montreal Gazette's theatre critic Herbert Whittaker liked Plummer's role as Mr Darcy in a Montreal High School play of Pride and Prejudice.[18] Whittaker was also a stage director and he hired Plummer at age 18 to play Oedipus in Jean Cocteau's La Machine Infernale.[18][19][20]

Plummer learned acting as an apprentice with the Montreal Repertory Theatre.[17] Plummer never went to college or university, something he wished he did.[21] Later in life, McGill University gave an honorary degree to Plummer.[22]

Career

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See also: Christopher Plummer on screen and stage

Stage

[change | change source]

Early roles

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Plummer in 1959

Plummer started professionally acting in 1948 with Ottawa's Stage Society.[20] In 1952, he was in many stage works with the Bermudiana Theatre in Bermuda.[23] While working there, he was hired by an American producer.[23] Edward Everett Horton hired Plummer to play Gerard in the 1953 play of André Roussin's Nina.[24]

Plummer had his first Broadway role in January 1953 in The Starcross Story, however the play shutdown on opening night.[25] His next Broadway role, Home is the Hero, lasted from September to October 1954.[26] Plummer was Tyrone Power's understudy.[27] After acting in Night of the Auk, Plummer was in Elia Kazan's Broadway play J.B..[28] He played Jason in Robinson Jeffers' version of Medea in Paris in 1955.[29] Also in 1955, he played Mark Antony in Julius Caesar.[30] He also played Ferdinand in The Tempest at the American Shakespeare Festival.[30]

Plummer began acting at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in 1956.[31] He played the main character in Henry V.[31] He played the main role in Hamlet and Sir Andrew Aguecheek in Twelfth Night in 1957.[31] The next year, he played Leontes in The Winter's Tale, Bardolph in Henry IV, Part 1, and Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing.[30]

In April 1961, he played Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing with the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon, England.[32] He later played the main character of Richard III a month later.[33] He played King Henry II in Jean Anouilh's Becket.[30] For his role, Plummer won the Evening Standard Award for Best Actor.[34]

At the Stratford Festival, he played Philip the Bastard in King John and Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet.[31] In 1962, he played the main roles in both Cyrano de Bergerac and Macbeth.[30] He returned in 1967 to play Mark Antony in Antony and Cleopatra.[30][35]

Plummer played the main role in a 1963 play of Bertolt Brecht's The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui.[30] He was also in Peter Shaffer's The Royal Hunt of the Sun, playing Francisco Pizarro.[36] Many critics liked Plummer's roles as Ui and Pizarro.[36]

Royal National Theatre and Broadway roles

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From June 1971 to January 1972, he worked for the Royal National Theatre.[37] He acted in Jean Giraudoux's Amphitryon 38 directed by Laurence Olivier;[38] Georg Büchner's Danton's Death;[39] Adrian Mitchell's Tyger;[40] Luigi Pirandello's The Rules of the Game;[40] and Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey into Night at the New Theatre in London.[40] From May to June 1973, he was on Broadway.[41] He played the main character in Cyrano.[41] It was a musical version of Edmond Rostand's 1897 play Cyrano de Bergerac.[41] Plummer won a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award for that role.[42] Later that year, he played Anton Chekhov in Neil Simon's The Good Doctor.[43] He played Quentin in Arthur Miller's 1974 version of After the Fall.[44][45]

Plummer was in Lovers and Madmen at the Opera House at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. in 1973.[46] He also appeared in Love and Master Will at the same place in 1975.[46]

Plummer meeting President Ronald Reagan at the White House, 1985

In 1982, he was in the Broadway play of the Shakespearean tragedy Othello, playing Iago.[47] His role as the main villain had good reviews from critics, such as The New York Times.[48] For his role, he got a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play nomination losing to Roger Rees.[49] In 1988, he played the main role in Broadway's Macbeth.[50] He also had good reviews for his role as the main character.[51] He also worked with Jason Robards in the 1994 version of Harold Pinter's No Man's Land.[52] For his role in No Man's Land, Plummer was nominated for a Tony Award.[42]

One of Plummer's popular stage role was playing John Barrymore in the 1997 Broadway play of William Luce's Barrymore.[42] He had many good reviews from critics. Vincent Canby of The New York Times called Plummer a great actor.[53] His role as Barrymore, Plummer won his second Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award.[42]

Later stage career

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In 2002, he appeared in King Lear, directed by Jonathan Miller.[54] The play had very good reviews.[55] He was nominated for a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award for his role in King Lear.[42] He also got a Tony Award nomination for playing Henry Drummond in the 2007 version of Inherit the Wind.[56] He played Julius Caesar in George Bernard Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra.[57] The play was recorded and shown in Canadian movie theaters on January 31, 2009.[58] In 2009 and 2010, Plummer was in two Stratford Festival plays of Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra and William Shakespeare's The Tempest.[59] Plummer returned to the Stratford Festival in the summer of 2010 in The Tempest where he played Prospero.[31] In 2014, Plummer was in a stage play A Word or Two in Los Angeles.[60]

Movies

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Plummer on the set of The Sound of Music, 1964

Plummer's movie career began in 1958 when Sidney Lumet hired him to play a young writer in Stage Struck.[61] That same year, Plummer played the main character in Nicholas Ray's movie Wind Across the Everglades.[61] Plummer did not appear in any other movie for six years after 1958.[61] He returned to acting to play Roman emperor Commodus in Anthony Mann's The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964).[61]

The Sound of Music and success

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Further information: The Sound of Music (movie)

Plummer became well known for his role as Captain Von Trapp in Robert Wise's musical movie The Sound of Music (1965).[62] Plummer, however, said the movie was "awful" because it was very sentimental.[62] The movie made more money than any other movie since Gone with the Wind.[63] Plummer hated being on the movie, but liked working with Julie Andrews.[64] During his career, he tried not to talk about the movie.[64] He did not show up at the 40th Anniversary cast reunion.[65] He did talk about the movie for the 2005 DVD release.[66] He appeared for the 45th anniversary with the full cast on The Oprah Winfrey Show on October 28, 2010.[67] In one interview he said that he had great memories of making the movie.[68]

He was in Inside Daisy Clover (1965).[69] Plummer then played World War II agent Eddie Chapman in Triple Cross (1966).[70] He had a role as Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in The Night of the Generals (1967).[71] Plummer was hired to replace Rex Harrison for the movie version of Doctor Dolittle (1967).[72] However, Harrison later came back for the movie.[72] Plummer was paid $87,500 for signing the contract even though he would no longer be in the movie.[72]

Plummer in the poster for Waterloo, 1970

Plummer had the main role in Oedipus the King (1968) and The High Commissioner (1968).[73][74] He was later in Battle of Britain (1969) and Lock Up Your Daughters (1969).[75] That same year, he played Inca Emperor Atahualpa in The Royal Hunt of the Sun.[76] Plummer played the Duke of Wellington in Waterloo (1970) with Rod Steiger as Napoleon Bonaparte.[77] He played Rudyard Kipling in The Man Who Would Be King (1975).[78] He was also in the comedy The Return of the Pink Panther (1975), with Peter Sellers and The Silent Partner (1978).[79][80] He was in Aces High (1976),[81] Starcrash (1978),[82] and International Velvet (1978).[83] He played Sherlock Holmes in Murder by Decree (1979).[84]

Plummer was in the romantic drama Somewhere in Time (1980),[85] the drama Eyewitness (1981),[86] and the comedy Dragnet (1987).[87] Plummer also did some voice work. He voiced Henri the pigeon in An American Tail (1986) and the Grand Duke of Owls in Rock-a-Doodle (1991).[88][89] In 1987, Plummer did the english narration for Frédéric Back’s animated movie The Man Who Planted Trees, which won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 1988.[90][91]

Plummer was in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991).[92] He was also in Spike Lee's drama biographical movie Malcolm X (1992),[93] Mike Nichols' horror drama Wolf (1994),[94] Taylor Hackford's psychological drama Dolores Claiborne (1995),[95] and Terry Gilliam's science fiction drama 12 Monkeys (1995).[96] One of Plummer's most well known roles was as journalist Mike Wallace in Michael Mann's The Insider (1999).[97] Plummer later played Dr. Rosen in Ron Howard's Academy Award-winning movie A Beautiful Mind (2001).[98] He played Uncle Ralph in the 2002 movie version of Charles Dickens novel Nicholas Nickleby.[99] He also played the philosopher Aristotle in Alexander (2004).[99][100] Plummer was wanted for the role of Gandalf for The Lord of the Rings movie series.[101] He did not want the role.[101]

In 2004, Plummer played John Adams Gates in the Disney adventure movie National Treasure.[102] In 2005, he appeared in Stephen Gaghan's drama Syriana,[103] the romantic comedy Must Love Dogs,[104] and Terrence Malick's drama The New World.[105] Plummer did not like working with Malick on The New World.[105] He called Malick "boring" and told him to get a writer instead of Malick doing everything.[105] He played Arthur Case in another Spike Lee's movie called Inside Man (2006).[106] That same year, he was in the romantic drama The Lake House (2006).[75] In 2009, Plummer voiced the main villain Charles Muntz in Pixar's animated movie Up.[107] Muntz character design was inspired by Plummer.[102] That same year he also had a voice role in 9 playing 1.[108]

Beginners and final years

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Plummer at the Toronto International Film Festival, 2009
Further information: Beginners

In January 2010, Plummer got his first Academy Award nomination for his role as author Leo Tolstoy in The Last Station (2009).[109] In an interview about his Academy Award nomination,[110] Plummer said: "Well, I said it's about time! I mean, I'm 80 years old, for God's sake. Have mercy".[110] He lost the Academy Award to Christoph Waltz.[111]

Plummer had a role in David Fincher's The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, playing businessman Henrik Vanger.[112] Plummer got his second nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Hal in Mike Mills' independent comedy drama movie Beginners (2011).[113] In the role, Plummer played a dying 80-year old who recently came out as gay to his son.[113] He won the Academy Award for his role in Beginners at age 82.[114] At the time, this made Plummer the oldest actor to win an Academy Award.[115] In 2021, Anthony Hopkins won an Academy Award at age 83, beating Plummer's record.[114] His Academy Award also made Plummer one of the few actors and only Canadian to win the Triple Crown of Acting.[6] In 2014, he appeared with Shirley MacLaine in the comedy-drama Elsa & Fred.[116] In 2015, he was in Remember as a Holocaust survivor with dementia.[117] Plummer played Ebenezer Scrooge in The Man Who Invented Christmas (2017).[118]

In November 2017, Plummer was hired to replace Kevin Spacey as J. Paul Getty in All the Money in the World.[119] He was director Ridley Scott's first choice for the role, but TriStar Pictures wanted a more well known actor for the role.[119] Plummer was hired because Spacey had been accused of sexual harassment and sexual assault.[119] All scenes that had Spacey were filmed again with Plummer.[120] This happened a few weeks before the movie's release.[121][122] For his role, Plummer earned Golden Globe,[2] BAFTA,[4] and Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor.[123] Plummer, at age 88, became the oldest actor to be nominated for an Academy Award.[124]

Plummer had a role in Rian Johnson's mystery thriller movie Knives Out (2019) as rich mystery writer Harlan Thrombey.[125] Plummer also played Frank Pitsenbarger in the war drama The Last Full Measure (2020), in his final movie role.[126] In 2021 before his death, Plummer was hired to play the main character for a movie version of Shakespeare's King Lear.[127]

Television

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Plummer in 1987

Plummer had his first television role in 1953 for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation version of Othello.[128] He was also in a 1953 Studio One episode "The Gathering Night".[129] In the 1950s, he appeared in The Alcoa Hour, General Electric Theater, Kraft Television Theatre, and Omnibus.[130][131] In 1956, he was in an episode of CBS's Appointment with Adventure.[132]

He was in the live television drama Little Moon of Alban.[133] He got his first Emmy Award nomination for this role.[133] He played Torvald Helmer in a 1959 television movie version of Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House.[61] Plummer had a role in the television version of Philip Barry's The Philadelphia Story (1959).[75] In 1964, his role as Hamlet in the BBC's Hamlet at Elsinore got him his second Emmy nomination.[134][135]

He played Herod Antipas in the television miniseries Jesus of Nazareth (1977).[136] Plummer played Herbert Kappler in the television movie The Scarlet and the Black.[137] He had a role in the television series The Thorn Birds.[138] From 1993 to 1995, he narrated the animated television series Madeline and won an Emmy Award for his voice work.[139] He also narrated the animated television series The World of David the Gnome.[140]

In 2000, Plummer played Sir David Maxwell Fyfe in the Emmy Award-winning show Nuremberg (2000).[133] That same year, he was in American Tragedy as F. Lee Bailey.[141] He was in Miracle Planet, and a documentary by Ric Burns about Eugene O'Neill.[142][143] He got an Emmy Award nomination for his role in the television movie version of the play On Golden Pond.[133][144] Plummer voiced Arngeir, speaker for the Greybeards, in the video game The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim.[145]

At the age of 89, he appeared in a main role in Departure.[146] It was a Canadian-British television series.[147] Plummer returned for season 2, but worked from home because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[146] He finished filming for the second season before his death.[148]

Personal life and death

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Plummer married Tammy Grimes in 1956.[149] Their marriage lasted four years.[150] They had a daughter together, actress Amanda Plummer.[150] Plummer was married to journalist Patricia Lewis from 1962, until their divorce in 1967.[151] He later married actress Elaine Taylor in 1970.[151] They lived together in Weston, Connecticut.[151][152] He used to live in Darien, Connecticut before moving to Weston.[153] Plummer had no children by his second or third marriages.[150]

In 1968, Plummer was honored as a Companion of the Order of Canada.[154] His memoir, In Spite of Myself, was published in November 2008.[155] Plummer supported the Theatre Museum Canada and donated money to keep the museum open.[156]

Plummer died at his home in Weston, Connecticut on February 5, 2021 at the age of 91.[157] He died two and a half weeks after a fall where he hit his head.[158][159] Plummer's wife Elaine said that he had died "peacefully" when she was at his side.[160] Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau said that there is "no doubt [that] his work will continue to inspire and entertain us all for years to come".[161] He called Plummer an "iconic actor".[161][162]

The Sound of Music actress Julie Andrews said that "The world has lost a [great] actor today and I have lost a [good] friend".[163]

Ana de Armas, Jamie Lee Curtis, Katherine Langford, Rian Johnson, Chris Evans, Don Johnson, William Shatner, Anne Hathaway, Elijah Wood, Vera Farmiga, Ed Asner, Ridley Scott, Spike Lee, Simon Pegg, Kate Beckinsale, Antonio Banderas, Leonard Maltin, Daniel Dae Kim, George Takei, Russell Crowe, Bruce Greenwood and Joseph Gordon-Levitt also reacted to his death.[160][163][164][165]

A postage stamp honoring Plummer was released by Canada Post on October 13, 2021.[166]

Awards

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Year Award Title Results Ref.
2010 Academy Awards The Last Station Nominated [159]
2012 Beginners Won [123]
2018 All the Money in the World Nominated
1959 Tony Awards J.B. Nominated [167]
1974 Cyrano Won
1982 Othello Nominated
1994 No Man's Land Nominated
1997 Barrymore Won
2004 King Lear Nominated
2007 Inherit the Wind Nominated
1959 Primetime Emmy Awards Little Moon of Alban Nominated [133]
1966 Hamlet at Elsinore Nominated
1977 Arthur Hailey's the Moneychangers Won
1983 The Thorn Birds Nominated
1994 Madeline Won
2004 Our Fathers Nominated
2011 Moguls & Movie Stars: A History of Hollywood Nominated
1986 Grammy Award E.T.A. Hoffmann/Tchaikovsky: The Nutcracker Nominated [168]

Honors

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Ribbon Description Year Notes Ref.
Companion of the Order of Canada (C.C.) 1970 For his works to the performing arts at home and abroad [154]
Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal for Canada 1977 This medal has been awarded to all people being awarded with a Companionship within the Order of Canada [169]
125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal 1993 This medal has been awarded to all people being awarded with a Companionship within the Order of Canada [169]
Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal for Canada 2002 This medal has been awarded to all people being awarded with a Companionship within the Order of Canada [169][170]
Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal for Canada 2012 This medal has been awarded to all people being awarded with a Companionship within the Order of Canada [169][171]

Bibliography

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  • Plummer, Christopher (2008). In Spite of Myself: A Memoir. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-39679-2. Retrieved October 30, 2020 – via Google Books.

References

[change | change source]
  1. ↑ Abel, Judy (January 31, 2010). "At 80, Plummer has arrived at his 'Station'". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Christopher Plummer". Golden Globes. Archived from the original on October 26, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  3. ↑ "Christopher Plummer nabs SAG Award for 'Beginners'". CTVNews. January 30, 2012. Archived from the original on April 1, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Film in 2012". BAFTA Awards. Supporting Actor. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved February 6, 2021.
  5. ↑ Zak, Dan (February 27, 2017). "Only 22 people had ever accomplished this feat. Now, Viola Davis joins the club". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Award winning Canadian actor Christopher Plummer dies at the age of 91". Lsureveille. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  7. ↑ "The Oscar Elders: 3 Octogenarians Make Academy Award History". NPR. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  8. ↑ "Christopher Plummer | Biography, Movies, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "A Man for All Stages: The Life and Times of Christopher Plummer". Life and Times. November 12, 2002. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  10. ↑ Fletcher, Bernie (May 19, 2015). "A famous son, a forgotten father". Beach Metro Community News. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  11. ↑ Plummer 2008, p. 27
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Witchel, Alex (November 19, 2008). "Christopher Plummer's legendary life, wonderfully retold". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 13, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  13. ↑ Hartigan, Patti (January 19, 1997). "Starring as the Star-Crossed Actor Who was Also a Rake and Rebel, Christopher Plummer does Barrymore by the Book". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2009.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Montrealer Christopher Plummer triumphs at Academy Awards". CTV News. February 27, 2012. Archived from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  15. ↑ "Back to his school days". Montreal Gazette. Postmedia News. June 3, 2006. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  16. ↑ "Stars gather to Honour Olivier's Career". Boca Raton News. Associated Press. April 28, 1983. p. 4B. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Christopher Plummer". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Fulford, Robert (2006). "Helping Canada overcome stage fright". National Post. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013.
  19. ↑ Ayton, Diana (Summer 2006). "The Festive Season". McGill News. McGill University. Archived from the original on August 27, 2011.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Charlebois, Gaetan; Nothof, Anne (June 28, 2012). "Plummer, Christopher". Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia. Athabasca University. Archived from the original on August 7, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  21. ↑ "Renowned actor Christopher Plummer receives honorary degree (Includes first-hand account)". www.digitaljournal.com. June 9, 2009. Archived from the original on February 19, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
  22. ↑ "McGill gives honorary degrees to Plummer, Huston". CBC News. Archived from the original on April 1, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 " Star Christopher Plummer's Bermuda theatre days, by Gareth Finighan. The Royal Gazette, City of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. 6 February, 2021". February 6, 2021. Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  24. ↑ "Dolores Claiborne Movie Notes: Christopher Plummer (Inspector John Mackey)". Castle Rock Entertainment. Archived from the original on July 11, 2002. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
  25. ↑ "The Theatre: New Play in Manhattan, Jan. 25, 1954". Time. January 25, 1954.
  26. ↑ "Christopher Plummer gave much of his time and talent to Connecticut". The Courant. February 5, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  27. ↑ Plummer 2008, pp. 150–152
  28. ↑ "Christopher Plummer Celebrates Playwright MacLeish May 27". Playbill. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  29. ↑ "Best Leading Actor in a Play: Christopher Plummer". Playbill. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 "Actor Christopher Plummer On Stage". The Sound of Music Guide. Archived from the original on September 9, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 "The Stratford Festival Remembers Christopher Plummer with Photos and Video". Stratford Festival. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  32. ↑ "How to Become a Benedick". Shakespeare Theatre. 21 November 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  33. ↑ "PAST PRODUCTIONS". Shakespeare Theatre. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  34. ↑ "9 Cast and Crew: Christopher Plummer". Focus Features. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  35. ↑ "Christopher Plummer acting credits". Stratford Festival Archives. Archived from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Caldwell Titcomb (1965). "The Royal Hunt of the Sun."Archived January 26, 2021, at the Wayback Machine The Harvard Crimson. November 9, 1965. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
  37. ↑ "Profile: Christopher Plummer". PBS. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  38. ↑ Royal National Theatre (1989). Olivier at Work: The National Years. Theatre Communications. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-85459-037-4.
  39. ↑ "Production of Danton's Death". Theatricila. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Rosenthal, Daniel (7 November 2013). The National Theatre Story. ISBN 9781849439435. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 "To Plummer, Cyrano is an old friend". The New York Times. May 17, 1973. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 "Tony and Oscar Winner Christopher Plummer, Captain Von Trapp in The Sound of Music, Dies at 91". Playbill. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  43. ↑ Annicone, Tony (March 10, 2011). "Theatre Mirror Reviews: "The Good Doctor"". Theater Mirror. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  44. ↑ "After the Fall". Internet Broadway Database. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  45. ↑ "After the Fall (1974)". BFI. British Film Institute. Archived from the original on January 18, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Plummer, Christopher 1929–". Encyclopedia.com. 2008. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
  47. ↑ The Broadway League. "Othello – Broadway Play – 1982 Revival". IBDB. Internet Broadway Database. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  48. ↑ Rich, Frank (4 February 1982). "STAGE: JONES AND PLUMMER'S 'OTHELLO'". The New York Times. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
  49. ↑ "Remembering Tony-Winning Play Performers -- Part 3". Playbill. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  50. ↑ The Broadway League. "Macbeth – Broadway Play – 1988 Revival". IBDB. Internet Broadway Database. Archived from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  51. ↑ Rich, Frank (22 April 1988). "Review/Theater; A 'Macbeth' Starring Plummer and Jackson". The New York Times. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
  52. ↑ "No Man's Land". Variety. 28 January 1994. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
  53. ↑ Canby, Vincent (6 October 1996). "Christopher Plummer Reigns As Barrymore". The New York Times. Retrieved June 16, 2021.
  54. ↑ Brantley, Ben (September 12, 2002). "Every Inch a King, Every Moment a Revelation". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  55. ↑ Brantley, Ben (March 5, 2004). "A Fiery Fall Into the Abyss, Unknowing And Unknown". The New York Times. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
  56. ↑ "Christopher Plummer". Playbill. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  57. ↑ "Caesar and Cleopatra". Stratford Shakespeare Festival. Archived from the original on August 10, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
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