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{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Richard Nixon
| image               = File:Richard Nixon presidential portrait.jpg
| office              = 37th [[President of the United States]]
| vicepresident       = {{unbulleted list|[[Spiro Agnew]] (1969–1973)|''None'' (Oct–Dec 1973)|Gerald Ford (1973–1974)}}
| term_start          = January 20, 1969
| term_end            = August 9, 1974
| predecessor         = [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
| successor           = [[Gerald Ford]]
| office1             = 36th [[Vice President of the United States]]
| president1          = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| term_start1         = January 20, 1953
| term_end1           = January 20, 1961
| predecessor1        = [[Alben W. Barkley]]
| successor1          = Lyndon B. Johnson
| jr/sr2              = United States Senator
| state2              = [[California]]
| term_start2         = December 1, 1950
| term_end2           = January 1, 1953
| predecessor2        = [[Sheridan Downey]]
| successor2          = [[Thomas Kuchel]]
| state3              = [[California]]
| district3           = {{ushr|CA|12|12th}}
| term_start3         = January 3, 1947
| term_end3           = November 30, 1950
| predecessor3        = [[Jerry Voorhis]]
| successor3          = [[Patrick J. Hillings]]
| birth_name          = Richard Milhous Nixon
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1913|1|9}}
| birth_place         = [[Yorba Linda, California]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1994|4|22|1913|1|9}}
| death_place         = {{nowrap|[[New York City]]}}, U.S.
| restingplace        = [[Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum]]
| party               = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Pat Nixon|Pat Ryan]]|June 21, 1940|June 22, 1993|end=died}}
| children            = [[Tricia Nixon Cox|Tricia]]<br />[[Julie Nixon Eisenhower|Julie]]
| father              = [[Francis A. Nixon]]
| mother              = [[Hannah Milhous Nixon|Hannah Milhous]]
| height              = 1.79m
| education           = [[Whittier College]] (BA)<br />[[Duke University School of Law]] (JD)
| blank1              = Religion
| data1               = [[Quakers]]
| signature           = Richard Nixon Signature.svg
| signature_alt       = Cursive signature in ink
| allegiance          = {{flag|United States|1912}}
| branch              = {{flag|United States Navy}}
| serviceyears        = 1942–1946 (active)<br />1946–1966 (inactive)
| rank                = [[File:US Navy O5 infobox.svg|25px]] Commander
| battles             = [[World War II]]<br />{{*}}[[Pacific War|South Pacific Theater]]<ref>Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum http://nixon.archives.gov/thelife/nixonbio.pdf {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921204555/http://nixon.archives.gov/thelife/nixonbio.pdf |date=September 21, 2015 }}</ref>
| mawards             = [[File:Navy and Marine Corps Commendation ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Commendation Medal|Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal]] (2)
| caption             = Oval Office Photo {{Circa|1972}}
| honorific_prefix    = [[The Honorable]]
| module              = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Nixon resignation audio.ogg|title=Richard Nixon's Voice|type=speech|description=Nixon's Resignation Speech<br />Recorded August 8, 1974}}
}}
'''Richard Milhous Nixon''' (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was an American politician who was the 37th [[president of the United States]] from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign.<ref>{{cite book| last = Wright| first = John| title = The New York Times Almanac 2002| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=G81HonU81pAC&pg=PA96| date = 2001| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-1-57958-348-4| page = 96 }}</ref> Before that, Nixon was the 36th [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]] (from 1953 to 1961 under [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|President Dwight D. Eisenhower]]), and a U.S. Representative and Senator from California. He was a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]].

Nixon was born in [[Yorba Linda, California]]. He attended [[Duke University]] and graduated from its law school in 1937. After graduating, he returned to California to practice law. In 1942, he and his wife Pat moved to Washington to work for the federal government. During [[World War II]], he served on active duty in the Naval Reserve.

Nixon began his career in politics after he was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] in 1946. During this time, he became well known as an anti-Communist. In 1950, he was elected to the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. In 1953, he became the vice president of the United States, under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. He served in this position for eight years. In 1960, Nixon ran for president. He was defeated by [[John F. Kennedy]]. Two years later, in 1962, Nixon ran for governor of California. He also lost this election to [[Pat Brown]]. In [[1968 United States presidential election|1968]], he ran for president for a second time. He won the election, defeating [[Hubert Humphrey]] and [[George Wallace]] in a close election.

As president, Nixon got the United States to stop being involved in the [[Vietnam War]]. He ended the military draft in 1973. In 1972, Nixon visited [[China]]. This visit would eventually create diplomatic relations between the two nations. The same year, he signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the [[Soviet Union]].

Domestically, Nixon imposed wage and price controls for 90 days. He had Southern schools desegregated (ending the separation of people by their race). He established the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)]] as well as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). He also began the War on Cancer. He presided over the [[Apollo 11]] Moon landing in 1969. In [[1972 United States presidential election|1972]], Nixon was re-elected in a landslide, defeating [[George McGovern]].

In his second term, Nixon ordered an airlift to resupply Israeli losses in the [[Yom Kippur War]], a war which led to the oil crisis at home. In 1973, he had lost a lot of political support because of the [[Watergate scandal]]. On August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned, becoming the first American president to do so. His successor, [[Gerald Ford]], pardoned him.

After resigning, Nixon wrote many books and visited many other countries. He died on April 22, 1994, after suffering a stroke. He is ranked lowly in presidential opinion polls.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/16/presidential.survey/|title=Lincoln Wins: Honest Abe tops new presidential survey|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=February 16, 2009|access-date=December 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2017/?page=overall|title=Presidential Historians Survey 2017|publisher=C-SPAN|access-date=December 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Presidents 2018 Rank by Category|url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Presidents-2018-Rank-by-Category.pdf|access-date=December 2, 2020}}</ref> Despite this, evaluations of Nixon have been difficult, as he was viewed to have accomplished good things as president, even though he resigned due to a scandal.

==Early life, belief & Californian heritage==
[[File:Richard Nixon Birthplace (43697890105).jpg|thumb|Nixon's Birthplace in [[Yorba Linda, California]]]]
Nixon was born on January 9, 1913<ref name="White House"/> in his family's home in Yorba Linda, [[California]], to Hannah and Francis Nixon. He is the only president born in California. He was named for King Richard the Lionhearted, and was raised as a [[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]]. His brother [[Edward Nixon|Edward]], was a businessman.  [[Herbert Hoover]] was the only other United States President to belong to the Quaker faith (as a coincidence, Hoover was also one of just three presidents, one of whom was Nixon, to hail from California). Nixon was raised in [[Whittier, California]]. His father was of Scotch-Irish ancestry and his mother was of German, English, and Irish ancestry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.com/genealogy/president-nixon.html|title=Nixon Genealogy - President Richard Nixon Family History|website=www.archives.com}}</ref> He attended Whittier High School, Whittier College, and [[Duke University]].<ref name="White House">{{cite web|url=http://roblox.com|title=Richard M. Nixon|access-date=2009-12-06}}</ref> He served in the Navy during [[World War III|World War II]].<ref name="White">{{cite book| last = White| first = Theodore H.| title = The Making of the President 1972| url = https://archive.org/details/makingofpresiden1972whit| year = 1973| publisher = Antheneum| location = New York| isbn = 978-0-689-10553-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/makingofpresiden1972whit/page/123 123] }}</ref> Later, he married Thelma Nixon (later Patricia Nixon) and had two daughters, Tricia and Julie.<ref name="White House"/>

=== Harvard Scholarship & More ===
Nixon received a scholarship to Harvard, but declined to help his family on the farm. Nixon was also tapped to join the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]. He was very pleased, but at the last minute was rejected due to budget cuts.

==Early political career==
[[File:Nixon while in US Congress.jpg|thumb|Nixon in Congress]]

=== Congressional career ===

==== California congressman (1947–1950) ====
Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946. When in the House, he was a member of House Un-American Activities Commission, a group of Congressmen that tried to expose people in the United States who might have been [[Communist]]s.

==== U.S. Senate (1950–1953) ====
He was later elected a Senator in 1950 after running a controversial campaign against Helen Gahagan Douglas.

=== Vice president (1953–1961) ===
In the 1952 presidential election, [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] selected Nixon to be vice-president.  People accused him of receiving illegal money contributions to his campaign and some people wanted Eisenhower to pick a different vice president, but Eisenhower still kept Nixon.  Nixon after the accusations made a speech saying that no matter what people accuse him of illegally receiving during the campaign, he is still going to keep one campaign gift: his dog named Checkers.

The Republican Party decided to keep Nixon as their vice-presidential candidate and when Eisenhower won the election, Nixon became vice-president of the United States from 1953 to 1961.  During his vice-presidency, he was very busy and traveled across the world to places like [[South America]].  While he was vice president, he went to the Soviet Union and had a debate with the Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]]. They were both arguing that their country was better.

=== 1960 presidential election ===
{{Main|1960 United States presidential election}}In the presidential election of 1960, he ran against [[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]] [[John F. Kennedy]]. Kennedy was expected to win at first (because he won the first television debate against Nixon), but as Election Day came closer and closer, Nixon was catching up. In the end, Kennedy won, but it was a very close election.<ref name="White House"/>

=== 1962 California gubernatorial election ===
In 1962, Nixon lost the election for governor of California to [[Pat Brown]]. After losing, Nixon said "you don't have Nixon to kick around any more, because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference.", leading many experts to say that Nixon's political career was over.

== 1968 presidential election ==
[[File:NIXONcampaigns.jpg|thumb|Nixon in 1968 during his Presidential Campaign]]
{{Main|1968 United States presidential election}}In 1968, Richard Nixon defeated [[Hubert Humphrey]] in the presidential election and became president of the United States in 1969. Although Humphrey lost the popular vote narrowly, he lost the electoral college in a landslide, carrying just fifteen states.

== Presidency, 1969–74 ==
[[File:NIXONinaugurationday.gif|thumb|Nixon being sworn in during his inauguration as President in 1969]]
Nixon took over the [[Vietnam War]] from [[Lyndon Johnson]] and continued it with the strategy of slowly withdrawing U.S. troops, so that the [[South Vietnam]]ese troops could take over the fighting by themselves. Nixon secretly bombed many enemy targets in [[Cambodia]] and [[North Vietnam]] while bringing home the American troops, to make it easier for South Vietnam to win. When his spreading the bombing to Cambodia and [[Laos]] became known in 1970, it caused larger protests than ever in America, including at Kent State and even in [[Washington, DC]], where more than 12,000 were arrested in May 1971 at the peak of the protests. Partly because of the amount of opposition, Nixon sped up troop withdrawal and ended the draft.
[[File:President Richard Nixon and Premier Chou En-Lai Shake Hands at the Nixons' Arrival in Peking, China.jpg|thumb|Nixon Arrives in Beijing during his visit to China in 1972]]
[[File:NixononCambodia.jpg|thumb|Nixon's Secret Bombing of [[Cambodia]] Plan during the [[Vietnam War]]]]

Nixon was very successful in diplomacy (relations negotiations with foreign countries). He began a policy called "détente" which reduced tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. The two countries would get along and sign treaties that would limit the production of nuclear weapons between both sides.  Nixon traveled to communist China and established a very good relationship with them. Before that, there was almost no relationship between the United States and China. It opened up the door for decades of trade in the future, which is why many items in the United States were made in China.  His diplomacy with China is seen as one of his greatest accomplishments.  Later, under President Carter, the U.S. broke relations with the Republic of China and recognized communist China, not Taiwan, as the legal government of China.

At home, Nixon put many reforms into law. A big expansion of public housing took place, which was helped by "a liberal congress willing to provide generous appropriations for housing programs," as noted by one study.<ref>A Decent Home Planning, Building, and Preserving Affordable Housing By Alan Mallach, 2020</ref> He also created the Environmental Protection Agency,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epaalumni.org/userdata/pdf/600A1DB1B9EF1E85.pdf#page=6|title=Transcript of "Behind the Scenes at the Creation of the EPA" Video|last=Elkins|first=Chuck|date=October 2013|website=EPA Alumni Association|access-date=August 20, 2018}}</ref> supported anti-drug laws, supported anti-crime laws, and supported anti-discrimination laws.  When inflation (meaning the value of money goes down and prices go up) was high, he ordered that prices should be frozen for 90 days.  Although, he was known as a [[conservatism|conservative]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] before he became president, while he was president, he supported some of the [[liberal]] ideas that [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] supported. In 1974, Nixon made a speech that outlined a plan for universal health care.
[[File:RNfarewellspeech.jpg|thumb|Nixon's Resignation Speech]]

Nixon was re-elected by a landslide in 1972 with most Americans approving of him, but soon after, Nixon's reputation would be destroyed and most Americans would disapprove of him.  Due to a scandal called "[[Watergate]]" during which Nixon attempted to protect (or possibly ordered) men to burglarize the Democratic National Headquarters, Congress was going to put him on trial in a process called impeachment (to remove him from power). Nixon tried to cover up the scandal, but eventually, the Supreme Court ordered him to send his taped conversations (which included him talking about covering up Watergate) to them.  Alexander Haig thought Nixon would be convicted and kicked out of office. To prevent this, Nixon resigned (quit) the presidency in 1974.

==Post-presidency==
[[File:FordNixonBushReaganCarter.jpg|thumb|Presidents Gerald Ford, Nixon, George H. W. Bush, Ronald Reagan, and Jimmy Carter in 1991]]
Nixon's second vice president,<ref name="White House"/> [[Gerald Ford]], gave Nixon a [[pardon]] of any crimes Nixon committed during Watergate. Ford wanted to end the crisis as quickly as possible, because the nation faced more important problems. Many people blamed Ford for letting Nixon go free, and voted against him when he ran in the 1976 election.
[[File:Nixon grave 2011.jpg|thumb|Graveside of Richard Nixon and his wife Pat]]

Nixon's public image never fully recovered, but he still got some approval back from Republicans as he frequently defended his legacy. He remained as a [[consultant]] to later Presidents, and to other people in government and the [[Mass media|media]] especially to [[British people|British]] journalist [[David Frost]]. His [[memoir]]s are considered important readings.<ref name="White House"/> His work in negotiating with [[China]] in the early 1970s was praised for improving relations between his country and theirs.<ref name="White House"/> Nixon died of a [[stroke]] in 1994,<ref name="White House"/> ten months after his wife Pat died. Not being able to defend his legacy any longer, his overall approval rating fell, and most everyone today acknowledges his wrongdoings related to Watergate.  The house where he was born is now part of the Richard M. Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. He was buried at the library.

==Related pages==
* [[Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other websites==
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/rn37.html Nixon's White House Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212225247/http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/rn37.html |date=2006-12-12 }}
* [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/richardnixoncheckers.html Text, audio, and video of Nixon's famous "Checkers" speech]

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[[Category:1913 births]]
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