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{{Infobox philosopher
| region = Western Philosophy
| era = [[19th-century philosophy]]
| color = red 
| image = Karl Marx_001.jpg
| caption = Karl Marx in 1875
| name = Karl Heinrich Marx
| birth_date = {{birth date|1818|5|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Trier]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]
| death = {{death date and age|df=yes|1883|03|14|1818|05|05}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1883|3|14|1818|5|5|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[London]], [[England]], <br> {{Nowrap|[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]}}
| school_tradition = [[Marxism]]
| main_interests = [[Politics]], [[Economics]], [[class struggle]], [[Alienation]]
| influences = [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Epicurus]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], [[Ludwig Feuerbach|Feuerbach]], [[Max Stirner|Stirner]], [[Adam Smith|Smith]], [[David Ricardo|Ricardo]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]], [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], [[Charles Fourier|Fourier]], [[Auguste Comte|Comte]]
| influenced = [[Bakunin]], [[Rosa Luxemburg|Luxemburg]], [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]], [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]], [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]], [[Mao Zedong|Mao]], [[Fidel Castro|Castro]], [[Che Guevara|Guevara]], [[György Lukács|Lukács]], [[Antonio Gramsci|Gramsci]], [[Hannah Arendt|Arendt]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], [[Guy Debord|Debord]], [[Frankfurt School]], [[Antonio Negri|Negri]], [[Michael Taussig|Taussig]], [[Kim Il-sung|Kim]], [[Manabendra Nath Roy|Roy]], [[Bookchin]] and <small>[[List of Marxists|many more...]]</small>
| notable_ideas = Co-founder of [[Marxism]] (with [[Friedrich Engels|Engels]]), [[Alienation]] and [[exploitation]] of the worker, ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'', ''[[Das Kapital]]'', [[Historical materialism|Materialist conception of history]]
|signature=Karl Marx Signature.svg|spouse={{marriage|Jenny von Westphalen|1843|1881}}}}
'''Karl Heinrich Marx''' (5 May 1818 in [[Trier]], [[Prussia]] – 14 March 1883 in [[London]], [[England]]) was a [[Germany|German]] political thinker who wrote about [[economics]] and [[politics]]. Marx thought that if a place that works together runs on [[worker|wage-labor]], then there would always be [[class struggle]]. He thought that this class struggle would result in workers taking power. Marx believed that no economic class''—''wage workers, land owners, etc. should have power over another. He believed that everyone should [[To each according to his contribution|contribute what they can]], and everyone should get what they need. His most famous [[book]] was [[the Communist Manifesto]]. He wrote it with [[Friedrich Engels]] in 1848. The book is about the ideas and aims of [[communism]]. His ideas are called [[Marxism]].

==Biography==
[[File:Trier BW 2014-06-21 11-11-49.jpg|thumb|Marx's Birthplace]]
Karl Marx was born on 5 May 1818, in Trier, Prussia (now [[Germany]]). He came from a middle-class family, and his father was a lawyer. Marx studied law, history, and philosophy at the University of Bonn and later at the University of Berlin. During his education, he became involved with radical thinkers and developed his interest in philosophy and economics. After completing his education, Marx began his career as a journalist in the early 1840s, writing for various German publications. He explored political and economic issues, laying the groundwork for his later theories. In 1844 Marx meet [[Friedrich Engels]] in [[Paris|Paris, France]] and became close friends by working together on the Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, sharing a passion for critiquing the socio-economic order. Their intellectual camaraderie helped shape Marxist theory. In his later years, Karl Marx faced financial struggles and health issues. He continued his political activities, writing, and research, contributing to the development of Marxist theory. Marx died in [[London]] on 14 March 1883, but his ideas had a lasting impact on political and economic thought.
[[File:Grave of Karl Marx Highgate Cemetery in London 2016 (10).jpg|thumb|Marx's Grave]]

===Personal life===
[[File:Marx+Family and Engels.jpg|thumb|Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Marx's daughters: Jenny Caroline (1844–1883), Jenny Julia Eleanor (1855–1898) and Jenny Laura (1845–1911)]]
Karl Marx lived in various European cities during his life. Some notable ones include Trier and [[Cologne]] in Germany, [[Brussels]] in [[Belgium]], and London in the [[United Kingdom]], where he spent a significant portion of his later life. Marx married Jenny von Westphalen, his childhood sweetheart, in 1843. Despite his revolutionary ideas, he struggled with poverty and relied on his friend Friedrich Engels for support. Marx had six children, and his family faced hardship due to their economic circumstances. Marx's Wife died in 1881 just two years before his own death in 1883. His personal life reflected the complexities of the era he lived in.

==Works==
===Das Kapital===
[[File:Zentralbibliothek Zürich Das Kapital Marx 1867.jpg|thumb|First edition title page of Volume I (1867).]]
His most important work is ''[[Das Kapital]]'', or The Capital. It is commonly known in English as simply 'Capital.' He spent many years working on the three parts of the book.  Das Kapital describes how [[capitalism]] works and the problems it creates, such as [[division of labour]], [[alienation]] and [[exploitation]]. The book has led to many arguments between those who agree with the book and those who do not. Marx's ideas have been thought of as responsible for [[socialist]] [[revolution]]s (like the [[Russian Revolution]]).

===Communist Manifesto===
[[File:Communist-manifesto.png|thumb|the Communist Manifesto]]
The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848, advocates for the overthrow of capitalist societies by the working class. It emphasizes historical class struggles, predicts the inevitable rise of the proletariat, and calls for the abolition of private property. The manifesto outlines the principles of communism, aiming for a classless society where the means of production are collectively owned. Marx's Communist Manifesto, co-written with Engels, outlines the idea of a classless society, emphasizing the struggle between the bourgeoisie (owners) and proletariat (workers). It advocates for the overthrow of the capitalist system to establish a communist society where the means of production are collectively owned.
===Historical materialism===
Marx's most popular [[theory]] was 'historical materialism', arguing that history is the result of material conditions, rather than ideas.  He believed that [[religion]], [[morality]], [[Social structure|Social structures]] and other things are all rooted in [[economics]].

===Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844===
[[File:Anti-capitalism color-2.jpg|thumb|[[Anti-capitalism|Anti-capitalist]] propaganda poster]]
Marx also wrote the ''Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844'', a critique of political economy in which he discusses topics such as labor wages, labor rent, and capital profit, and his ideas of how to change the economy, including [[proletariat|proletarian]] socialist revolution and an eventual communist society.<ref>Marx, Karl; Friedrich Engels, Robert Tucker ''The Marx-Engels Reader: Second Edition'' WW Norton and Company New York page 66</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Sesel map of socialist states.PNG|thumb|World Map with Communist or Socialist Countries]]
Karl Marx's legacy is marked by his influential contributions to political theory and economics, particularly with his ideas on communism and class struggle. While his ideas have shaped various political movements, their interpretation and application have varied widely, sometimes leading to both positive and negative outcomes. However, there's ongoing debate about Karl Marx's legacy by historians. Some see him as a revolutionary thinker who highlighted class struggles, while others criticize his ideas for various reasons, including their implementation in certain historical contexts. Some historians argue that Karl Marx's ideas, as interpreted and implemented by various leaders, contributed to the development of [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] regimes, citing instances like the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Maoism|Maoist]] [[People's Republic of China|China]] as examples. Many people continue to follow and develop Marx's ideas.

==Related pages==
*[[Commodity fetishism]]
*[[Factors of production]]
*[[Political economy]]
*[[Marxism]]
*[[Friedrich Engels]]
*[[Communism]]
*[[Russian Revolution]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Biographies ===
* [[Friedrich Engels]]' ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1892/11/marx.htm Biography of Marx]''
* [[Franz Mehring]]'s ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/mehring/1918/marx/ch01.htm Karl Marx: The Story of His Life]''
* [[Vladimir Lenin]]'s ''[http://welshcommunists.co.uk/karl.htm Karl Marx Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209210026/http://welshcommunists.co.uk/karl.htm |date=2008-02-09 }}''
* [[Francis Wheen]]'s ''[http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj85/morgan.htm Karl Marx: A Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410103159/http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj85/morgan.htm |date=2013-04-10 }}''
* [[Karl Korsch]]'s ''[https://www.amazon.com/Karl-Marx-Korsch/dp/2851840681/ Karl Marx Biography]''
* [[Maximilien Rubel]]'s ''[https://www.amazon.com/Marx-life-works-Macmillan-chronology/dp/0333280490/ Marx, life and works]''

=== Articles and entries ===
* [http://www2.pfeiffer.edu/~lridener/DSS/Marx/MARXPER.HTML Dead Sociologists - Karl Marx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814015434/http://www2.pfeiffer.edu/~lridener/DSS/Marx/MARXPER.HTML |date=2007-08-14 }}
* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/mandel/19xx/marx/ Ernest Mandel, ''Karl Marx'' (New Palgrave article)]
* [http://www.anti-caste.org/marx-and-engels-on-india-and-the-colonial-question.html '''Marx on India and the Colonial Question'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821140512/http://www.anti-caste.org/marx-and-engels-on-india-and-the-colonial-question.html |date=2009-08-21 }} from [http://www.anti-caste.org anti-caste] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422140533/http://www.anti-caste.org/ |date=2006-04-22 }}
* [http://www.iisg.nl/collections/marx/ Portraits of Karl Marx]
* [http://www.fes.de/marx/falt_en.html The Karl Marx Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211182217/http://www.fes.de/marx/falt_en.html |date=2007-02-11 }}
* [http://marxmyths.org/index.shtml Marxmyths.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116191844/http://marxmyths.org/index.shtml |date=2007-01-16 }} - Various essays on misinterpretations of Marx
* Paul Dorn, [http://www.runmuki.com/paul/writing/marx.html The Paris Commune and Marx' Theory of Revolution]
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry]
* [http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0717-28.htm Why Marx is the Man of the Moment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205075254/http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0717-28.htm |date=2008-12-05 }}

== Other websites ==
=== Bibliography and online texts ===
{{Wikibooks|Wikiversity|School of Political Science}}
{{Commons|Karl Marx}}
{{wikisource author}}
* [[Marx and Engels Internet Archive]] [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/]
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/critique-hpr/ ''Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right''] (1843)
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/jewish-question/ ''On the Jewish Question''] (1843)
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/james-mill/ ''Notes on James Mill''] (1844)
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/preface.htm ''Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844''] (1844)
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/theses/theses.htm ''Theses on Feuerbach''] (1845)
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ ''The German Ideology''] [with Engels] (1845-[[1846|46]])
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/poverty-philosophy/ ''The Poverty of Philosophy''] (1846-[[1847|47]])
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/wage-labour/ ''Wage-Labour and Capital''] (1847)
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ ''Manifesto of the Communist Party''] [with Engels] (1847-[[1848|48]])
*** [http://librivox.org/the-communist-manifesto-by-karl-marx-and-friendrich-engels Free audiobook] from [http://librivox.org LibriVox] ([http://librivox.org/manifest-der-kommunistischen-partei-von-karl-marx-und-friedrich-engels/ Also available in German])
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/18th-brumaire/ ''The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte''] (1852)
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ ''Grundrisse''] (1857-58)
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/ ''A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy''] (1859)
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1861/us-civil-war/index.htm ''Writings on the U.S. Civil War''] [with Engels; compiled] (1861)
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1863/theories-surplus-value/ ''Theories of Surplus Value, 3 volumes''] (1862)
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1865/value-price-profit/ ''Value, Price and Profit''] (1865)
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/index.htm ''Capital vol. 1''] (1867)
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1871/civil-war-france/ ''The Civil War in France''] (1871)
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ ''Critique of the Gotha Programme''] (1875)
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1881/01/wagner.htm ''Notes on Wagner''] (1883)
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume36/ ''Capital, vol. 2''] [posthumously, by Engels] (1893)
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/ ''Capital, vol. 3''] [posthumously, by Engels] (1894)
** [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/letters/index.htm ''Letters''] [with Engels; compiled] (1833-[[1895|95]])
* ''Ethnological Notebooks'' — {{ISBN|90-232-0924-9}} (1879-80)
* {{gutenberg author|id=Karl_Marx|name=Karl Marx}}
* [http://www.sicetnon.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=PagEd&file=index&topic_id=2&page_id=77 "The Reality Behind Commodity Fetishism" (in English)] at [http://www.sicetnon.org/index.php ''Sic et Non'' (in German)]
* [http://libcom.org/library/karl-marx Libertarian Communist Library Karl Marx Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113180235/http://libcom.org/library/karl-marx |date=2009-01-13 }}
* [http://www.freeinfosociety.com/site.php?postnum=77 Karl Marx Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509021009/http://www.freeinfosociety.com/site.php?postnum=77 |date=2006-05-09 }}
* [http://www.zeno.org/Philosophie/M/Marx,+Karl Works by Karl Marx] at Zeno.org {{in lang|de}}

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