Aždarkidi

Aždarkidi
	Bakonydraco galaczi
Status zaštite
	; Status zaštite: Izumrli ({{{kada}}}) (IUCN 3.1)
Naučna klasifikacija
Carstvo:	Animalia;
Koljeno:	Chordata;
Razred:	Sauropsida;
Red:	†Pterosauria;
Porodica:	†Azhdarchidae; Nesov, 1984.
Sinonimi
	"Titanopterygiidae" ; Padian, 1984. (već zauzet)

Aždarkidi (lat. Azhdarchidae, od Ajdarxo, naziva jednog zmaja (Ashdaar) u perzijskoj mitologiji, iz staroperzijskog Aži Dahāka) su bili porodica pterosaura pretežno iz perioda kasne krede, mada su poznati i izolirani kičmeni pršljeni nekih aždarkida iz perioda rane krede (kasni berriasij, prije oko 140 miliona godina).^[1] U aždarkide su spadale neke od najvećih letećih životinja svih vremena. Isprva se smatralo da su oni potporodica unutar Pteranodontidae, ali Nesov (1984) ih je odredio kao porodicu u koju spadaju i pterosauri Azhdarcho, Quetzalcoatlus i "Titanopteryx" (sada poznat kao Arambourgiania).

Opis

Umjetnička rekostrukcija skupine *Quetzalcoatlus northropi* pri hranjenju

Aždarkidi su karakteristični po svojim dugim nogama i izuzetno dugim vratovima sa izduženim vratnim pršljenima, koji su u poprečnom presjeku bili okrugli. Većina vrsta aždarkida poznata je samo po svojim prepoznatljivim vratnim pršljenima. U one koji su poznati iz relativno potpunih skeleta spadaju Zhejiangopterus i Quetzalcoatlus. Aždarkidi se također ističu po svojim relativno velikim glavama i dugim čeljustima. Uzeta je u obzir mogućnost da su se hranili leteći nisko iznad vode i tako skupljajući ribe,^[2]^[3] ali daljnja istraživanja bacili su sumnju na tu ideju, pokazavši da su aždarkidima nedostajale prilagodbe takvom načinu hranjenja, te da su se možda ponašali sličnije današnjim rodama.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] Njihova malena stopala nisu bila prilagođena ni za plivanje ni za hodanje u plitkoj vodi.^[8]

Sistematika

Karta rasprostranjenosti nekih aždarkida

Aždarkidi su isprva klasificirani kao bliski srodnici Pteranodona zbog svojih dugih, bezubih kljunova. Drugi su predložili da su bili u sližem srodstvu sa zubatim pripadnicima Ctenochasmatidae (u koje spadaju i Ctenochasma i Pterodaustro, koji su se hranili filtriranjem vode). Trenutno se smatra da su aždarkidi bili bliski srodnici pterosaura kao što su Tupuxuara i Tapejara.

Taksonomija

Klasifikacija prema Unwin (2006), osim ako nije drugačije naglašeno.^[9]

Rekonstrukcija pozicije pri hranjenju, gdje su udovi sagitalno raspoređeni

Porodica Azhdarchidae
- Aerotitan
- Alanqa^[10]
- Aralazhdarcho^[11]
- Arambourgiania
- Azhdarcho
- Bakonydraco
- Cretornis^[12]
- Eurazhdarcho^[13]
- Hatzegopteryx
- Montanazhdarcho
- "Ornithocheirus" bunzeli^[12]
- Palaeocursornis
- Phosphatodraco
- Quetzalcoatlus
- Volgadraco^[14]
- Zhejiangopterus
- Mogući validni rodovi aždarkida
  - Bennettazhia
  - Bogolubovia
  - Doratorhynchus
  - Eoazhdarcho

Izvori

↑ Dyke, G., Benton, M., Posmosanu, E. and Naish, D. (2010). "Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) birds and pterosaurs from the Cornet bauxite mine, Romania." Palaeontology, published online before print 15 September 2010. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00997.x
↑ Nesov, L. A. (1984). „Upper Cretaceous pterosaurs and birds from Central Asia.”. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1984 (1): 47–57. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2014-10-31. Pristupljeno 2013-07-26.
↑ Kellner, A. W. A.; Langston, W. (1996). „Cranial remains of Quetzalcoatlus (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) from Late Cretaceous sediments of Big Bend National Park, Texas”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 (2): 222–231. DOI:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011310.
↑ Chatterjee, S.; Templin, R. J. (2004). „Posture, locomotion, and paleoecology of pterosaurs”. Geological Society of America Special Publication 376: 1–64.
↑ Ősi, A.; Weishampel, D.B.; Jianu, C.M. (2005). „First evidence of azhdarchid pterosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Hungary”. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50 (4): 777–787.
↑ Humphries, S.; Bonser, R.H.C.; Witton, M.P.; Martill, D.M. (2007). „Did pterosaurs feed by skimming? Physical modelling and anatomical evaluation of an unusual feeding method” (PDF). PLoS Biology 5 (8): e204.
↑ http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002271
↑ Witton MP, Naish D (2008) A Reappraisal of Azhdarchid Pterosaur Functional Morphology and Paleoecology. PLoS ONE 3(5): e2271. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002271 Volltext
↑ Unwin, David M. (2006). The Pterosaurs: From Deep Time. New York: Pi Press. str. 273. ISBN 0-13-146308-X.
↑ Ibrahim, N.; Unwin, D.M.; Martill, D.M.; Baidder, L.; Zouhri, S. (2010). „A New Pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea: Azhdarchidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco”. PLoS ONE 5 (5): e10875. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0010875. PMC 2877115. PMID 20520782.
↑ Averianov, A.O. (2007). „New records of azhdarchids (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) from the late Cretaceous of Russia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia”. Paleontological Journal 41 (2): 189–197. DOI:10.1134/S0031030107020098.
↑ ^12,0 ^12,1 Averianov, A.O. (2010). "The osteology of Azhdarcho lancicollis Nessov, 1984 (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 314(3): 246-317.
↑ DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0054268
This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand
↑ Averianov, A.O.; Arkhangelsky, M.S.; and Pervushov, E.M. (2008). „A New Late Cretaceous Azhdarchid (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) from the Volga Region”. Paleontological Journal 42 (6): 634–642. DOI:10.1134/S0031030108060099.

Literatura

Astibia, H.; Buffetaut, E.; Buscalioni, A.D.; Cappetta, H.; Corrall, C.; Estes, R.; Garcia-Garmilla, F.; -1#Loeuff, Mazin i dr.. (1991). „The fossil vertebrates from Lafio (Basque Country, Spain); new evidence on the composition and affinities of the Late Cretaceous continental fauna of Europe”. Terra Nova 2: 460–466.
Bennett, S. C. (2000). „Pterosaur flight: the role of actinofibrils in wing function”. Historical Biology 14 (4): 255–284. DOI:10.1080/10292380009380572.
Nesov, L.A. (1990). „Flying reptiles of the Jurassic and Cretaceous of the USSR and the significance of their remains for the reconstruction of palaeogeographic conditions” (Russian). Bulletin of Leningrad University, Series 7, Geology and Geography 4 (28): 3–10.
Nesov, L.A. (1991). „Giant flying reptiles of the family Azhdarchidae: 11. Environment, sedirnentological conditions and preservation of remains” (Russian). Bulletin of Leningrad Universitv Series 7, Geology and Geography 3 (21): 16–24.

[cornet-1] Dyke, G., Benton, M., Posmosanu, E. and Naish, D. (2010). "Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) birds and pterosaurs from the Cornet bauxite mine, Romania." Palaeontology, published online before print 15 September 2010. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00997.x

[nesov1984-2] Nesov, L. A. (1984). „Upper Cretaceous pterosaurs and birds from Central Asia.”. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1984 (1): 47–57. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2014-10-31. Pristupljeno 2013-07-26.

[kellner&langston1996-3] Kellner, A. W. A.; Langston, W. (1996). „Cranial remains of Quetzalcoatlus (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) from Late Cretaceous sediments of Big Bend National Park, Texas”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 (2): 222–231. DOI:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011310.

[chatterjee&templin2003-4] Chatterjee, S.; Templin, R. J. (2004). „Posture, locomotion, and paleoecology of pterosaurs”. Geological Society of America Special Publication 376: 1–64.

[osietal2005-5] Ősi, A.; Weishampel, D.B.; Jianu, C.M. (2005). „First evidence of azhdarchid pterosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Hungary”. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 50 (4): 777–787.

[humphriesetal2007-6] Humphries, S.; Bonser, R.H.C.; Witton, M.P.; Martill, D.M. (2007). „Did pterosaurs feed by skimming? Physical modelling and anatomical evaluation of an unusual feeding method” (PDF). PLoS Biology 5 (8): e204.

[7] ttp://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002271

[8] Witton MP, Naish D (2008) A Reappraisal of Azhdarchid Pterosaur Functional Morphology and Paleoecology. PLoS ONE 3(5): e2271. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002271 Volltext

[unwin2006-9] Unwin, David M. (2006). The Pterosaurs: From Deep Time. New York: Pi Press. str. 273. ISBN 0-13-146308-X.

[ibrahimetal2010-10] Ibrahim, N.; Unwin, D.M.; Martill, D.M.; Baidder, L.; Zouhri, S. (2010). „A New Pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea: Azhdarchidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Morocco”. PLoS ONE 5 (5): e10875. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0010875. PMC 2877115. PMID 20520782.

[averianov2007-11] Averianov, A.O. (2007). „New records of azhdarchids (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) from the late Cretaceous of Russia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia”. Paleontological Journal 41 (2): 189–197. DOI:10.1134/S0031030107020098.

[osteology2010-12] 12,0 ^12,1 Averianov, A.O. (2010). "The osteology of Azhdarcho lancicollis Nessov, 1984 (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 314(3): 246-317.

[Vremir2013-13] DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0054268
This citation will be automatically completed in the next few minutes. You can jump the queue or expand by hand

[AAetal08-14] Averianov, A.O.; Arkhangelsky, M.S.; and Pervushov, E.M. (2008). „A New Late Cretaceous Azhdarchid (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) from the Volga Region”. Paleontological Journal 42 (6): 634–642. DOI:10.1134/S0031030108060099.

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