See soorce fer Reid tod

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{{fixscots|date=September 2020}}
{{speciesbox
| name              = Reid tod
| fossil_range      = {{Fossil range|0.7|0}} <small>Middle [[Pleistocene]] – present</small>
| image             = Fox - British Wildlife Centre (17429406401).jpg
| image_caption     = {{longitem|style=padding:0 0 0.6em;line-height:1.3em|European reid tod (''V. v. crucigera'') photographed at the [[Breetish Wildlife Centre]] in [[Surrey]], Ingland.}} [[File:Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) (W1CDR0001529 BD12).ogg|thumb|center|Tod berks]]
| status            = LC
| status_system     = IUCN3.1
| status_ref        = <ref name="IUCN"/>
| genus             = Vulpes
| species           = vulpes
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10t edeetion o Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnæus |first=Carl |title=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I |year=1758 |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |location=Holmiæ (Stockholm) |page=40 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/80764#page/50/mode/1up |edition=10th |language=Latin}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subspeshies]]
| subdivision       = {{center|[[#Subspeshies|45 subspeshies]]}}
| range_map         = Wiki-Vulpes vulpes.png
| range_map_caption = Distribution o the reid tod <div style="width:9em;margin:0 auto;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;">{{legend2|#3c5604|native}}<br/>{{legend2|#491fbc|inbrocht}}<br/>{{legend2|#b46702|presence uncertaint}}</div>
| synonyms          =
* ''Canis vulpes'' <small>Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758</small>
* ''Canis alopex'' <small>Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758</small>
}}

The '''reid tod''' (''Vulpes vulpes'') is a [[mammal]] o the order [[Carnivora]]. Reid tods is the maist muckle species o tod in the warld, an the maist kenspeckle species o tod. Thay'r hamelt tae [[Europe]], the muckle feck o [[Aisie]] but Sootheast Aisie, northren [[Africae]] an the muckle feck o [[North Americae]]. Reid tods haes been inbrocht tae [[Austrailie]], whaur thay're an invasive species.

Thare's 45 subspecies o reid tod.

==Description==

[[File:Yawning red and corsac fox.jpg|thumb|Reid tod (left) an [[corsac tod]] (richt) yawnin]]
The reid tod haes an elangatit bouk an relatively short limms. The tail, that is langer than hauf the bouk lenth<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> (70 per cent o heid an body lenth),<ref name="lariviere">{{cite book|last1=Larivière|first1=Serge|last2=Pasitschniak-Arts|first2=Maria|title=Vulpes vulpes|date=1996|publisher=American Society of Mammalogists|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-537-01-0001.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031015804/http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-537-01-0001.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2005-10-31|accessdate=9 July 2016}}</ref> is fluffy an reaches the grund when in a staundin poseetion. Thair pupils are oval an vertically oriented.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> [[Nictitating membrane]]s are present, but muive anly when the een are closed. The forepaws hae five deegits, while the hint feet hae anly fower an lack [[dewclaw]]s.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> Thay are very agile, bein capable o jimpin ower {{Convert|2|m||-high|adj=mid}} fences, an soum well.<ref name="z132">{{Harvnb|Sillero-Zubiri|Hoffman|MacDonald|2004|pp=132–133}}</ref> Vixens normally hae fower pairs o [[teat]]s,<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> tho vixens wi seiven, nine, or ten teats are nae uncommon.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> The [[testes]] o males are smawer than thae o Arctic tods.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/>

Thair [[skult]]s are fairly narrow an elangatit, wi smaw [[braincase]]s. Thair [[canine teeth]] are relatively lang. [[Sexual dimorphism]] o the skult is mair pronoonced than in corsac tods, wi female reid tods tendin tae hae smawer skults than males, wi wider nasal regions an haurd [[palate]]s, as well as haein lairger canines.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Thair skults are distinguished frae thae o dugs bi thair narraer [[snoot|muzzles]], less croudit [[premolar]]s, mair slender canine teeth, an concave raither than convex profiles.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/>

===Dimensions===
Reid tods are the lairgest species o the genus ''Vulpes''.<ref name="z129">{{Harvnb|Sillero-Zubiri|Hoffman|MacDonald|2004|p=129}}</ref> Houiver, relative tae dimensions, reid tods are much lighter than similarly sized dogs o the genus ''[[Canis]]''. Thair limm banes, for ensaumple, wecht 30 percent less per unit aurie o bane than expected for similarly sized dogs.<ref name="rwf1987">{{Cite book|url=|title=Running with the Fox|last=Macdonald|first=David|date=|publisher=Unwin Hyman, London|year=1987|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=English|asin=B00H1HVF8G}}</ref> Thay display significant individual, sexual, age an geographical variation in size. On average, adults meisur {{convert|35|–|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} heich at the shouder an {{convert|45|-|90|cm|abbr=on|in}} in body lenth wi tails meisurin {{convert|30|-|55.5|cm|abbr=on|in}}. The lugs meisur {{Convert|7.7|-|12.5|cm|abbr=on|0}} an the hint feet {{Convert|12|-|18.5|cm|abbr=on|0}}. Weights range frae {{convert|2.2|-|14|kg|abbr=on|lb|0}}, wi vixens teepically weighin 15–20% less nor males.<ref name=r10>{{cite book|author=Nowak, Ronald M|title=Walker's Mammals of the World|url=https://books.google.com/?id=T37sFCl43E8C&pg=PA806&lpg=PA806&dq=eurasian+lynx+38+kg#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=636|volume=2|publisher=JHU Press|year=1999|isbn=0-8018-5789-9}}</ref><ref name="Burnie">Burnie D and Wilson DE (eds.), ''Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife''. DK Adult (2005), {{ISBN|0789477645}}</ref> Adult reid tods hae skults meisurin {{convert|129|–|167|mm|in|abbr=on}}, while thae o vixens meisur {{convert|128|–|159|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> The forefoot prent measures {{convert|60|mm|in|abbr=on}} in lenth an {{convert|45|mm|in|abbr=on}} in weenth, while the hint fit prent measures {{convert|55|mm|in|abbr=on}} lang an {{convert|38|mm|in|abbr=on}} wide. Thay trot at a speed o {{Convert|6|-|13|km/h|abbr=on|0}}, an hae a maximum runnin speed o {{Convert|50|km/h||abbr=on|sigfig=1}}. Thay hae a stride o {{convert|25|–|35|cm|in|abbr=on}} when walkin at a normal pace.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|36}} North American reid tods are generally lightly biggit, wi comparatively lang bodies for thair mass an hae a heich degree o sexual dimorphism. British reid tods are heavily biggit, but short, while continental European reid tods are closer tae the general average amang reid tod populations.<ref name="z130">{{Harvnb|Sillero-Zubiri|Hoffman|MacDonald|2004|p=130}}</ref> The lairgest reid tod on record in Great Britain wis a {{Convert|17.2|kg||abbr=on|adj=on}}, {{convert|1.4|m|adj=on}} lang male, killed in [[Aberdeenshire]], [[Scotland]], in early 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-17259087 |title='Largest fox killed in UK' shot on Aberdeenshire farm |author=Wilkes, David |date=5 March 2012 |publisher=BBC News Online}}</ref>

===Fur===
The winter fur is dense, saft, silky an relatively lang. For the northren tods, the fur is verra lang, dense an fluffy, but is shorter, sparser an coarser in soothren forms.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Amang northren tods, the North American varieties generally hae the silkiest [[guard hair]]s,<ref name="bachrach"/>{{rp|231}} while maist Eurasian reid tods hae coarser fur.<ref name="bachrach"/>{{rp|235}} Thare are three main [[polymorphism (biology)|colour morphs]]; reid, siller/black an cross (see ''[[Reid tod#Mutations|Mutations]]'').<ref name="lariviere"/> In the teepical reid morph, thair coats are generally bricht reiddish-rusty wi yellowish tints. A stripe o waik, diffuse patterns o mony broun-reiddish-chestnut hairs occurs alang the spine. Twa additional stripes pass doun the shouder blades, which, thegither wi the spinal stripe, form a cross. The lawer back is eften a mottled sillery colour. The flanks are lighter coloured than the back, while the chin, lawer lips, throat an front o the chest are white. The remainin lawer surface o the bouk is daurk, broun or reiddish.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Durin lactation, the belly fur o vixens mey turn brick reid.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> The upper pairts o the limms are rusty reiddish, while the paws are black. The frontal pairt o the face an upper neck is bricht brounish-rusty reid, while the upper lips are white. The backs o the lugs are black or brounish-reiddish, while the inner surface is whitish. The tap o the tail is brounish-reiddish, but lichter in colour than the back an flanks. The unnerside o the tail is pale grey wi a strae-coloured tint. A black spot, the location o the [[supracaudal gland]], is uisually present at the base o the tail. The tip o the tail is white.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/>

====Mutations====
[[File:Vulpes vulpes colour variations.jpg|thumb|Various reid fox colour mutations]]
[[File:Beijingzoo white fox.jpg|thumb|White morph reid tods mey be distinguished frae Arctic tods bi thair 25% greater size, langer muzzles, an langer, pyntit lugs.<ref name="z131">{{Harvnb|Sillero-Zubiri|Hoffman|MacDonald|2004|p=131}}</ref> This captive ensaumple shows the dark pigment o the een, neb, an lips that wad nae occur in an albino. Complete [[albinism]] in reid tods is rare and primarily occurs in soothren forest zones. teepically, albinism is accompanied bi deformations an uisually develops in years o insufficient fuid.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/>]]
Atypical colourations in reid tods uisually represent stages taewart fou [[melanism]],<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> an maistly occur in cauld regions.<ref name="mammals-of-na"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width=150|Colour variant
! width=150|Image
! width=500|Description
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
||'''Reid'''
| |[[File:Red fox fur skin (Sweden).jpg|50 px]]
||The teepical colouration. See ''[[Reid fox#Fur|Fur]]''
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="font-style: bold;"|'''Grey'''
| |
||The rump an spine is broun or grey wi licht yellaeish baunds on the gaird hairs. The cross on the shouders is broun, rusty broun or brounish-reiddish. The limms are broun<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="font-style: bold;"|'''[[Cross tod (ainimal)|Cross]]'''
| |[[File:Vulpes vulpes (cross fox) Norway & Canada.jpg|50 px]]
||The fur haes a darker colouration tae the umwhile. The rump an lawer back are dark broun or dark grey, wi varyin degrees o siller on the guard hairs. The cross on the shouders is black or broun, whiles wi licht silvery fur. The feet an heid are broun<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="font-style: bold;"|'''Blackish-broun'''
| |
||The melanistic form o the Eurasian reid fox. Has blackish-broun or black skin wi a licht-brounish tint. The skin uisually haes an admixture o various amoonts o siller. Reiddish hairs are aither completely absent or in smaw quantities<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="font-style: bold;"|'''[[Siller tod (ainimal)|Siller]]'''
| |[[File:Vulpes vulpes - silver fox fur skin.jpg|50 px]]
||The melanistic form o the North American reid fox, but introduced tae the Auld Warld bi the fur tred. Chairacterised bi pure black colour wi a variable admixture o siller (coverin 25–100% o the skin aurie)<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="font-style: bold;"|'''Platinum'''
| |[[File:Vulpes vulpes (Platinum fox) fur skin.jpg|50 px]]
||Distinguished frae the siller morph bi its late pale, awmaist siller-white fur wi a bluish cast<ref name="bachrach"/>{{rp|251}}
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="font-style: bold;"|'''Amber'''
| |[[File:Vulpes vulpes (Amber fox) fur skin.jpg|50 px]]
| |
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="font-style: bold;"|'''Samson'''
| |[[File:Vulpes vulpes Mutation.jpg|50 px]]
||Distinguished bi its ooie pelt, which lacks guard hairs<ref name="bachrach"/>{{rp|230}}
|}

===Senses===
Reid tods hae [[binocular veesion]],<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> but thair sicht reacts mainly tae muivement. Thair [[auditory perception]] is acute, bein able tae hear [[black grouse]] changin roosts at 600 paces, the flicht o [[craw]]s at {{convert|0.25|–|0.5|km}} an the squeakin o mice at aboot {{convert|100|m}}.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Thay are capable o locatin sounds tae within ane degree at 700–3,000&nbsp;Hz, tho less accurately at higher frequencies.<ref name="z132"/> Thair sense o smell is guid, but waiker than that o specialised dogs.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/>

===Scent glands===
Reid tods hae a pair o [[anal sac]]s lined bi sebaceous glands, baith o which open throu a single duct. The anal sacs act as fermentation chaumers in that [[aerobic bacteria|aerobic]] an [[anaerobic bacteria]] convert [[sebum]] intae odorous compounds, includin [[aliphatic]] acids. The oval-shaped [[caudal gland]] is {{convert|25|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} lang an {{convert|13|mm|in|abbr=on}} wide, an reportedly smells o [[violet (plant)|violet]]s.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> The presence o fit glands is equivocal. The interdigital cavities are deep, wi a reiddish tinge an smell strangly. Sebaceous glands are present on the angle o the jaw an mandible.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/>

==Behaviour==
[[File:Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) -British Wildlife Centre-8.jpg|thumb|A pair o European reid tods at the [[British Wildlife Centre]], Surrey, Ingland]]

===Social an territorial behaviour===
Reid tods aither establish stable hame ranges within parteecular auries or are itinerant wi no fixed abode.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|117}}  Thay uise thair [[Sprayin (ainimal behaviour)#Canidae|urine tae merk thair territories]].<ref name="Fawcett 2012">{{cite journal |author1=Fawcett, John K. |author2=Fawcett, Jeanne M. |author3=Soulsbury, Carl D. |title=Seasonal and sex differences in urine marking rates of wild red foxes ''Vulpes vulpes'' |journal=Journal of Ethology |year=2012 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=41–47 |doi=10.1007/s10164-012-0348-7}}</ref> A male tod raises ane hint leg an his urine is sprayed forrit in front o him, whauras a female tod squats doun sae that the urine is sprayed in the grund atween the hint legs.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Walters, Martin |author2=Bang, Preben |author3=Dahlstrøm, Preben |title=Animal tracks and signs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6XwAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2001 |pages=202–203 |isbn=0-19-850796-8}}</ref> Urine is an aw uised tae merk emptie cache steids, uised tae store foond fuid, as reminders nae tae waste time investigatin them.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|125}} <ref>{{cite journal|title=The use of urine marking in the scavenging behavior of the red fox (''Vulpes vulpes'')|author=Henry, J. David |journal=Behaviour |volume=61 |issue=1/2 |year=1977 |pages=82–106 |jstor=4533812 |doi=10.1163/156853977X00496}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Andersen | first1 = K. F. | last2 = Vulpius | first2 = T. | title = Urinary volatile constituents of the lion, ''Panthera leo''| doi = 10.1093/chemse/24.2.179 | journal = Chemical Senses | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 179–189 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10321819| pmc = }}</ref> The uise o up tae 12 different urination posturs allous them tae precisely control the poseetion o the scent merk.<ref name="ElbrochKresky2012">{{cite book |author1=Elbroch, Lawrence Mark |author2=Kresky, Michael Raymond |author3=Evans, Jonah Wy |title=Field Guide to Animal Tracks and Scat of California |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NGHgFgtJDQYC&pg=PA189 |year=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25378-0 |page=189}}</ref> Reid tods live in faimily groups sharin a jynt territory. In favourable habitats an/or auries wi law huntin pressur, subordinate tods mey be present in a range. Subordinate tods mey nummer ane or twa, whiles up tae aicht in ane territory. Thir subordinates coud be umwhile [[dominance (ethology)|dominant]] ainimals, but are maistly young frae the previous year, that act as helpers in rearin the breedin vixen's kits. Alternatively, thair presence haes been explained as bein in response tae temporary surpluses o fuid unrelated tae assistin reproductive success. Non-breedin vixens will guard, play, gruim, provision an retrieve kits,<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> an ensaumple o [[kin selection]]. Reid tods mey leave thair families ance thay reach adultheid if the chances o winnin a territory o thair ain are heich. If nae, thay will stay wi thair paurents, at the cost o postponin thair ain reproduction.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|140–141}}

===Reproduction an development===
[[File:Red foxes mating (2).jpg|thumb|left|A pair o Cascade reid tods (''V. v. cascadensis'') matin]]
[[File:Red fox kit 3 (Vulpes vulpes).jpg|thumb|European reid tod kit in [[Oxfordshire]]]]
[[File:Fox kits in front of fox hole.ogg|thumb|Kits comin oot o thair den]]
Reid tods reproduce ance a year in ware. Twa month prior tae [[oestrus]] (teepically December), the reproductive organs o vixens chynge shape an size. Bi the time thay enter thair oestrus period, thair [[uterine horn]]s dooble in size, an thair [[ovaries]] grow 1.5–2 times lairger. [[Spermatogenesis|Sperm formation]] in males begins in August–September, wi the testicles attainin thair greatest wecht in December–Februar.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> The vixen's oestrus period lasts three weeks,<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> durin which the dog-tods mate wi the vixens for several days, eften in burraes. {{anchor|Copulation}} The male's [[bulbus glandis]] enlairges durin [[Copulation (zoology)|copulation]],<ref name="mammals-of-na"/> formin a [[copulatory tie]] which mey last for mair nor an oor.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> The [[gestation period]] lasts 49–58 days.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Tho tods are lairgely [[monogamous]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Iossa | first1 = Graziella | display-authors = 1 | last2 = et al | year = 2008 | title = Body mass, territory size, and life-history tactics in a socially monogamous canid, the red fox Vulpes vulpes | url = https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/89/6/1481/910541 | journal = Journal of Mammalogy | volume = 89 | issue = 6| pages = 1481–1490 | doi=10.1644/07-mamm-a-405.1}}</ref> DNA evidence frae ane population indicated lairge levels o [[polygyny]], [[incest]] an mixed paternity litters.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> Subordinate vixens mey acome pregnant, but uisually fail tae whelp, or hae thair kits killed postpartum bi aither the dominant female or ither subordinates.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/>

The average litter size conseests o fower tae sax kits, tho litters o up tae 13 kits hae occurred.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Lairge litters are teepical in auries whaur tod mortality is heich.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|93}} Kits are born blind, deif an tuithless, wi daurk broun fluffy fur. At birth, thay wecht {{convert|56|–|110|g|abbr=on}} an meisur {{convert|14.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in body lenth an {{convert|7.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in tail lenth. At birth, thay are short-legged, lairge-heidit an hae braid chests.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Mothers remain wi the kits for 2–3 weeks, as thay are unable tae [[thermoregulation|thermoregulate]]. Durin this period, the faithers or barren vixens feed the mithers.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> Vixens are very protective o thair kits, an hae been kent tae even fecht off terriers in thair defence.<ref name="dale"/>{{rp|21–22}} If the mither dies afore the kits are independent, the faither taks ower as thair provider.<ref name="dale">{{cite book|last1=Dale|first1=Thomas Francis|authorlink1=
Thomas Francis Dale|title=The fox|date=1906|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|location=London, New York, Bombay|url=https://archive.org/details/foxdale00dale|accessdate=8 July 2016}}</ref>{{rp|13}} The kits' een open efter 13–15 days, durin which time thair ear canals open an thair upper teeth erupt, wi the lawer teeth emergin 3–4 days later.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Thair een are initially blue, but chynge tae lammer at 4–5 weeks. Coat colour begins tae chynge at three weeks o age, whan the black ee streak appears. Bi ane month, reid an white patches are apparent on thair faces. Durin this time, thair lugs erect an thair muzzles elongate.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> Kits begin tae leave thair dens an experiment wi solit fuid brocht bi thair parents at the age o 3–4 weeks. The [[lactation]] period lasts 6–7 weeks.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Thair ooie coats begin tae be coatit bi shiny guard hairs efter 8 weeks.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> Bi the age o 3–4 month, the kits are lang-legged, narrow-chested an sinewy. Thay reach adult proportions at the age o 6–7 month.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Some vixens mey reach [[sexual maturity]] at the age o 9–10 month, sicweys bearin thair first litters at ane year o age.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> In captivity, thair [[langevity]] can be as lang as 15 years, tho in the wild thay teepically dae nae survive past 5 years o age.<ref name="Hunter 2011"/>

===Denning behaviour===
[[File:Foxden.jpg|thumb|Side an abuin view o a reid tod den]]
Ootside the [[breeding season]], maist reid tods favour livin in the open, in densely vegetated auries, tho thay mey enter burraes tae escape bad wather.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> Thair burraes are eften dug on hill or moontain slopes, ravines, bluffs, steep banks o watter bouks, ditches, depressions, gutters, in rock clefts an neglectur human environments. Reid tods prefer tae dig thair burraes on weel drained siles. Dens biggit amang tree ruits can last for decades, while thae dug on the steppes last anly several years.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Thay mey permanently abandon thair dens durin mange ootbreaks, possibly as a defence mechanism against the spreid o disease.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> In the Eurasie desert regions, tods mey uise the [[Sexual behaviour o woufs|burraes o woufs]], porcupines an ither lairge mammals, as weel as thae dug bi gerbil colonies. Compared tae burraes biggit bi Arctic tods, badgers, marmots an corsac tods, reid tod dens are nae overly complex. Red tod burraes are dividit intae a den an temporary burraes, that conseest anly o a smaw passage or cave for concealment. The main entrance o the burrae leads dounwart (40–45°) an braidens intae a den, frae which numerous side tunnels brainch. Burrae deepth ranges frae {{convert|0.5|–|2.5|m}}, rarely extendin tae [[grund watter]]. The main passage can reach {{convert|17|m|abbr=on}} in lenth, staundin an average o {{convert|5|–|7|m|abbr=on}}. In spring, reid tods clear thair dens o excess sile throu rapid muivements, first wi the forepaws then wi kickin motions wi thair hint legs, throwin the discairdit sile ower {{convert|2|m|abbr=on}} frae the burrae. Whan kits are born, the discairdit debris is trampled, sicweys formin a spot whaur the kits can play an receive fuid.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Thay mey share thair dens wi woodchucks<ref name="mammals-of-na"/> or badgers.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Unlik badgers, that  fastidiously clean thair yirds an defecate in [[latrine (ainimal)|latrine]]s, reid tods habitually leave pieces o prey aroond thair dens.<ref name="dale"/>{{rp|15–17}}> The average sleep time o a captive reid tod is 9.8 oors per day.<ref name="Holland 2011">{{cite journal |author=Holland, Jennifer S. |title=40 winks? |journal=National Geographic |volume=220 |issue=1 |date=July 2011}}</ref>

==Communication==

===Body language===
[[File:Lis (Vulpes vulpes) WOB.JPG|thumb|left|A European reid fox (''V. vulpes crucigera'') in an inquisitive posture]]
[[File:Fox at the British Wildlife Centre, Newchapel, Surrey - geograph.org.uk - 2221750.jpg|thumb|right|A European reid fox (''V. vulpes crucigera'') in an alert posture]]
Red tod body leid conseests o movements o the lugs, tail an postures, wi thair body markings emphasisin certaint gestures. Postures can be dividit intae aggressive/dominant an fearful/submissive categories. Some postures mey blend the twa thegither.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|42–43}}
[[File:Red foxes fighting.jpg|thumb|A pair of Wasatch moontain tods (''V. v. macroura'') squabblin]]
Inquisitive tods will rotate an flick thair lugs whilst sniffin. Playfu individuals will perk thair lugs an rise on thair hind legs. Male tods courtin females, or efter successfully evictin intruders, will turn thair lugs outwardly, an raise thair tails in a horizontal poseetion, wi the tips raised upward. When afraid, reid tods grin in submission, archin thair backs, curvin thair bouks, crouchin thair legs an lashin thair tails back an forth wi thair lugs pyntin backwards an pressed against thair skults. When merely expressin submission tae a dominant ainimal, the postur is seemilar, but wioot archin the back or curvin the bouk. Submissive tods will approach dominant ainimals in a law posture, sae that thair muzzles reach up in greetin. Whan twa evenly matched tods confront each ither ower fuid, thay approach each ither sideways an push against each ither's flanks, betrayin a mixture o fear an aggression throu lashin tails an arched backs wioot crouchin an pullin thair lugs back wioot flattenin them against thair skults. When launchin an assertive attack, reid tods approach directly rather than sideways, wi thair tails aloft an thair lugs rotated sideways.<ref name=rwf1987/> Durin sic fechts, reid tods will staund on each ither's upper bodies wi thair forelegs, uisin open mouthed threats. Sic fights teepically anly occur amang juveniles or adults o the same sex.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/>

===Vocalisations===
Reid tods hae a wide vocal range, an produce different soonds spannin five [[octave]]s, which grade intae each ither.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|28}} Recent analyses identify 12 different soonds produced bi adults an 8 bi kits.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> The majority o sounds can be dividit intae "contact" an "interaction" calls. The umwhile vary accordin tae the distance atween individuals, while the latter vary accordin tae the level o aggression.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|28}}

*'''Contact calls:''' The maist commonly heard contact caw is a three tae five syllable berkin "''wow wow wow''" sound, which is eften made bi twa tods approachin ane anither. This caw is maist frequently heard frae December tae Februar (when thay can be confused wi the territorial calls o [[tawny oul]]s). The "''wow wow wow''" caw varies accordin tae individual; captive tods hae been recordit tae answer pre-recorded calls o thair pen-mates, but nae thae o strangers. Kits begin emittin the "''wow wow wow''" caw at the age o 19 days, when cravin attention. When reid tods draw close thegither, thay emit trisyllabic greetin warbles seemilar tae the cluckin o chickens. Adults greet thair kits wi gruff huffin noises.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|28}}
*'''Interaction calls:''' When greetin ane anither, reid tods emit heich pitched whines, parteecularly submissive ainimals. A submissive tod approached bi a dominant ainimal will emit a ululatin siren-lik shriek. Durin aggressive encounters wi conspecifics, thay emit a throaty rattlin sound, seemilar tae a [[Ratchet (instrument)|ratchet]], cried "gekkering". Gekkerin occurs maistly durin the courtin season frae rival males or vixens rejectin advances.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|28}}

[[File:Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) (W1CDR0001529 BD12).ogg|thumb|left|Tod berks, UK, Januar 1977]]

Anither caw that daes nae fit intae the twa categories is a lang, drawn oot, monosyllabic "''waaaaah''" sound. As it is commonly heard durin the breedin saison, it is thocht tae be emittit bi vixens summonin males. When danger is detectit, tods emit a monosyllabic berk. At close quarters, it is a muffled coch, while at lang distances it is shairper. Kits mak warblin whimpers when nouricin, thir calls bein espeicially lood whan thay are dissatisfied.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|28}}

==Ecology==

===Diet, huntin an feedin behaviour===
[[File:Red fox with nutria.jpg|thumb|Reid tod wi [[coypu]]]]
Reid tods are [[omnivore]]s wi a heichly varied diet. Research conducted in the umwhile Soviet Union showed reid tods consuming ower 300 ainimal species an a few dozen species o plants.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Thay primarily feed on smaw rodents lik [[vole]]s, [[moose|mice]], [[grund squirrel]]s, [[hamster]]s, [[gerbil]]s,<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> [[widchuck]]s, [[pocket gopher]]s an [[deer moose|deer mice]].<ref name="mammals-of-na"/> Seicontar prey species include birds (wi [[passeriformes]], [[galliformes]] an [[watterfoul]] predominatin), [[leporid]]s, [[porcupine]]s, [[raccoon]]s, [[opossum]]s, [[reptile]]s, insects, ither [[invertebrate]]s an [[flotsam]] ([[marine mammals]], fish an [[echinoderm]]s).<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/><ref name="mammals-of-na"/> On very rare occasions, tods mey attack young or smaw [[ungulate]]s.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Thay teepically target mammals up tae aboot {{convert|3.5|kg|abbr=on}} in wecht, an thay require {{convert|500|g}} o fuid daily.<ref name="z132"/> Reid tods readily eat plant material, an in some auries fruit can amoont tae 100% o thair diet in hairst. Commonly consumed fruits include [[blueberries]], [[blackberries]], [[raspberries]], [[cherries]], [[persimmon]]s, [[mulberries]], aiples, [[ploum]]s, [[grapes]], an [[aicorn]]s. Ither plant material includes [[gress]]es, [[Cyperaceae|sedges]] an [[tuber]]s.<ref name="mammals-of-na"/>

Reid tods are implicatit in the predation o [[gemme bird|gemme]] an [[sang bird]]s, hares, [[rabbit]]s, [[muskrat]]s, an young ungulates, parteecularly in [[Gemme preservation|preserve]]s, [[Gemme reserve|reserve]]s, an huntin farms whaur grund nestin birds are pertectit an raised, as weel as in [[Poutrie farming|poutrie ferm]]s.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/>

While the popular consensus is that [[olfaction]] is verra important for huntin,<ref>Asa C. S., Mech D. (1995). "A review of the sensory organs in wolves and their importance to life history," in Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World eds. Carbyn L. D., Fritts S. H., Seip D. R., editors. (Edmonton: Canadian Circumpolar Institute; ) 287–291</ref> twa studies that experimentally investigated the role o olfactory, auditory, an visual cues foond that visual cues are the maist important ones for huntin in reid tods<ref>osterholm H. (1964). The significance of distance reception in the feeding behaviour of fox (Vulpes vulpes L.). Acta Zool. Fenn. 106 1–31</ref> an coyotes.<ref>Wells M. C. (1978). Coyote senses in predation – environmental influences on their relative use. Behav. Processes 3 149–158 10.1016/0376-6357(78)90041-4</ref><ref>Wells M. C., Lehner P. N. (1978). Relative importance of distance senses in Coyote predatory behavior. Anim. Behav. 26 251–258 10.1016/0003-3472(78)90025-8</ref>

Reid tods prefer tae hunt in the early morn oors afore sunrise an late even.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Awtho thay teepically forage alone, thay mey aggregate in resoorce-rich environments.<ref name="Hunter 2011">{{cite book |author=Hunter, L. |title=Carnivores of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/carnivoresofworl0000hunt |year=2011 |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/carnivoresofworl0000hunt/page/106 106] |isbn=978-0-691-15227-1}}</ref> When huntin moose-lik prey, thay first pinpynt thair prey's location bi soond, then leap, sailin heich abuin thair quarry, steerin in mid-air wi thair tails, afore laundin on target up tae {{convert|5|m}} awey.<ref name="IUCN" /> Thay teepically anly feed on carrion in the late even oors an at nicht.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Thay are extremely possessive o thair fuid an will defend thair catches frae even dominant ainimals.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|58}} Reid tods mey occasionally commit acts o [[surplus killin]]; in ane breeding season, fower tods war recordit tae hae killed aroond 200 [[pirr-maw]]s ilk, wi peaks during dark, windy oors when fleein conditions war unfavorable. Losses tae poultry an penned gemme birds can be substantial acause o this.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/><ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|164}} Reid tods seem tae dislik the [[taste]] o [[Mole (ainimal)|mole]]s but will nanetheless catch them alive an present them tae thair kits as playthings.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|41}}

A 2008–2010 study o 84 reid tods in the [[Czech Republic]] an [[Germany]] foond that successfu huntin in lang vegetation or unner snaw appeared tae involve an alignment o the tod wi the Yird's [[magnetic field]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yong|first1=Ed|title=Foxes use the Earth’s magnetic field as a targeting system - Not Exactly Rocket Science|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2011/01/11/foxes-use-the-earths-magnetic-field-as-a-targeting-system/#.WYlL93eGOV4|work=Discover Magazine|date=11 January 2011|access-date=2018-12-06|archive-date=2018-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213022548/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2011/01/11/foxes-use-the-earths-magnetic-field-as-a-targeting-system/#.WYlL93eGOV4|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Jaroslav Červený|author2=Sabine Begall|author3=Petr Koubek|author4=Petra Nováková |author5=Hynek Burda|title=''Directional preference may enhance hunting accuracy in foraging foxes''|date=12 January 2011|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2010.1145|journal=Biol. Lett.|volume=7|pages=355–357|url=http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/3/355.full|pmc=3097881}}</ref>

===Enemies an competitors===
[[File:Red Fox vs Grey Fox - San Joaquin National Wildlife Refuge.jpg|thumb|left|Reid tod confrontin a [[grey tod]]]]
[[File:Aquila chrysaetos 1 (Bohuš Číčel).jpg|thumb|[[Gowden eagle]] feedin on reid tod]]
[[File:Red fox & two badgers.jpg|thumb|Tod challengin twa badgers]]
Reid tods teepically dominate ither tod species. Arctic tods generally escape competeetion frae reid tods bi leevin forder north, whaur fuid is too scarce tae support the lairger-bodied reid species. Awtho the reid species' northren leemit is linked tae the availability o fuid, the Arctic species' soothren range is leemitit bi the presence o the umwhile. Red an Arctic tods war baith introduced tae awmaist every island frae the [[Aleutian Islands]] tae the [[Alexander Archipelago]] during the 1830s–1930s bi fur companies. The reid tods invariably displaced the Arctic tods, wi ane male reid tod haein been reportit tae hae killed aff aw resident Arctic tods on a smaw island in 1866.<ref name=rwf1987/> Whaur thay are [[sympatry|sympatric]], Arctic tods mey an aw escape competeetion bi feedin on [[lemming]]s an flotsam, rather than voles, as favoured bi reid tods. Baith species will kill ilk ither's kits, gien the opportunity.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Reid tods are serious competitors o [[corsac tod]]s, as thay hunt the same prey aw year. The reid species is an aw stranger, is better adapted tae huntin in snaw deeper than {{convert|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} an is mair effective in huntin an catching medium tae lairge-sized rodents. Corsac tods seem tae anly outcompete reid tods in semi-desert an steppe auries.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Heptner|Naumov|1998|pp=453–454}}</ref> In Israel, Blanford's tods escape competeetion wi reid tods bi restricting themselves tae rocky cliffs an actively avoiding the open plains inhabited bi reid tods.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|84–85}} Reid tods dominate kit an [[swift tod]]s. Kit tods uisually avyde competeetion wi thair lairger cousins bi livin in mair arid environments, tho reid tods hae been increasin in ranges umwhile occupied bi kit tods due tae human-induced environmental changes. Reid tods will kill baith species, an compete for fuid an den sites.<ref name="mammals-of-na"/> [[Grey tod]]s are exceptional, as thay dominate reid tods whauriver thair ranges meet. Historically, interactions atween the twa species war rare, as grey tods favoured hivily widdit or semiarid habitats as opponed tae the open an mesic ones preferred bi reid tods. Houiver, interactions hae acome mair frequent due tae deforestation allouin reid tods tae colonise grey tod-inhabitit auries.<ref name="mammals-of-na"/>

[[Gray wouf|Woufs]] mey kill an eat reid tods in disputes ower carcasses.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/><ref name="Mech 2003">{{cite book |author1=Mech, L. David |author2=Boitani, Luigi |year=2003 |title=Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation |url=https://archive.org/details/wolvesbehaviorec0000unse |page=[https://archive.org/details/wolvesbehaviorec0000unse/page/269 269] |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-51696-2}}</ref> In auries in North America whaur reid tod an [[coyote]] populations are sympatric, tod ranges tend tae be locatit ootside coyote territories. The principal cause o this separation is believed tae be active avoidance o coyotes bi the tods. Interactions atween the twa species vary in naitur, ranging frae active antagonism tae indifference. The majority o aggressive encounters are initiated bi coyotes, an thare are few reports o reid tods actin aggressively toward coyotes except when attacked or when thair kits war approached. Tods an coyotes hae whiles been seen feedin thegither.<ref name="Sargeant 1989">{{cite journal |author1=Sargeant, Alan B |author2=Allen, Stephen H. |title=Observed interactions between coyotes and red foxes |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |year=1989 |issue=3 |pages=631–633 |url=http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/mammals/cfoxint/ |laysource=Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online |volume=70 |jstor=1381437 |doi=10.2307/1381437 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114195545/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/mammals/cfoxint/ |archivedate=14 November 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In Israel, red tods share thair habitat wi [[golden jackal]]s. Whaur thair ranges meet, the twa canids compete due tae near identical diets. Tods ignore jackal scents or tracks in thair territories, an avyde close physical proximity wi jackals themselves. In auries whaur jackals acome very abundant, the population o tods decreases significantly, apparently acause o [[competitive exclusion principle|competitive exclusion]].<ref name="RF">{{cite journal |author1=Scheinin, Shani |author2=Yom-Tov, Yoram |author3=Motro, Uzi |author4=Geffen, Eli |title=Behavioural responses of red foxes to an increase in the presence of golden jackals: A field experiment |journal=Animal Behaviour |year=2006 |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=577–584|url=http://www.tau.ac.il/lifesci/zoology/members/yom-tov/articles/Behavioural_responses_of_red_foxes.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.05.022}}</ref>

Reid tods dominate raccoon dogs, whiles killin thair kits or bitin adults tae daith. Cases are kent o tods killin raccoon dogs entering thair dens. Baith species compete for mouse-lik prey. This competeetion reaches a peak during early spring, when fuid is scarce. In [[Tartaria]], red tod predation accounted for 11.1% o daiths amang 54 raccoon dogs, an amounted tae 14.3% o 186 raccoon dog daiths in north-wastren Roushie.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/>

Reid tods mey kill smaw [[mustelid]]s lik [[Least weasel|weasel]]s,<ref name="mammals-of-na"/> [[stone marten]]s,<ref name="z134">{{Harvnb|Sillero-Zubiri|Hoffman|MacDonald|2004|p=134}}</ref> [[pine marten]]s, [[stoat]]s, [[Siberian weasel|kolonok]]s, [[European polecat|polecats]] an young [[sable]]s. [[Eurasian badger]]s mey live alongside reid tods in isolated sections o lairge burrows.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> It is possible that the twa species tolerate each ither oot o [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualism]]; tods provide badgers wi fuid scraps, while badgers maintain the shared burrow's cleanliness.<ref name="dale"/>{{rp|15}} Houiver, cases are kent o badgers drivin vixens frae thair dens an destroying thair litters wioot eatin them. [[Wolverine]]s mey kill reid tods, eften while the latter are sleeping or near carrion. Tods in turn mey kill unattended young wolverines.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/>

Reid tods mey compete wi [[striped hyena]]s on lairge carcasses. Reid tods mey gie wey tae hyenas on unopened carcasses, as the latter's stranger jaws can easy tear open flesh that is too tough for tods. Tods mey harass hyenas, uisin thair smawer size an greater speed tae avyde the hyena's attacks. Whiles, tods seem tae deliberately torment hyenas even when thare is no fuid at stake. Some tods mey mistime thair attacks, an are killed.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|77–79}} Fox remains are eften foond in hyena dens, an hyenas mey steal tods frae traps.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/>

In Eurasia, red tods mey be preyed upon bi [[leopard]]s, [[caracal]]s an [[Eurasian lynx]]es. The lynxes chase reid tods intae deep snaw, whaur thair langer legs an lairger paws gie them an advantage ower tods, especially when the depth o the snaw exceeds ane metre.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> In the Velikoluki district in Roushie, red tods are absent or are seen anly occasionally whaur lynxes establish permanent territories.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Researchers consider lynxes tae represent considerably less danger tae reid tods than wolves dae.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> North American felid predators o reid tods include [[cougar]]s, [[Canadian lynx]]es an [[bobcat]]s.<ref name="lariviere"/> Occasionally, lairge raptors sic as [[Eurasian eagle owl]]s will prey on young tods,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.owlpages.com/owls.php?genus=Bubo&species=bubo |title=Eurasian Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) - Information, Pictures, Sounds |publisher=The Owl Pages |date=2015-10-23 |accessdate=2016-09-10}}</ref> while [[golden eagle]]s hae been kent tae kill adults.<ref name="Watson 2011">{{cite book |author=Watson, Jeff |title=The Golden Eagle |edition=2nd |year=2010 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4081-1420-9 |page=92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aj5MNvCkun0C&pg=PA92}}</ref>

==Range==
[[File:RedFox.png|thumbnail|right|Multicolored North American reid fox]]
Reid tods are wide-rangin ainimals, whose range covers nearly {{Convert|70|e6km2||abbr=unit}}. Thay are distributed across the entire Northren Hemisphere frae the [[Arctic Circle]] tae [[North Africa]], [[Central America]], an Asia. Thay are absent in [[Iceland]], the Arctic islands, some pairts o [[Siberia]], an in extreme deserts.<ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN2008 |assessor=Macdonald, D. W. |assessor2=Reynolds, J. C. |year=2008 |title=''Vulpes vulpes'' |id=23062 |downloaded=20 September 2013}}</ref>

Reid tods are nae present in [[New Zealand]] an are clessed as a "prohibited new organism" unner the [[Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996]], preventin them frae bein imported.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1996/0030/latest/DLM386556.html#DLM386556 |title=Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 2003 – Schedule 2 Prohibited new organisms |publisher=New Zealand Government |accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref>

===Australie===
In Australie, 2012 estimates indicate that thare are mair nor 7.2&nbsp;million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamecouncil.nsw.gov.au/portal.asp?p=Ferals1 |title=Impacts of Feral Animals |accessdate=29 May 2012 |publisher=Game Council of New South Wales |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418154902/http://www.gamecouncil.nsw.gov.au/portal.asp?p=Ferals1 |archivedate=18 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.gamecouncil.nsw.gov.au/portal.asp?p=Ferals1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-12-06 |archive-date=2012-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418154902/http://www.gamecouncil.nsw.gov.au/portal.asp?p=Ferals1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> reid tods wi a range extendin throughout maist o the continental mainland.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|14}} The species became established in Australia throu successive introductions bi settlers in 1830s in the Breetish colonies o [[Van Diemen's Laund]] (as early as 1833) an the [[Port Phillip District]] o New South Wales (as early as 1845) for the purpose o the tradeetional Inglis sport o [[tod huntin]]. A permanent tod population wis nae established on the island o [[Tasmanie]] an it is widely held that thay war ootcompetit bi the [[Tasmanian deil]].<ref name=Bostanci2005>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bostanci | first1 = A. | title = Wildlife Biology: A Devil of a Disease | doi = 10.1126/science.307.5712.1035 | journal = Science | volume = 307 | issue = 5712 | page = 1035| year = 2005 | pmid = 15718445| pmc = }}</ref> On the mainland, houiver, the species wis successfu as an [[apex predator]]. It is generally less common in auries whaur the [[dingo]] is mair prevalent, houiver it haes, primarily throu its burraein behaviour, achieved [[niche differentiation]] wi baith the [[free-ranging dog|feral dog]] an the [[feral cat]]. As sic it haes acome ane o the continent's maist invasive species. The reid tod haes been implicated in the extinction an decline o several native Australian species, parteecularly thae o the faimily [[Potoroidae]] includin the [[desert rat-kangaroo]].<ref name='Biological Conservation 1998-09-13'>{{Cite journal | last1 = Short | first1 = J. | title = The extinction of rat-kangaroos (Marsupialia:Potoroidae) in New South Wales, Australia | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_1998-12_86_3/page/365 | doi = 10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00026-3 | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 86 | issue = 3 | pages = 365–377| year = 1998 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> The spread o reid tods across the soothren pairt o the continent haes coincided wi the spread o [[rabbits in Australia]] an corresponds wi declines in the distribution o several medium-sized grund-dwellin mammals, includin [[Woylie|brush-tailed bettong]]s, [[Boodie|burraein bettong]]s, [[rufous bettong]]s, [[bilby]]s, [[numbat]]s, [[bridled nail-tail wallaby|bridled nailtail wallaby]]s an [[quokka]]s.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/pestsweeds/RedfoxApproved.pdf |format=PDF |title=Threat Abatement Plan for Predation by the Red Fox (''Vulpes vulpes'') |year=2001 |publisher=NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service |isbn=0731364244}}</ref> Most o thir species are nou leemitit tae auries (sic as islands) whaur reid tods are absent or rare. Local eradication programs exist, awtho eradication haes proven difficult due tae the dennin behaviour an nocturnal huntin, sae the focus is on management wi the introduction o state bounties.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Millen, Tracey |date=Oct–Nov 2006 |title=Call for more dingoes to restore native species |journal=[[ECOS (CSIRO magazine)|ECOS]] |volume=133 |url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=EC133p5a.pdf |format=PDF}} (Refers to the book ''Australia's Mammal Extinctions: a 50,000 year history''. Christopher N. Johnson. {{ISBN|978-0-521-68660-0}}.)</ref> Accordin tae the Tasmanian govrenment, reid tods war introduced tae the previously fox-free island o Tasmania in 1999 or 2000, posin a significant threat tae native wildlife includin the [[eastern bettong]], an an eradication program conducted bi the Tasmanian [[Department of Primary Industries and Water]] haes been established.<ref>{{cite web |title=Latest Physical Evidence of Foxes in Tasmania |work=Department of Primary Industries and Water, Tasmania website |url=http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/LJEM-6SH7FX?open |date=July 18, 2013 |accessdate=20 September 2013 |archive-date=2013-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054610/http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/LJEM-6SH7FX?open |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Sardinie===
The oreegin o the Sardinian ''ichnusae'' subspecies is uncertaint, as it is absent frae Pleistocene deposits in thair current hqmeland. It is possible it oreeginatit durin the [[Neolithic]] follaein its introduction tae the island bi humans. It is likely then that Sardinian tod populations stem frae repeatit introductions o ainimals frae different localities in the Mediterranean. This latter theory mey expleen the subspecies' phenotypic diversity.<ref name="marinis222">{{Harvnb|Spagnesi|De Marina Marinis|2002|p=222}}</ref>

==Diseases and parasites==
[[File:Vulpes vulpes, Red Fox, Zorro.jpg|left|thumb|European reid fox wi [[mange]]]]
Reid tods are the maist important [[rabies]] vector in Europe. In [[Lunnon]], [[arthritis]] is nae uncommon in tods, bein parteecularly frequent in the spine.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> Tods mey be infectit wi [[leptospirosis]] an [[tularemia]], tho thay are nae overly susceptible tae the latter. Thay mey an aw faw ill frae [[listeriosis]] an [[intestinal spirochetosis|spirochetosis]], as well as actin as [[Vector (epidemiology)|vectors]] in spreadin [[erysipelas]], [[brucellosis]] an tick-borne [[encephalitis]]. A mysterious fatal disease near [[Lake Sartlan]] in the [[Novosibirsk Oblast]] wis noted amang local reid tods, but the cause wis undetermined. The possibility wis considered that it wis caused bi an acute form o [[encephalomyelitis]], which wis first observed in captive bred siller tods. Individual cases o tods infected wi ''[[Yersinia pestis]]'' are kent.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/>

Reid tods are nae readily prone tae infestation wi [[flech]]s. Species lik ''[[Spilopsyllus cuniculi]]'' are probably anly caught frae the tod's prey species, while others lik ''[[Archaeopsylla erinacei]]'' are catcht whilst traivellin. Flechs that feed on reid tods include ''[[Pulex irritans]]'', ''[[Ctenocephalides canis]]'' an ''[[Paraceras melis]]''. [[Tick]]s sic as ''[[Ixodes ricinus]]'' an ''[[Ixodes hexagonus|I.&nbsp;hexagonus]]'' are nae uncommon in tods, an are teepically foond on nouricin vixens an kits still in thair yirds. The [[louse]] ''[[Trichodectes vulpis]]'' specifically targets tods, but is foond infrequently. The [[mite]] ''[[Sarcoptes scabiei]]'' is the maist important cause o [[mange]] in reid tods. It causes extensive hair loss, stairtin frae the base o the tail an hindfeet, then the rump afore muivin on tae the rest o the body. In the feenal stages o the condeetion, tods can lose maist o thair fur, 50% o thair body wecht an mey gnaw at infected extremities. In the [[epizootic]] phase o the disease, it uisually takes tods fower month tae die efter infection. Ither endoparasites include ''[[Demodex folliculorum]]'', ''[[Notoderes]]'', ''[[Otodectes cynotis]]'' (which is frequently foond in the [[ear canal]]), ''[[Linguatula serrata]]'' (which infects the nasal passages) an [[ringworm]]s.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/>

Up tae 60 [[helminth]] species are kent tae infect tods in [[fur farm]]s, while 20 are kent in the wild. Several [[coccidia]]n species o the [[genera]] ''[[Isospora]]'' an ''[[Eimeria]]'' are an aw kent tae infect them.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> The maist common [[nematode]] species foond in tod guts are ''[[Toxocara canis]]'' an ''[[Uncinaria stenocephala]]'', ''[[Capillaria aerophila]]''<ref name="Lalošević 2013">{{cite journal |author1=Lalošević, V. |author2=Lalošević, D. |author3=Čapo, I. |author4=Simin, V. |author5=Galfi, A. |author6=Traversa, D. |year=2013 |title=High infection rate of zoonotic ''Eucoleus aerophilus'' infection in foxes from Serbia |journal=Parasite |volume=20 |issue=3 |page=3 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2012003 |pmid=23340229 |pmc=3718516}} {{open access}}</ref> an ''[[Crenosoma vulpis]]'', the latter twa infect thair lungs. ''[[Capillaria plica]]'' infect the tod's bledder. ''[[Trichinella spiralis]]'' rarely affects them. The maist common [[tapeworm]] species in tods are ''[[Taenia spiralis]]'' an ''[[Taenia pisiformis|T.&nbsp;pisiformis]]''. Others include ''[[Echinococcus granulosus]]'' an ''[[Echinococcus multilocularis|E.&nbsp;multilocularis]]''. Eleven [[trematode]] species infect reid tods,<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> includin ''[[Metorchis conjunctus]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = H. J. | year = 1978 | title = Parasites of red foxes in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia | url = | journal = [[Journal of Wildlife Diseases]] | volume = 14 | issue = 3| pages = 366–370 | pmid = 691132 | doi=10.7589/0090-3558-14.3.366}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q8332}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tods]]
[[Category:Invasive mammal species]]
[[Category:Fauna o the Arctic|Tod, Reid]]
[[Category:Arctic laund ainimals|Tod, Reid]]
[[Category:Holarctic fauna]]
[[Category:Mammals o Europe|Tod, Reid]]
[[Category:Mammals o Australie|Tod, Reid]]
[[Category:Mammals o Asia|Tod, Reid]]
[[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1758]]

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Taen frae "https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reid_tod"