Ukraine

Ukraine (Ukrainian: Україна, romanised: Ukraïna [ʊkrɐˈjinɐ]), whiles cried the Ukraine,^[8] is a sovereign state in Eastren Europe,^[9] mairchit bi Roushie tae the east an northeast; Belaroushie tae the northwast; Poland, Hungary, an Slovakie tae the wast; Romanie an Moldovae tae the soothwast; an the Black Sea an Sea o Azov tae the sooth an sootheast, respectively. Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute wi Roushie ower the Crimean Peninsula, that Roushie annexed in 2014^[10] but that Ukraine an maist o the internaitional commonty recognise as Ukrainian. Includin Crimea, Ukraine haes an aurie o 603,628 km² (233,062 sq mi),^[11] makkin it the mucklest kintra entirely within Europe an the 46t mucklest kintra in the warld. Excludin Crimea, Ukraine haes a population o aboot 42.5 million, makkin it the 32nt maist populous kintra in the warld.^[3]

Ukraine Україна
Banner Coat o airms
Anthem: Shche ne vmerla Ukraina "Ukraine haes nae yet perished"
Location o  Ukraine  (green) on the European continent  (dark grey)  —  [Legend]
Caipital and largest city	Kyiv 50°27′N 30°30′E / 50.450°N 30.500°E / 50.450; 30.500
Offeecial leids	Ukrainian
Recognised regional leids	18 leids Armenie Albanie Belarusian Bulgarian Crimean Tatar Gagauz German Greek Hungarian Karaim Krymchak[1] Moldovan Pols Romani Romanie Russian Rusyn Slovak Yiddish
Ethnic groups (2001[2])	77.8% Ukrainians 17.3% Roushies 4.9% ithers/unspecified
Demonym(s)	Ukrainian
Govrenment	Unitary semi-presidential republic
• Preses	Volodymyr Zelensky
• Prime Meenister	Denys Shmyhal
• Chairman o Pairliament	Dmytro Razumkov
Legislatur	Verkhovna Rada
Formation
• Kievan Rus'	882
• Kinrick o Galicia–Volhynia	1199
• Zaporizhian Host	17 August 1649
• Ukrainian Naitional Republic	7 November 1917
• Wast Ukrainian Naitional Republic	1 November 1918
• Ukrainian SSR	10 Mairch 1919
• Carpatho-Ukraine	8 October 1938
• Soviet annexation o Wastren Ukraine	15 November 1939
• Declaration o Ukrainian Unthirldom	30 June 1941
• Unthirldom frae the Soviet Union	24 August 1991a
Aurie
• Total	603,628 km2 (233,062 sq mi) (46th)
• Water (%)	7
Population
• 2013 estimate	44,573,205[3] (29t)
• 2001 census	48,457,102[2]
• Density	73.8/km2 (191.1/sq mi) (115t)
GDP (PPP)	2013 estimate
• Total	$337.360 billion[4]
• Per capita	$7,422[4]
GDP (nominal)	2013 estimate
• Tot	$175.527 billion[4]
• Per capita	$3,862[4]
Gini (2010)	25.6[5] law
HDI (2012)	0.740[6] heich · 78t
Currency	Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)
Time zone	UTC+2[7] (Eastren European Time)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+3 (Eastren European Simmer Time)
Drivin side	right
Cawin code	+380
ISO 3166 code	UA
Internet TLD	.ua .укр
An unthirldom referendum wis held on 1 December, efter which Ukrainian unthirldom wis finalized on 26 December. The current constitution wis adoptit on 28 Juin 1996.

The territory o modren Ukraine haes been inhabitit syne 32,000 BC. In the Middle Ages, the aurie wis a key centre o East Slavic cultur, wi the pouerfu state o Kievan Rus' formin the basis o Ukrainian identity. Follaein its fragmentation in the 13t century, the territory wis contestit, ruled an dividit bi a variety o pouers, includin Lithuanie, Poland, the Ottoman Empire, Austrick-Hungary, an Roushie. A Cossack republic emerged an prospered in the 17t an 18t centuries, but its territory wis eventually split atween Poland an the Roushie Empire, an later merged fully intae Roushie.

In the 20t century three periods o unthirldom occurred. The first o thir periods occurred briefly in an immediately efter the German occupation near the end o Warld War I an the seicont occurred, an aa briefly, an an aa in German occupation, in Warld War II. Houiver, baith o thir first twa earlier periods wad eventually see Ukraine's territories consolidatit back intae a Soviet republic within the USSR. The third period o unthirldom begoud in 1991, whan Ukraine gained its unthirldom frae the Soviet Union in the eftermath o its dissolution at the end o the Cauld War. Ukraine haes maintained its unthirldom as a sovereign state iver syne. Afore its unthirldom, Ukraine wis teepically referred tae as "The Ukraine", but soorces syne then hae muived tae drap "the" frae the name o Ukraine in aw uises.^[12]

Follaein its unthirldom, Ukraine declared itsel a neutral state.^[13] Nanetheless it formed a leemitit militar pairtnership wi the Roushie Federation an ither CIS kintras an a pairtnership wi NATO in 1994. In the 2000s, the govrenment begoud leanin taewart NATO, an a deeper cooperation wi the alliance wis set bi the NATO-Ukraine Action Plan signed in 2002. It wis later agreed that the quiasten o jynin NATO shoud be answered bi a naitional referendum at some pynt in the futur.^[14] Umwhile Preses Viktor Yanukovych conseedert the current level o co-operation atween Ukraine an NATO sufficient,^[15] an wis against Ukraine jynin NATO.^[16] In 2013, efter the govrenment o Preses Yanukovych ha decidit tae suspend the Ukraine-European Union Association Greement an seek closer economic ties wi Roushie, a several-months-lang wave o demonstrations an protests kent as the Euromaidan begoud, that later escalatit intae the 2014 Ukrainian revolution that led tae the owerthraw o Preses Yanukovych an his cabinet an the establishment o a new govrenment. Thir events formed the backgrund for the annexation o Crimea bi Roushie in Mairch 2014, an the War in Donbass in Apryle 2014. On 1 Januar 2016, Ukraine applee'd the economic pairt o the Deep an Comprehensive Free Tred Aurie wi the European Union.^[17]

Ukraine haes lang been a global breidbasket acause o its extensive, growthie fermlands an is ane o the warld's mucklest grain exporters.^[18][19] The diversified economy o Ukraine includes a muckle hivy industry sector, pairteecularly in aerospace an industrial equipment.

Ukraine is a unitar republic unner a semi-presidential seestem wi separate pouers: legislative, executive an judicial brainches. Its caipital an mucklest ceety is Kiev. Takkin intae accoont reserves an paramilitar personnel,^[20] Ukraine mainteens the seicont-mucklest military in Europe efter that o Roushie. The kintra is hame tae 42.5 million fowk (excludin Crimea),^[3] 77.8 percent o that are Ukrainians "bi ethnicity", follaed bi a sizeable minority o Roushies (17.3 percent) as weel as Georgies, Romanies/Moldovans, Belaroushies, Crimean Tatars, Bulgaries an Hungarians. Ukrainian is the offeecial leid an its alphabet is Cyrillic. The dominant releegion in the kintra is Eastren Orthodoxy, that haes strangly influenced Ukrainian airchitectur, leeteratur an muisic. It is a member o the Unitit Naitions syne its foondin, the Cooncil o Europe, OSCE, GUAM, an ane o the foondin states o the Commonweel o Independent States (CIS).