Substituição Penal

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Substituição Penal é uma teoria de expiação na teologia cristã dentro das teorias de substituição ou expiação vicária, especialmente associada com a tradição reformada.

Argumenta-se que Cristo, por sua própria escolha de sacrifício, foi punido (penalizado) no lugar dos pecadores (substituição), assim satisfez as demandas de justiça, de forma que Deus pode justamente perdoar os pecados. É, portanto, uma compreensão específica de expiação substitutiva, onde a natureza substitutiva, da morte de Jesus é entendida no sentido de uma pena substitutiva pelos pecados.

• Gustaf Aulen, Christus Victor tr. A.G. Hebert (SPCK 1931)
• Jean Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion
• James Denney Atonement And The Modern Mind, (Hodder And Stoughton, 1903)
• F. W. Dillistone, The Christian Understanding of the Atonement (Nisbet 1968)
• Steve Jeffery, Mike Ovey, and Andrew Sach, Pierced for our Transgressions: Rediscovering the Glory of Penal Substitution (IVP, 2007).
• Paul Fiddes, Past event and Present Salvation : the Story of the Atonement (1989)
• Stephen Finlan, Problems With Atonement: The Origins Of, And Controversy About, The Atonement Doctrine, ISBN 0-8146-5220-4
• J. N. D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines (Adam & Charles Black 1968)
• Norman McIlwain, 'The Biblical Revelation of the Cross', EAN 9780955102905 Online Edition
• Leon Morris. The Cross in the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965) Chap. 8 The Cross in the Epistle to the Hebrews.
• Leon Morris, The Apostolic Preaching of the Cross, 3rd ed. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998).
• J. I. Packer, Celebrating the Saving Work of God (Carlisle, UK: Paternoster, 1998) chap. 8 "What Did the Cross Achieve?" Chap. 9 Sacrifice and Satisfaction.
• J. I. Packer, Knowing God (Downer's Grove: Inter Varsity Press, 1973) chap.15 "The Wrath of God"; chap. 18 "The Heart of the Gospel".
• Robert L. Reymond, A New Systematic Theology of the Christian Faith (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1998) Chap. 17 The Character of the Cross Work of Christ.
• John Stott, The Cross of Christ (Downers Grove: IV Press, 1986).
• Stephen Sykes, The Story of the Atonement (DLT 1997)

• Expiação no Cristianismo

• Pierced for our transgressions
• The Cross and the Caricatures^{[ligação inativa]} by N. T. Wright— a response to Robert Jenson, Jeffrey John, and Pierced for Our Transgressions
• Christ Our Penal Substitute by R. L. Dabney
• Revisiting Penal Substitution (pdf) by Kevin D. Kennedy
• The Theology of the Atonement (pdf) by I. Howard Marshall
• The Logic of Penal Substitution by J. I. Packer
• Nothing But the Blood: More and more evangelicals believe Christ's atoning death is merely a grotesque creation of the medieval imagination. Really? by Mark Dever
• A Scandalous Attack on The Cross by Martin Downes
• Penal Substitution Refuted by John Miley
• Rethinking Penal Substitution by Paul Owen
• Penal Substitution vs. Christus Victor by Derek Flood
• The Meaning of the Atonement by Mark M. Mattison
• "Did Christ Pay for Our Sins?" by R. Dennis Potter (Mormon view) from the Web Archive
• The Biblical Revelation of the Cross (Online Edition): A Bible Study of the Atonement of Jesus Christ - the Righteous Servant

• Portal do cristianismo