Loop de fita

Em música, loops de fita são ciclos de fita magnética usados para criar padrões musicais repetitivos e rítmicos, ou camadas densas de som, quando tocados em um gravador de fita. Originando-se na década de 1940 com os trabalhos de Pierre Schaeffer, eles foram usados por compositores contemporâneos das décadas de 1950 e 1960, como Steve Reich, Terry Riley, e Karlheinz Stockhausen, que os usaram para criar padrões phaser, ritmos, texturas e timbres. Autores de música popular das décadas de 1960 e 1970, particularmente nos gêneros psicodélico, progressivo e ambiente, usaram loops de fita para acompanhar suas músicas com efeitos de som inovadores. Na década de 1980, o som analógico, juntamente com seus loops de fita, deram a vez ao áudio digital, e à aplicação de computadores, para processar o som.

• Máquina de eco
  
• Loop (música)
  
• Overdub

• Sounds of New Music. LP recording 1 disc: 33⅓ rpm, monaural, 12 in. ([New York, N.Y.]: Folkways Records, 1957, FX 6160). Reissued on CD, as Sounds of New Music: Science Series. CD recording, 1 disc: digital, monaural, 4 3/4 in. (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, 1990s, FX 6160).
• Karlheinz Stockhausen: Solo, für Melodie-Instrument mit Rückkopplung; Vinko Globokar: Discours II pour cinq trombones; Luciano Berio: Sequenza V; Carlos Roqué Alsina: Consecuenza. Vinko Globokar (trombone). Avant Garde. LP recording. Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft 137 005. [Hamburg]: Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft 1969.
• Jean Jacques Perrey & Gershon Kingsley: The In Sound From Way Out (Vanguard Records, 1966, VSD 79222), Kaledoscopic Vibrations (Vanguard Records, 1967, VSD 79264), Moog Indigo (Vanguard Records, 1970, VSD 6549).
• Knut Sønstevold, bassoon. Knut Sønstevold; Miklós Maros; Carel Brons; Arne Mellnäs; Lars-Gunnar Bodin; Karlheinz Stockhausen; Sten Hanson. [Solo recorded at Danviken Hospital Church, 23–26 June 1977]. LP recording Fylkingen Records FYLP 1011. [Stockholm]: Fylkingen Records, 1977.
• Stockhausen, Karlheinz: Solo (Version für Flote); Solo (Version für Synthesizer); Spiral (Version für Oboe). Dietmar Wiesner (flute), Simon Stockhausen (synthesizer) Catherine Milliken (oboe). CD recording. Stockhausen Complete Edition CD 45. Kürten: Stockhausen-Verlag, 1995.
• Sönstevold Plays Stockhausen. Karlheinz Stockhausen: Solo, In Freundschaft, Spiral, Tierkreis. Knut Sønstevold (bassoon); Kina Sønstevold (piano). Nosag CD 042; [Solo recorded by Swedish Radio on 4 October 1985 during the EAM Festival, Berwaldhallen]. [Sweden]: Nosag Records, 2000.

• Nick Collins; "Live Electronic Music". In The Cambridge Companion to Electronic Music, edited by Nick Collins and Julio d'Escrivan, 38–54. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-521-86861-7 (cloth); ISBN 978-0-521-68865-9 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-107-49532-6.
• Pascal Decroupet and Elena Ungeheuer; "Through the Sensory Looking-Glass: The Aesthetic and Serial Foundations of Gesang der Jünglinge", translated by Jerome Kohl. Perspectives of New Music 36, no. 1 (Winter 1998), 97–142.
• Sasha Frere-Jones; "Looped In"; The New Yorker, November 10, 2014
• Brian Kane; Unseen: Acousmatic Sound in Theory and Practice. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2014; ISBN 9780199347858.
• Robin Maconie; Avant Garde: An American Odyssey from Gertrude Stein to Pierre Boulez. Lanham, Maryland, Toronto, Oxford: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2012; ISBN 978-0-8108-8312-3.
• Robin Maconie; Other Planets: The Music of Karlheinz Stockhausen. Lanham, Maryland, Toronto, Oxford: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2005; ISBN 0-8108-5356-6.
• Steve Marshall. "The Story Of The BBC Radiophonic Workshop". Sound on Sound, April 2008
• André Millard; Beatlemania: Technology, Business, and Teen Culture in Cold War America. JHU Press, 2012; ISBN 978-1-4214-0524-7
• Marietta Morawska-Büngeler; Schwingende Elektronen. Eine Dokumentation über das Studio für Elektronische Musik des Westdeutschen Rundfunks in Köln 1951–1986. Cologne-Rodenkirchen: P. J. Tonger, 1988. ISBN 3-920950-06-2.
• Keith Potter; Four Musical Minimalists: La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass, 98-100. Cambridge University Press, 2002; ISBN 978-0-521-01501-1.
• Keith Potter, Kyle Gann and Pwyll ap Siôn. The Ashgate Research Companion to Minimalist and Postminimalist Music; Ashgate Publishing, 2013; ISBN 978-1-4724-0278-3
• Mark Prendergrast; The Ambient Century: From Mahler to Trance, the Evolution of Sound in the Electronic Age; New York: Bloomsbury, 2000; ISBN 1-58234-134-6.
• Karlheinz Stockhausen; "The Concept of Unity in Electronic Music", translated by Elaine Barkin. Perspectives of New Music 1, no. 1 (Fall 1962), 39-48.
• Karlheinz Stockhausen; "Vier Kriterien der Elektronischen Musik". In his Texte zur Musik 1970–1977, vol. 4, edited by Christoph von Blumröder, 360–401. DuMont Dokumente. Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1978. ISBN 3-7701-1078-1.
• Paul Théberge; "Sequencer (Sequencer Software)". In Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: Part 1 – Performance and Production edited by John Shepherd, David Horn, Dave Laing, Paul Oliver, Peter Wicke; A&C Black, 2003. ISBN 978-1-84714-472-0
• Lloyd Ultan; "Electronic Music". In Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 34, Supplement 19: Artificial Intelligence in Education to An Undergraduate Course? Advising Expert System in Industrial Engineering, edited by Allen Kent and James G. Williams; administrative editors, Carolyn M. Hall and Rosalind Kent; executive editor, Jack Belzer, 149–78. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1996. ISBN 9780824722876.

• Bill Gibson; Sequencing Samples and Loops (Hal Leonard Recording Method Book 4); New York: Hal Leonard Books, 2007. ISBN 978-1-42343-051-3.

• From Tape Loops To MIDI, by Michael Manion
• Making cassette tape loops
• The Birth of Loop: A Short History of Looping Music