OFFSET
1,5
COMMENTS
This is the number of ways the points in an m X n grid can be connected to their orthogonal neighbors such that for any pair of points there is precisely one path connecting them.
a(n,n) = A007341(n).
a(m,n) = number of perfect mazes made from a grid of m X n cells. - Leroy Quet, Sep 08 2007
Also number of domino tilings of the (2m-1) X (2n-1) rectangle with upper left corner removed. For m=2, n=3 the 15 domino tilings of the 3 X 5 rectangle with upper left corner removed are:
. .___.___. . .___.___. . .___.___. . .___.___. . .___.___.
._|___|___| ._|___|___| ._| | |___| ._|___|___| ._| |___| |
| |___|___| | | | |___| | |_|_|___| |___| |___| | |_|___|_|
|_|___|___| |_|_|_|___| |_|___|___| |___|_|___| |_|___|___|
. .___.___. . .___.___. . .___.___. . .___.___. . .___.___.
._|___|___| ._|___|___| ._| | |___| ._|___|___| ._|___|___|
| |___| | | | | | | | | | |_|_| | | |___| | | | | | |___| |
|_|___|_|_| |_|_|_|_|_| |_|___|_|_| |___|_|_|_| |_|_|___|_|
. .___.___. . .___.___. . .___.___. . .___.___. . .___.___.
._|___| | | ._|___| | | ._| | | | | ._|___| | | ._|___|___|
| |___|_|_| | | | |_|_| | |_|_|_|_| |___| |_|_| |___|___| |
|_|___|___| |_|_|_|___| |_|___|___| |___|_|___| |___|___|_|
- Alois P. Heinz, Apr 15 2011
Each row (and column) of the square array is a divisibility sequence, i.e., if n divides m then a(n) divides a(m). It follows that the main diagonal, A007341, is also a divisibility sequence. Row k satisfies a linear recurrence of order 2^k. - Peter Bala, Apr 29 2014
LINKS
Seiichi Manyama, Antidiagonals n = 1..50, flattened
Germain Kreweras, Complexité et circuits Eulériens dans les sommes tensorielles de graphes, J. Combin. Theory, B 24 (1978), 202-212. - From N. J. A. Sloane, May 27 2012
FORMULA
T(m,n) = Product_{k=1..n-1} Product_{h=1..m-1} (4*sin(h*Pi/(2*m))^2 + 4*sin(k*Pi/(2*n))^2); [Kreweras] - N. J. A. Sloane, May 27 2012
Equivalently, T(n,m) = resultant( U(n-1,x/2), U(m-1,(4-x)/2 ) = Product_{k = 1..n-1} Product_{h = 1..m-1} (4 - 2*cos(h*Pi/m) - 2*cos(k*Pi/n)), where U(n,x) denotes the Chebyshev polynomial of the second kind. The divisibility properties of the array mentioned in the Comments follow from this representation. - Peter Bala, Apr 29 2014
EXAMPLE
a(2,2) = 4, since we must have exactly 3 of the 4 possible connections: if we have all 4 there are multiple paths between points; if we have fewer some points will be isolated from others.
Array begins:
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, ...
1, 4, 15, 56, 209, 780, ...
1, 15, 192, 2415, 30305, 380160, ...
1, 56, 2415, 100352, 4140081, 170537640, ...
1, 209, 30305, 4140081, 557568000, 74795194705, ...
1, 780, 380160, 170537640, 74795194705, 32565539635200, ...
MAPLE
Digits:=200;
T:=(m, n)->round(Re(evalf(simplify(expand(
mul(mul( 4*sin(h*Pi/(2*m))^2+4*sin(k*Pi/(2*n))^2, h=1..m-1), k=1..n-1)))))); # crude Maple program from N. J. A. Sloane, May 27 2012
MATHEMATICA
T[m_, n_] := Product[4 Sin[h Pi/(2 m)]^2 + 4 Sin[k Pi/(2 n)]^2, {h, m - 1}, {k, n - 1}]; Flatten[Table[FullSimplify[T[k, r - k]], {r, 2, 10}, {k, 1, r - 1}]] (* Ben Branman, Mar 10 2013 *)
PROG
(Python)
# Using graphillion
from graphillion import GraphSet
import graphillion.tutorial as tl
def A116469(n, k):
if n == 1 or k == 1: return 1
universe = tl.grid(n - 1, k - 1)
GraphSet.set_universe(universe)
spanning_trees = GraphSet.trees(is_spanning=True)
return spanning_trees.len()
print([A116469(j + 1, i - j + 1) for i in range(9) for j in range(i + 1)]) # Seiichi Manyama, Apr 12 2020
(PARI) T(n, m) = polresultant(polchebyshev(n-1, 2, x/2), polchebyshev(m-1, 2, (4-x)/2)); \\ Michel Marcus, Apr 13 2020
CROSSREFS
KEYWORD
nonn,tabl
AUTHOR
Calculated by Hugo van der Sanden after a suggestion from Leroy Quet, Mar 20 2006
STATUS
approved