Verdensarven i Amerika

UNESCOs liste over verdens kultur- og naturarvsteder («Verdensarven») er en liste over natur- og kultursteder som har særlig betydning for menneskeheten. UNESCO fører listen, som stiller krav om at verdensarvområder skal vernes. UNESCOs liste over verdensarv er den mest utbredte miljøvernavtalen i verden.^[1]

Nedenstående liste tar for seg verdensarvsteder i Nord- og Syd-Amerika. Årstallet angir når stedet ble ført opp på UNESCOs liste. I parentes er det oppgitt stedets offisielle navn på hjemlandets språk, eventuelt på engelsk.

Argentina

Jesuittordenens misjonsstasjoner i den argentinske delen av Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto og Santa Maria Mayor (Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria Mayor)^[2]
2014: Veinettet Qhapaq Ñan (Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System) – inkarikets gamle veinett i Andesfjellene strekker seg gjennom flere nasjonalstater, deriblant Argentina

Barbados

2011: Den historiske Bridgetown og dens garnison (Historic Bridgetown and its Garrison)

Belize

1996: Belize barriererev (Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System)

Bolivia

2014: Veinettet Qhapaq Ñan (Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System) – inkarikets gamle veinett i Andesfjellene strekker seg gjennom flere nasjonalstater, deriblant Bolivia

Brasil

1985: Sentrumsområdet i Salvador, hovedstad i delstaten Bahia ()
1980: Ouro Preto, historisk by i Minas Gerais (Historic Town of Ouro Preto)
1982: Sentrumsområdet i Olinda i Pernambuco (Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda)
1984: Ruiner av Sao Miguel Arcanjo das Missoes, en av jesuittordenens fem misjonsstasjoner i Guarani (Ruins of Sao Miguel das Missoes)^[2]
1985: Reservatet Bom Jesus do Congonhas (Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Congonhas)
1986: Iguaçu nasjonalpark (Iguaçu National Park)
1987: Brasília
1997: Det historiske sentrum i São Luís (Historic Centre of São Luís)
1999: Det historiske sentrum i Diamantina (Historic Centre of the Town of Diamantina)
1999: Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves
1999: Discovery Coast, atlantisk skogsreservat (Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves)
2000, 2003: Amazon Conservation Complex ()
2000: Pantanal, myr/sumplandskap i Mato Grosso og Mato Grosso do Sul (Pantanal Conservation Area)
2001: De atlantiske øyene Fernando de Noronha og Rocas-atollen ()
2001: Vernede områder i Cerrado: Chapada dos Veadeiros nasjonalpark og Emas nasjonalpark (Cerrado Protected Areas: Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks)
2001: Det historiske sentrum i Goiânia (Historic Centre of the Town of Goiás)
1991: Fornminner i nasjonalparken Serra da Capivara, Piauí (Serra da Capivara National Park)
2016: Pampulha Modern Ensemble
2017: Valongo Wharf Archaeological Site
2019: Paraty og Ilha Grande (Paraty and Ilha Grande – Culture and Biodiversity)
2021: Sítio Roberto Burle Marx

Canada

1978: L'Anse aux Meadows nasjonal historisk plass (L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site)
1978: Nahanni nasjonalpark (Nahanni National Park)
1979: Dinosaur provinspark (Dinosaur Provincial Park)
1992, 1994: Kluane-Wrangell-St. Elias-Glacier Bay-Tatshenshini-Alsek (Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek) – nasjonalparker langs grensen mellom Canada og USA^[3]
1981: Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump ()
1981: SGang Gwaay
1983: Wood Buffalo nasjonalpark
1984, 1990: Kanadisk Rocky Mountain parkene
1985: Old Québec historisk distrikt
1987: Gros Morne nasjonalpark
1995: Old Town Lunenburg
1995: WatertonGlacier internasjonale fredspark
1999: Miguasha nasjonalpark
2007: Rideau Canal
2019: Writing-on-Stone/Áísínai’pi

Chile

1995: Påskeøya (Rapa Nui National Park)
2021: Chinchorro (Settlement and Artificial Mummification of the Chinchorro Culture in the Arica and Parinacota Region)^[4]
2000: Kirkene i Chiloé (Churches of Chiloé)^[5]
Historic Quarter of the Seaport City of Valparaíso
Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works
Gruvebyen Sewell (Sewell Mining Town)
2014: Veinettet Qhapaq Ñan (Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System) – inkarikets gamle veinett i Andesfjellene strekker seg gjennom flere nasjonalstater, deriblant Chile

Colombia

2014: Veinettet Qhapaq Ñan (Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System) – inkarikets gamle veinett i Andesfjellene strekker seg gjennom flere nasjonalstater, deriblant Colombia

Ecuador

Galápagosøyene
2014: Veinettet Qhapaq Ñan (Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System) – inkarikets gamle veinett i Andesfjellene strekker seg gjennom flere nasjonalstater, deriblant Ecuador

El Salvador

Ceréns Juvel - landsbyen som ble dekket av vulkansk aske i år 650.

Guatemala

Antigua Guatemala
Arkeologisk park og ruiner i Quiriguá
Tikal

Jamaica

2015: Bluefjellene og John Crow-fjellene

Mexico

Se Verdensarven i Mexico

Nicaragua

2000: Ruinene etter León Viejo
2011: Katedralen i León^[6]

Panama

Portobelo

Peru

Chan Chan, arkeologisk område
Chavin, arkeologisk område
Cuzco
Limas historiske sentrum
Machu Picchu
Arequipas historiske sentrum
Huascaran nasjonalpark
Nazcalinjene og Pampas de Jumana-linjene
Manu nasjonalpark
Rio Abiseo nasjonalpark
Chankillo – solobservatorium og seremonielt senter
2014: Veinettet Qhapaq Ñan (Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System) – inkarikets gamle veinett i Andesfjellene strekker seg gjennom flere nasjonalstater, deriblant Peru

Puerto Rico

1983: La Fortaleza og San Juan historisk sted på Puerto Rico

Uruguay

2015: Det kultur-industrielle landskapet ved Fray Bentos
2021: Atlántida-kirken

USA

1982: Cahokia Mounds historisk sted
1995: Carlsbad Caverns nasjonalpark
1987: Chaco Culture nasjonalhistorisk park
1979: Everglades nasjonalpark
2019: Frank Lloyd Wrights arkitektur fra det 20. århundre
1979: Grand Canyon nasjonalpark
1983: Great Smoky Mountains nasjonalpark
1987: Hawaii Volcanoes nasjonalpark
1979: Independence Hall
1979, 1992, 1994: Kluane-Wrangell-St. Elias-Glacier Bay-Tatshenshini-Alsek nasjonalparker og verneområder – nasjonalparker langs grensen mellom Canada og USA^[3]
1981: Mammoth Cave nasjonalpark
1978: Mesa Verde nasjonalpark
2015: Misjonsstasjonene i San Antonio
1987: Monticello og University of Virginia i Charlottesville
1981: Olympic nasjonalpark
1992: Pueblo de Taos
1980: Redwood nasjonalpark
1984: Frihetsstatuen, New York
1995: Waterton-Glacier internasjonale fredspark (Waterton Lakes nasjonalpark (i Canada) og Glacier nasjonalpark (i USA))
1978: Yellowstone nasjonalpark
1984: Yosemite nasjonalpark

Referanser

^ «World Heritage List» (på engelsk). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Besøkt 1. april 2022.
^ ^a ^b «Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria Mayor (Argentina), Ruins of Sao Miguel das Missoes (Brazil)». UNESCO. Besøkt 1. april 2022. «Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis, a serial transnational property, consists of the ruins of São Miguel Arcanjo in Brazil, and those of San Ignacio Miní, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto, and Santa María la Mayor in Argentina. These are the impressive remains of Jesuit Mission settlements established in the 17th and 18th centuries on lands originally occupied by Guarani indigenous communities. In Brazil, the ruins of the São Miguel Arcanjo church constitute the most intact and complete structure among this period’s designated heritage properties. In Argentina, the four Jesuit-Guarani Missions, located in the southern Misiones province, provide an exceptional example of systematic and organized territorial occupation.»
^ ^a ^b «Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek». UNESCO. Besøkt 1. april 2022. «These parks comprise an impressive complex of glaciers and high peaks on both sides of the border between Canada (Yukon Territory and British Columbia) and the United States (Alaska). The spectacular natural landscapes are home to many grizzly bears, caribou and Dall's sheep. The site contains the largest non-polar icefield in the world.»
^ «Settlement and Artificial Mummification of the Chinchorro Culture in the Arica and Parinacota Region». UNESCO. Besøkt 1. april 2022. «The property consists of three component parts: Faldeo Norte del Morro de Arica, Colón 10, both in the city of Arica, and Desembocadura de Camarones, in a rural environment some 100km further south. Together they bear testimony to a culture of marine hunter-gatherers who resided in the arid and hostile northern coast of the Atacama Desert in northernmost Chile from approximately 5450 BCE to 890 BCE. The property presents the oldest known archaeological evidence of the artificial mummification of bodies with cemeteries that contain both artificially mummified bodies and some that were preserved due to environmental conditions.»
^ «Churches of Chiloé». UNESCO. Besøkt 1. april 2022. «In the Chiloé archipelago off the coast of Chile are about 70 churches built within the framework of a “Circular Mission” introduced by the Jesuits in the 17th century and continued by the Franciscans in the 18th and 19th centuries. The most exceptional illustrations of this unique form of wooden ecclesiastical architecture (the so-called Chilota School of architecture) are the churches of Achao, Quinchao, Castro, Rilán, Nercón, Aldachildo, Ichuac, Detif, Vilupulli, Chonchi, Tenaún, Colo, San Juan, Dalcahue, Chellín and Caguach. These sixteen churches are outstanding examples of the successful fusion of European and indigenous cultural traditions. The abilities of the people of Chiloé as builders achieved its highest expression in these wooden churches, where farmers, fishermen and sailors exhibited great expertise in the handling of the most abundant material in this environment, wood. Along with the churches, the mestizo culture resulting from Jesuit missionary activities has survived to the present day. | This isolated archipelago was colonized by the Spanish in the mid 16th century. The Jesuits, who arrived in 1608, used a circulating missionsystem in their evangelization of the area: religious groups made annual tours around the archipelago, staying for a few days at locations where churches were erected jointly with the communities of believers. The rest of the year a specially trained layperson attended the spiritual needs of the inhabitants.»
^ «León Cathedral». UNESCO. Besøkt 1. april 2022. «Built between 1747 and the early 19th century to the design of Guatemalan architect Diego José de Porres Esquivel, the monument expresses the transition from Baroque to Neoclassical architecture and its style can be considered to be eclectic. The Cathedral is characterized by the sobriety of its interior decoration and the abundance of natural light. The vault of the Sanctuary, however, presents rich ornamentation. The Cathedral houses important works of art including a wooden Flemish altarpiece, and paintings of the 14 stations of the Way of the Cross by Nicaraguan artist Antonio Sarria (late 19th and early 20th centuries).»

Autoritetsdata

[1] «World Heritage List» (på engelsk). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Besøkt 1. april 2022.

[:1-2] «Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria Mayor (Argentina), Ruins of Sao Miguel das Missoes (Brazil)». UNESCO. Besøkt 1. april 2022. «Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis, a serial transnational property, consists of the ruins of São Miguel Arcanjo in Brazil, and those of San Ignacio Miní, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto, and Santa María la Mayor in Argentina. These are the impressive remains of Jesuit Mission settlements established in the 17th and 18th centuries on lands originally occupied by Guarani indigenous communities. In Brazil, the ruins of the São Miguel Arcanjo church constitute the most intact and complete structure among this period’s designated heritage properties. In Argentina, the four Jesuit-Guarani Missions, located in the southern Misiones province, provide an exceptional example of systematic and organized territorial occupation.»

[:2-3] «Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek». UNESCO. Besøkt 1. april 2022. «These parks comprise an impressive complex of glaciers and high peaks on both sides of the border between Canada (Yukon Territory and British Columbia) and the United States (Alaska). The spectacular natural landscapes are home to many grizzly bears, caribou and Dall's sheep. The site contains the largest non-polar icefield in the world.»

[4] «Settlement and Artificial Mummification of the Chinchorro Culture in the Arica and Parinacota Region». UNESCO. Besøkt 1. april 2022. «The property consists of three component parts: Faldeo Norte del Morro de Arica, Colón 10, both in the city of Arica, and Desembocadura de Camarones, in a rural environment some 100km further south. Together they bear testimony to a culture of marine hunter-gatherers who resided in the arid and hostile northern coast of the Atacama Desert in northernmost Chile from approximately 5450 BCE to 890 BCE. The property presents the oldest known archaeological evidence of the artificial mummification of bodies with cemeteries that contain both artificially mummified bodies and some that were preserved due to environmental conditions.»

[5] «Churches of Chiloé». UNESCO. Besøkt 1. april 2022. «In the Chiloé archipelago off the coast of Chile are about 70 churches built within the framework of a “Circular Mission” introduced by the Jesuits in the 17th century and continued by the Franciscans in the 18th and 19th centuries. The most exceptional illustrations of this unique form of wooden ecclesiastical architecture (the so-called Chilota School of architecture) are the churches of Achao, Quinchao, Castro, Rilán, Nercón, Aldachildo, Ichuac, Detif, Vilupulli, Chonchi, Tenaún, Colo, San Juan, Dalcahue, Chellín and Caguach. These sixteen churches are outstanding examples of the successful fusion of European and indigenous cultural traditions. The abilities of the people of Chiloé as builders achieved its highest expression in these wooden churches, where farmers, fishermen and sailors exhibited great expertise in the handling of the most abundant material in this environment, wood. Along with the churches, the mestizo culture resulting from Jesuit missionary activities has survived to the present day. | This isolated archipelago was colonized by the Spanish in the mid 16th century. The Jesuits, who arrived in 1608, used a circulating missionsystem in their evangelization of the area: religious groups made annual tours around the archipelago, staying for a few days at locations where churches were erected jointly with the communities of believers. The rest of the year a specially trained layperson attended the spiritual needs of the inhabitants.»

[:0-6] «León Cathedral». UNESCO. Besøkt 1. april 2022. «Built between 1747 and the early 19th century to the design of Guatemalan architect Diego José de Porres Esquivel, the monument expresses the transition from Baroque to Neoclassical architecture and its style can be considered to be eclectic. The Cathedral is characterized by the sobriety of its interior decoration and the abundance of natural light. The vault of the Sanctuary, however, presents rich ornamentation. The Cathedral houses important works of art including a wooden Flemish altarpiece, and paintings of the 14 stations of the Way of the Cross by Nicaraguan artist Antonio Sarria (late 19th and early 20th centuries).»

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