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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Pazhanisamy, R.; Mathew, Thomas |
| Abstract: | With the evolving landscape of automotive technologies and increased environmental regulations, there is a pressing need for advanced fuel additives that can enhance the performance, efficiency, and environmental footprint of next-generation combustion engines. The developed additive comprises a unique blend of detergents, cetane and octane boosters, antioxidants, and corrosion inhibitors, tailored to improve fuel efficiency, engine life, and emissions quality. The formulation also includes novel bio-based components that enhance the biodegradability and reduce the carbon footprint of the fuel, aligning with global sustainability goals. The introduction of this fuel additive not only promises to extend the operational life of next-generation engines but also supports the automotive industry's move towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions. Future research will focus on optimizing the additive formulation for use with alternative fuels and exploring the potential impacts on emerging propulsion technologies. In this context a new generation fuel has introduced in India named super petrol which can add the values to the petrol by increasing vehicles performance and reducing the carbon emission with some minimal additional cost. But the market for such inevitable eco friendly product becomes disappeared in both the auto mobile industry and from the literature which demand and attempt to make an investigation into the market failure. This paper is attempted to fill this gap in the research. |
| Keywords: | Environmental effects of fuel, Environmental economics & government policy, Refining Hydrocarbon fuels, Management of Technological Innovation and R&, Alternative Energy Sources, Government policy and externalities |
| JEL: | Q51 Q58 L71 O32 Q42 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:295100&r= |
| By: | Phoebe Koundouri; Konstantinos Dellis; Olympia Miziaki |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the transformative potential of green innovation within Greece's agricultural sector. Leveraging the analytical power of the FABLE (Food, Agriculture, Biodiversity, Land Use, and Energy) Calculator, we quantify the impacts of enhanced crop and livestock productivity on key Agricultural, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) environmental indicators. By employing empirical evidence and sophisticated modelling techniques, we investigate the intricate interplay between agricultural innovation and environmental sustainability. Examining the pathways under distinct scenarios of the FABLE Calculator, we demonstrate how improved crop and livestock practices can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, reduce land degradation, and promote biodiversity conservation. We identify precision agriculture technologies like drones, soil moisture sensors, and variable rate technology advancements in precision livestock technologies such as automated feeding systems and health monitoring sensors as levers for bolstering agricultural productivity. We find that enhancing productivity in the livestock and crop sector significantly reduces GHG emissions from agriculture, with the result being most pronounced when embedded in a holistic transformational strategy following national commitments. Moreover, the paper elucidates the potential synergies and trade-offs associated with different agricultural strategies, offering insights into optimal pathways for sustainable development. In addition to its empirical findings, the paper delineates policy recommendations to support green innovation within the Greek agricultural sector, focusing on horizontal and vertical measures. Overall, this paper underscores the importance of integrating green innovation into agricultural policies to achieve both environmental and economic objectives. By harnessing the analytical capabilities of the FABLE Calculator, it offers valuable insights into the multifaceted effects of agricultural innovation, paving the way for evidence-based decision-making in sustainable agricultural development. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Productivity, FABLE, Green Innovation, AFOLU, GHG Emissions |
| Date: | 2024–06–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2412&r= |
| By: | Ekonomou, George; Halkos, George |
| Abstract: | Climate change and environmental degradation constitute challenging and demanding issues that need mitigation and adaptation strategies and plans, as well as scientific research to test the causality between economic growth and pollution levels. From this viewpoint, the present theoretical approach defines the concept of circular economy in the high-leverage economic sector, which is the agribusiness sector. A circular economy approach can help agribusiness develop its potential in terms of quality and sustainability without losing its economic orientation and perspective. The circular economy assists in becoming competitive, producing eco-friendly products, minimizing materials used and wastes, and protecting the good ecological status of natural resources, such as land and water resources. Management approaches such as the project management methodology and the construction of a circular business model canvas will provide a solid bedrock on which the circular economy projects within the business will create tangible and sustainable results in a sustainable manner. Furthermore, the concept of environmental benchmarking is a valuable tool for comparing the business's environmental performance with those considered leaders or bets in class in the field. |
| Keywords: | Environmental degradation; circular economy; agribusiness sector; sustainability. |
| JEL: | Q10 Q13 Q18 Q50 Q53 Q54 Q56 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120929&r= |
| By: | Angelos Alamanos; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | Europe is a diverse mix of land cover types, that has experienced significant changes over the past decades. For large scale assessments, it is crucial to understand, capture or even quantify such changes. Measuring and monitoring land cover change is crucial because it directly affects multiple sustainability components, including agricultural management, biodiversity, climate stability, and ecosystem services such as water regulation, soil conservation, and carbon sequestration, to name a few. In this work, publicly available data and open-source software, based on satellite imagery techniques, have been used to estimate key relevant parameters such as land cover change, land productivity, and soil Carbon storage. Next, these parameters are connected to the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)15: By synthesizing them spatially, the indicator SDG15.3.1 was estimated, quantifying the extents of land improvement, stability, and degradation across Europe, from 2010-2020. The results indicate that a significant proportion of land changes remain under a stable "land sustainability" according to the SDG15.3.1 metric, while there are variations in the 'improved' state countries. Degradation-state land changes account for a smaller percentage in most countries, indicating the need for targeted interventions to address land degradation and restore productivity. The code and results produced per country are publicly available. |
| Keywords: | Land cover change, Land Productivity, Soil Carbon Storage, SDG15, remote sensing, satellite imagery |
| Date: | 2024–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2410&r= |
| By: | Lorenzo Caliendo; Marcelo Dolabella; Mauricio Moreira; Matthew Murillo; Fernando Parro |
| Abstract: | We study the role of trade policy in one of the most pressing climate policy challenges that developing countries face: meeting voluntary emission restraints (VERs). To do so, we develop a general equilibrium trade model that extends Caliendo and Parro (2015) in three dimensions. First, we model extractive sectors that feature a continuum of producers with heterogeneous productivity, demanding labor, dirty natural resources, and intermediate goods from all industries. Second, we consider that production generates different amounts of emissions across sectors and countries, and households experience disutility from carbon emissions, modeled as a pure externality as in Shapiro (2021). Third, we model a general set of taxes along the value chain—on production, intermediate and final consumption, and on labor—which allows for different options of carbon taxes and tariffs that impact emissions and other outcomes in general equilibrium. In our quantitative analysis, we focus on two groups of policies: those that are in the traditional realm of trade policy, related to tariff reform and potential emission biases; and those that combine a Pigouvian carbon tax with border adjustments. Our main findings point to a nuanced role of trade policy as a climate policy in developing economies. Although it is effective in mitigating emission leakages, such leakages are small in magnitude, and border adjustment tariffs have collateral effects in terms of trade declines, and in many countries, welfare losses. These findings contrast with the implications of climate policy in large economies, where emission leakages are much more significant and the impact on trade less costly. Our main results also indicate that carbon taxes and tariffs will not be enough for most developing countries to meet their net-zero emission targets dictated by the VERs. |
| JEL: | A10 F13 F18 F6 H23 Q5 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32459&r= |
| By: | Asuamah Yeboah, Samuel |
| Abstract: | The systematic review delves into the multifaceted impacts of climate change on food security across Africa, analysing variations across regions and socio-economic contexts. It identifies threats such as altered precipitation patterns, temperature rises, and intensified extreme weather events, each affecting different regions differently. Socio-economic factors, including resource access and infrastructure, shape vulnerability to climate-induced food insecurity. By synthesising existing literature, the review aims to provide insights into the intricate interplay between climate change and food security in Africa, informing targeted interventions and policies to bolster resilience and foster sustainable food systems. The study's originality lies in its comprehensive synthesis of diverse literature, consolidating evidence from academic databases and grey literature sources to offer fresh insights and guide future research and policy initiatives in the realm of climate change adaptation and food security in Africa. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Food security, Africa, Regional variations, Socio-economic contexts, Adaptation strategies, Vulnerability, Resilience |
| JEL: | I32 O55 Q18 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–03–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120918&r= |
| By: | Xavier Leflaive |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the current status of water availability, water demand, and influences from climate change in the European Union. It provides an overview of economic policy instruments to address water scarcity and manage water demand. Additionally, the paper explores policy options and considerations for addressing water scarcity and meeting Water Framework Directive (WFD) objectives. These considerations include balancing demand management and supply augmentation, managing water scarcity through robust allocation regimes, and increasing the use of agro-environmental measures and practices. The paper also discusses the principles and features of effective allocation regimes, drivers and incentives for allocation reforms, the hierarchy and sequencing of water use, abstraction charges, ensuring return flows and ecological flows, and improving the coherence of WFD measures and climate change policies. This is the third in a sub-set of four working papers within the Environment Working Paper series destined to support the further implementation of the economic pillar of the Water Framework Directive. The four papers are best read in combination and provide lessons which are relevant beyond the European Union. |
| Keywords: | abstraction charges, drought, ecological flows, environmental flows, water allocation, water demand, Water Framework Directive, water scarcity |
| JEL: | H23 H54 H76 O21 Q21 Q25 Q28 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:239-en&r= |
| By: | Eduardo Cavallo (Inter-American Development Bank); Ana Cepeda (International Monetary Fund); Ugo Panizza (Geneva Graduate Institute & CEPR) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the interplay between environmental performance and financial valuation of firms in Latin America and the Caribbean. We provide insights into how environmental considerations are integrated into financial decision-making and investor behavior by analyz-ing the stock market reaction to environmental news of firms with different levels of carbon emission intensity. We find that high emission intensity firms tend to underperform after the release of environmental damage news. Our baseline estimates indicate that, after the release of such news, firms at the 75th percentile of the distribution of emission intensity experience stock returns that are 17% lower than those of firms at the 25th percentile of the distribution of emission intensity. These results suggest that investors care about and price carbon risk, but only when this risk is salient. |
| Keywords: | Carbon emissions; Climate change; Environmental news; Stock returns |
| JEL: | G12 G14 G18 G32 G38 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–05–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gii:giihei:heidwp08-2024&r= |
| By: | Rickels, Wilfried; Fridahl, Mathias; Rothenstein, Roland; Schenuit, Felix |
| Abstract: | A carbon central bank (CCB) that translates carbon removals into allowances would transform the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) from a fiat allowance to a gold standard system, ensuring unchanged net emissions on the path to net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) targets. Meeting such expectations would require a CCB with a clear commitment to a net-zero GHG target, but also with the capacity to manage the market on the path to that target. This requires a strong institutional framework, which could be achieved by integrating the CCB into the European Central Bank (ECB), building on its reputation and capacity. Given the long lead time to set up such an institution, the European Commission should already take the first steps to fulfil the other requirement, namely building up a large carbon removal certificate (CRC) reserve, which would provide the CCB with the credibility to stabilize the market in the future. To fill the CRC reserve, the EU should emulate the US approach by immediately initiating result-based carbon removal procurement as a first key step of a sequential approach to integrated carbon removal into climate policy. This could be achieved by developing a centralized procurement program, supporting existing procurement programs, such as Sweden's or Denmark's, and incentivizing additional EU member states to initiate procurement. An important prerequisite for this is the ability to bank CRCs that are not yet eligible for compliance with near-term EU climate targets and use them in later crediting periods. |
| Abstract: | Eine CO2-Zentralbank (Carbon Central Bank, CCB), die atmosphärische CO2-Entnahme in Zertifikate übersetzt, würde das Emissionshandelssystem der Europäischen Union (EU ETS) langfristig von einem Fiat-Zertifikate-System in ein Goldstandard-System umwandeln und damit unveränderte Nettoemissionen auf dem Weg zu Netto-Null-Treibhausgasemissionen gewährleisten. Um diese Erwartungen zu erfüllen, bedarf es einer starken CCB mit einem klaren Bekenntnis zu einem Netto-Null-Treibhausgas-Ziel. Zudem sollte die CCB mit der Fähigkeit ausgestattet werden, den Markt auf dem Weg zu diesem Ziel zu stabilisieren. Dies erfordert einen starken institutionellen Rahmen, der durch die Eingliederung der CCB in die Europäische Zentralbank (EZB) erreicht werden könnte, wobei auf deren Ruf und Kapazität aufgebaut werden könnte. Angesichts der langen Vorlaufzeit für die Einrichtung einer solchen Institution sollte die Europäische Kommission bereits jetzt erste Schritte unternehmen, um die andere Voraussetzung zu erfüllen, nämlich eine Reserve an CO2-Entnahme Zertifikaten aufzubauen, die einer CCB in der Zukunft die Glaubwürdigkeit verleihen würde, den Markt zu stabilisieren. Um die CRC-Reserve aufzubauen, sollte die EU nach dem Vorbild der USA sofort mit der ergebnisorientierten Beschaffung von CO2-Entnahme zu beginnen, der dann den ersten Schritt für eine sequenzielle Integration von CO2-Entnahme in die Klimapolitik bilden würde. Dies könnte durch die Entwicklung eines zentralen Beschaffungsprogramms erreicht werden, das bestehende Programme wie in Schweden oder Dänemark unterstützt und neue Programme in weiteren Mitgliedstaaten anreizt. Eine wichtige Voraussetzung dafür ist die Möglichkeit, CO2-Entnahme-Zertifikate, die noch nicht für die Erfüllung der kurzfristigen EU-Klimaziele in Frage kommen, zu "sparen" und in späteren Anrechnungszeiträumen zu nutzen. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Dioxide Removal, Carbon Central Bank, Carbon Certificate Banking, Net-Zero Emissions Targets, Net-Negative Emissions Targets, CO2-Entnahme, CO2-Zentralbank, CO2-Zertifikatereserve, Netto-Null Emissionsziele, Netto-Negative Emissionsziele |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkpb:295745&r= |
| By: | Adrien Bilal; Diego R. Känzig |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates that the macroeconomic damages from climate change are six times larger than previously thought. We exploit natural variability in global temperature and rely on time-series variation. A 1°C increase in global temperature leads to a 12% decline in world GDP. Global temperature shocks correlate much more strongly with extreme climatic events than the country-level temperature shocks commonly used in the panel literature, explaining why our estimate is substantially larger. We use our reduced-form evidence to estimate structural damage functions in a standard neoclassical growth model. Our results imply a Social Cost of Carbon of $1, 056 per ton of carbon dioxide. A business-as-usual warming scenario leads to a present value welfare loss of 31%. Both are multiple orders of magnitude above previous estimates and imply that unilateral decarbonization policy is cost-effective for large countries such as the United States. |
| JEL: | E01 E23 F18 O44 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32450&r= |
| By: | Dorothée Charlier (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc, IREGE - Institut de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc); Aude Pommeret (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc, IREGE - Institut de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc); Francesco Ricci (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | We present a formal model that analyzes the trade-offs between environmental policy and economic growth in a developing economy. The adoption of restrictive environmental policies limits the use of abundant fossil energy resources, which may slow down economic development and thus violate the Right-to-Development. If faster economic growth allows a country to grow out of pollution sooner, less stringent policies are good for growth and even for the environment, having adopted a long-term horizon. Accounting for a ceiling on cumulative emissions can reinforce the argument by providing an additional rationale to phase out pollution. One assumption is crucial for the argument to hold: polluting fossil energy is an essential input over the early phase of economic development, but not in the later phases. Such a discontinuity could result from structural change. We provide empirical evidence for the plausibility of a discontinuity in the elasticity of carbon dioxide emissions with respect to aggregate output, using cross country data, even if it does not appear to be as strong as assumed in the model economy. |
| Keywords: | Developing countries, Structural change, Fossil energy intensity, Pollution, Right to development |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04569038&r= |
| By: | KERAMIDAS Kimon; FOSSE Florian (European Commission - JRC); DIAZ RINCON Andrea (European Commission - JRC); DOWLING Paul (European Commission - JRC); GARAFFA Rafael (European Commission - JRC); ORDONEZ Jose (European Commission - JRC); RUSS Peter (European Commission - JRC); SCHADE Burkhard (European Commission - JRC); SCHMITZ Andreas (European Commission - JRC); SORIA RAMIREZ Antonio (European Commission - JRC); VAN DER VORST Camille (European Commission - JRC); WEITZEL Matthias (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This edition of the Global Energy and Climate Outlook (GECO 2023) presents an updated view on the implications of energy and climate policies worldwide to reaching the goals of the Paris Agreement, and contributes to JRC’s work in the UNFCCC policy process. This report provides insight into the investment and related new jobs required by the transition to a low-carbon economy. Current climate policy pledges and targets imply a rapid decline in greenhouse gas emissions. Still, there remains both an implementation gap in adopting policies aligned with countries' mid-term Nationally Determined Contributions and Long-Term Strategies, and a collective ambition gap in reducing emissions to reach the Paris Agreement targets of pursuing efforts to limit global warming to 1.5°C. Global emissions are projected to peak during the current decade, but failing to implement additional policies puts the world on a trajectory towards a long-term temperature increase of 3°C. The current decade is key for keeping the 1.5°C target possible. GECO 2023 highlights the global investment needs of the 1.5°C scenario. Accelerated carbonisation efforts are needed across all sectors of the economy. Energy sector investments need to triple this decade, doubling energy efficiency rates and bringing renewables deployment to 11 TW by 2030. This transition comes along with substantial investment spill-over and stimulus effects, boosting investment and employment across value chains, e.g. in the construction and electrical and equipment goods manufacturing. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc136265&r= |
| By: | Maya A. Norman; Wolfram Schlenker |
| Abstract: | The Green Paradox posits that fossil fuel markets respond to changing expectations about climate legislation, which limits future consumption, by shifting consumption to the present through lower present-day prices. We demonstrate that oil futures responded negatively to daily changes in the prediction market's expectations that the Waxman-Markey bill — the US climate bill discussed in 2009-2010 — would pass. This effect is consistent across various maturities as the proposed legislation would reset the entire price and consumption path, unlike temporary supply or demand shocks that phase out over time. The bill’s passage would have increased current global oil consumption by 2-4%. Furthermore, a strengthening of climate policy, as measured by monthly variations in media salience regarding climate policy over the last four decades, and two court rulings signaling limited future fossil fuel use, were associated with negative abnormal oil future returns. Taken together, our findings confirm that restricting future fossil fuel use will accelerate current-day consumption. |
| JEL: | G18 Q41 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32405&r= |
| By: | Clara Turner; Jeff Allen; Karen Chapple; Sarah A. Smith (University of Toronto) |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the potential effects of housing development on regional greenhouse gas emissions in Ontario’s Greater Golden Horseshoe. Using models of different development scenarios based on household vehicle kilometres travelled and energy use, we evaluate the impacts of different forms of new housing production on greenhouse gas reduction targets and suggest housing and land use best practices and policy approaches. We model core scenarios of development from 2023 to 2030 that reflect current debates on housing development and land use planning in the region that include Build as Usual (on-going intensification); All-Sprawl (under recent policy changes); and four alternatives: Business as Usual, Moderate, Limited, and No Sprawl. Our findings suggest that aggressive intensification would reduce greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 26 percent, with particularly significant and compounding effects to be expected over the long term. We conclude that progressive land use planning and other mechanisms by the provincial, regional, and municipal orders of government that reduce the emissions generated by buildings, preserve open space that provides critical carbon sequestration, and reduce vehicle miles travelled, should be aggressively strengthened to build on progress made under the Province’s Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe. |
| Keywords: | intensification, sprawl, land use planning, climate change, greenhouse gas emissions, Canada, ghg, greater golden horseshoe, ontario |
| JEL: | R52 R58 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mfg:wpaper:67&r= |
| By: | Samuel Fiifi Eshun (Institute of Economic Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic); Evzen Kocenda (Institute of Economic Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; CESifo, Munich, Germany; IOS, Regensburg, Germany; Department of Banking and Insurance, Faculty of Finance and Accounting; Institute of Information Theory and Automation of the CAS, Prague; the Euro Area Business Cycle Network) |
| Abstract: | This study explores the dynamic relationship between financial inclusion and green sustainability across 38 African countries. We constructed an environmental pollution index and a financial inclusion index covering the period 2000-2021 to account for the several dimensions within both indicators and employed them in the System GMM approach. We also tested for intra-regional heterogeneity in Africa. Our empirical results show that financial inclusion, while economically beneficial, poses a significant risk of environmental degradation and has a distinctive inverted U-shaped relationship. A direct link between increases in financial inclusion and pollution alters at a turning point, beyond which further increments in financial inclusion enhance green sustainability. The same pattern is observed for aggregate output. The results hold even when we control for a score of macro-level determinants. Our findings indicate the existence of an intra-regional heterogeneity in that Southern and Western African states exhibit a more significant negative impact on environmental pollution than Eastern Africa. These results remain robust for alternative proxies of green sustainability. We offer valuable insights for policymakers to promote sustainability through inclusive financial practices and policies in Sub-Saharan Africa. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Pollution Index, Financial Inclusion Index, Green Sustainability, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), System Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM) |
| JEL: | C23 E44 F64 K32 O55 Q43 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fau:wpaper:wp2024_23&r= |
| By: | Christoph Böhringer; Knut Einar Rosendahl; Halvor Briseid Storrøsten |
| Abstract: | Countries with ambitious climate targets are concerned about carbon leakage to countries with more lenient or no carbon pricing. A common policy measure against leakage is output-based allocation of emissions allowances, whose effectiveness could be further enhanced by consumption taxes levied on the carbon intensity of goods. We combine theoretical and numerical analysis to derive optimal combinations of output-based allocation and consumption taxes for different assumptions on the stringency of emissions reduction targets, the coverage of emissions in regulated sectors, and their trade exposure. A key analytical finding is that output-based allocation and consumption taxes are complements rather than substitutes, i.e., the extent of output-based allocation should be higher if combined with a consumption tax. A key numerical finding is that the optimal output-based allocation and consumption tax rates should be set at almost the same rate and increase substantially with the stringency of the emissions reduction targets. |
| Keywords: | carbon leakage, output-based allocation, consumption taxes |
| JEL: | D61 F18 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11102&r= |
| By: | Bård Harstad |
| Abstract: | There are often conflicts between proponents of trade and environmental activists. This paper shows, however, how trade agreements can be designed so as to motivate environmental conservation. I first analyze a standard trade model, where resource exploitation (e.g., deforestation) is a trade-specific investment that causes environmental damage. In this model, traditional trade agreements will cause more exploitation. Next, I investigate the extent to which conservation can be motivated by a contingent trade agreement (CTA), where default tariffs can vary with changes in the resource stock (e.g., the forest cover). The model permits many products, countries, and collaborators. A numerical example suggests that growth and liberalization can cause Brazil's agricultural area to expand by 27%, but this expansion can be avoided if the EU and the US offer a CTA. |
| JEL: | F13 F18 F55 Q37 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32392&r= |
| By: | Bolz, Simon J.; Naumann, Fabrice; Richter, Philipp M. |
| Abstract: | Expanding on a general equilibrium model of offshoring, we analyze the effects of a unilateral emissions tax increase on the environment, income, and inequality. Heterogeneous firms allocate labor across production tasks and emissions abatement, while only the most productive can benefit from lower labor and/or emissions costs abroad and offshore. We find a non-monotonic effect on global emissions, which decline if the initial difference in emissions taxes is small. For a sufficiently large difference, global emissions rise, implying emissions leakage of more than 100%. The underlying driver is a global technique effect: While the emissions intensity of incumbent non-offshoring firms declines, the cleanest firms start offshoring. Moreover, offshoring firms become dirtier, induced by a reduction in the foreign effective emissions tax in general equilibrium. Implementing a BCA prevents emissions leakage, reduces income inequality in the reforming country, but raises inequality across countries. |
| Keywords: | Offshoring, Emissions leakage, Environmental policy, BCA, Heterogeneous firms, Income inequality |
| JEL: | F18 F12 F15 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wuewep:295231&r= |
| By: | Yuan, Mingqing |
| Abstract: | This study examines the stock market reactions to the announcements and issuances of 402 ESG bonds from 153 listed Japanese firms, employing an event study methodology. Results show strong positive market reactions to green bonds and transition bonds, while sustainability bonds evoke modest short-term positivity following their announcement. Social and sustainability-linked bonds show minimal to insignificant impact, and transition-linked bonds incurs negative stock reactions. These outcomes offer insights for the market by indicating differentiated investor perceptions of ESG bonds, for issuers by highlighting positively priced green financing instruments, and for policymakers by evaluating the effectiveness of green finance policies. |
| Keywords: | Green bonds, Green finance, Market reactions, Event study |
| JEL: | G14 G3 G32 Q5 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120943&r= |
| By: | Honma, Satoshi; Ushifusa, Yoshiaki; Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad; Okamura, Soyoka; Vandercammee, Lilu |
| Abstract: | This study measured the environmental and energy efficiency of 47 regions in Japan for the period 2005–2017, which was before and after the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) in March 2011, using the slacks-based measure data envelopment analysis model. Our model had comprehensive inputs and outputs: seven inputs (labor, capital, coal, oil, gas, renewables, and electricity), one desirable output (gross regional product), and four undesirable outputs (CO2, SOx, NOx, and dust). In our results, before GEJE, the mean environmental efficiency deteriorated from 0.529 in 2005, 0.518 in 2008, 0.501 in 2011, and 0.464 in 2014 but improved to 0.527 in 2017. Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima in the Tohoku region were severely damaged by the earthquake, but these areas were inefficient even before the disaster. Tokyo's environmental efficiency deteriorated from unity in 2005 and 2008 to 0.839 in 2008 and 0.698 in 2011 and then improved back to unity in 2017. We also presented potential reduction ratios for energy and undesirable outputs. To examine the determinants of efficiency, we regressed the efficiency on influencing factors using the panel Tobit model. Gross regional product per capita and tertiary industry share were positively correlated with environmental efficiency. This implies that the development of the service sector is more helpful for transitioning to a sustainable society compared with other sectors. |
| Keywords: | Environmental efficiency; Data envelopment analysis; Fukushima nuclear disaster; Japan |
| JEL: | Q0 Q4 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120945&r= |
| By: | Sutirtha Bandyopadhyay (Indian Institute of Management, Indore); Pranabes Dutta (The City University of New York); Naveen Hari (Texas A& M University); Bipasha Maity (Ashoka University) |
| Abstract: | We study the causal impact of legislator gender on forest cover growth in India. Exploiting quasi-random variation in close mixed gender electoral races in a regression discontinuity framework, we find that assembly constituencies where a female politician won witnessed an increase in subsequent annual forest cover growth by 6%. However, this result is limited to constituencies that are reserved for historically marginalized communities. Our findings underscore the role of legislator identity in influencing environmental conservation and thereby achieving sustainable development in India. |
| Keywords: | close elections; female legislators; forest; India; regression discontinuity |
| Date: | 2023–09–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:104&r= |
| By: | Simon J. Bolz; Fabrice Naumann; Philipp M. Richter |
| Abstract: | Expanding on a general equilibrium model of offshoring, we analyze the effects of a unilateral emissions tax increase on the environment, income, and inequality. Heterogeneous firms allocate labor across production tasks and emissions abatement, while only the most productive can benefit from lower labor and/or emissions costs abroad and offshore. We find a non-monotonic effect on global emissions, which decline if the initial difference in emissions taxes is small. For a sufficiently large difference, global emissions rise, implying emissions leakage of more than 100%. The underlying driver is a global technique effect: While the emissions intensity of incumbent non-offshoring firms declines, the cleanest firms start offshoring. Moreover, offshoring firms become dirtier, induced by a reduction in the foreign effective emissions tax in general equilibrium. Implementing a BCA prevents emissions leakage, reduces income inequality in the reforming country, but raises inequality across countries. |
| Keywords: | offshoring, emissions leakage, environmental policy, BCA, heterogeneous firms, income inequality |
| JEL: | F18 F12 F15 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11096&r= |
| By: | Kyselova, Vladyslava; Popovych, Tetiana; Buryhina, Khrystyna; Topchii, Sofiia |
| Abstract: | This study identifies and analyzes the key environmental factors contributing to the loss of healthy years of life, as quantified by Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), across various regions worldwide. Using data from The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) we employ an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model to estimate the impacts of several predictors on DALYs. Our analysis indicates a positive relationship between lead exposure, air pollution, second-hand smoke, and DALYs, while the quadratic effect of air pollution negatively impacts the number of healthy life years lost. The findings show variations in the influence of these factors among different global regions, highlighting the highest level of DALY in areas with environmental issues like Africa and the smallest in well-regulated environmental regions such as Oceania. This research supports targeted public health interventions and policies aimed at mitigating environmental risks, particularly in vulnerable populations, to enhance global health outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), Cross-Country Analysis, Determinants of DALYs, Public Health Interventions |
| JEL: | I10 I14 I18 |
| Date: | 2024–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120928&r= |
| By: | Tony Addison; Alan R. Roe |
| Abstract: | Companies in the oil, gas, and mining sectors face ever intensifying scrutiny over their environmental, social, and governance (ESG) practices and impacts: from civil society but also from investment funds and other stakeholders with ESG mandates. Companies with good practices—and the paper documents significant progress since 2000—can deliver substantial benefits to host economies: both local and national. The paper suggests further ways in which they could enhance their impacts in partnerships with government. |
| Keywords: | Africa, Extractive industries, Mining, Natural gas, Oil |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-34&r= |
| By: | Lucas Vivier (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech); Louis-Gaëtan Giraudet (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech) |
| Abstract: | This study assesses the long-term cost-effectiveness and distributional impacts of various energy efficiency policies to decarbonize the French residential sector. It does so using Res-IRF 4.0, a significantly enhanced version of a behaviorally- and technologically-rich model of residential energy demand in France. Our analysis reveals that deep decarbonization targets cannot be achieved with current policies. However, we demonstrate that the progressive implementation of new mitigation policies generates net socio-economic benefits. In particular, newly implemented direct subsidies that direct support toward low-income households and deep renovation outperform precedent attempts. Mandatory renovation for privately rented dwelling and carbon tax, plays a significant role in enhancing socio-economic balance. Finally, we illustrate that banning the adoption of new natural-gas boilers will significantly accelerate the transition to low-carbon fuels with social benefits outweighing additional costs. Our research highlights the importance of a multifaceted approach to reach climate and social objectives. Overall, by incorporating policy frictions in bottom-up modelling, we provide more plausible long-term policy assessments. |
| Keywords: | climate change mitigation, energy efficiency, residential sector, building stock models, ex-ante policy assessment, applied policy analysis |
| Date: | 2024–01–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-04510798&r= |
| By: | Constantinos N. Leonidou; Verena Gruber (EM - EMLyon Business School); Bodo B. Schlegelmilch |
| Abstract: | Environmental sustainability research suffers from a paucity of comprehensive, cross-cultural investigations and lacks insight into the interplay of human values and environmental beliefs and behaviors. In addition, despite the importance of understanding why consumers engage in active attempts to protect the environment, studies examining the role of environmental sustainability activism remain scarce, poorly integrated, and ill-defined. Against this backdrop, this research captures the links of specific human values with environmental sustainability beliefs and their subsequent relationships with individuals' environmental sustainability activism and quality of life. Using data from the United States and China, the authors show that religiosity and interdependence are consistently related to environmental sustainability beliefs, whereas, contrary to previous findings, materialism has no significant relationship. In addition, generativity is positively linked with environmental sustainability beliefs only in the U.S. sample, whereas family values are significant only in the China sample. The results show that environmental sustainability beliefs influence environmental sustainability activism, which in turn is linked with individual perceptions of superior quality of life. The study discusses several implications for practice and identifies fruitful future research directions. |
| Keywords: | values, value–belief–norm theory, environmental sustainability, activism, beliefs, quality of life |
| Date: | 2022–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04558564&r= |
| By: | Bartsch, Florian; Busies, Iulia; Emambakhsh, Tina; Grill, Michael; Simoens, Mathieu; Spaggiari, Martina; Tamburrini, Fabio |
| Abstract: | Amid the growing financial vulnerabilities posed by climate change, we investigate macroprudential capital buffers to mitigate systemic risks and increase the resilience of the banking sector. Leveraging granular data and state-of-the-art stress testing methods, we quantify potential bank losses attributed to climate-related transition risks. Focusing on short-term transition scenarios, we document a significant variance among banks in their risk exposure, with the most exposed institutions being those characterized by lower excess capital. Subsequently, we introduce a methodological framework for tailoring bank-specific buffer requirements to cover these losses, offering macroprudential authorities a practical method for calibrating climate-related macroprudential capital buffers, complementing microprudential policies. While we focus our application on transition risks, the framework can be extended to capture all climate risks in general. The study demonstrates the potential of macroprudential capital buffers to mitigate potential climate-related losses and contributes to the understanding of the appropriate prudential policy response to these challenges. JEL Classification: E61, G21, G28, Q54 |
| Keywords: | climate change, climate risk, macroprudential policy, transition risk |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20242943&r= |
| By: | Catuna, Carmen |
| Abstract: | Due to the considerably limited possibilities of agricultural land use, because of climatic conditions, slopes and geological substratum, the mountain area is considered disadvantaged. This area is ecologically fragile, entailing great efforts, restrictions in the pursuit of certain economic activities and land use, and increasing the costs of all activities and works. All these aspects give agricultural producers a right to a difference and compensation. Mountain areas must therefore benefit from a specific policy, defined according to the principles of sustainable development, which ensures the needs of the present without compromising the chances of future generations. The resilience of upland areas refers to their capacity to adapt to and withstand changes and impacts in their environment. Aspects that contribute to the resilience of mountain areas are related to biodiversity, resilient infrastructure, management of natural and human resources, education, innovation, organisation and technology. The crises facing agriculture today – the energy crisis, the food insecurity crisis, the harsh realities and their impact are strongly felt everywhere and affect not only local, regional agriculture and food systems, but create new challenges for almost all sectors of life. Agricultural policies focus on knowledge development and innovation through the expansion of the farm advisory system, training and business development, green payments, increased support for knowledge transfer and innovation, the European Innovation Partnership on agricultural productivity and sustainability. |
| Keywords: | producer group, mountain area, agriculture, sustainable development, energy crisis, food security, regenerative agriculture |
| JEL: | Q00 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120770&r= |
| By: | Hiroaki Ino (School of Economics, Kwansei Gakuin University); Toshihiro Matsumura (Institute of Social Science, The University of Tokyo) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the optimal combination of emission and fuel taxes for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in a monopoly market. Greenhouse gases are emitted during both production and consumption stages (life-cycle emissions). We show that when a producer selects fuel efficiency endogenously, an additional strictly positive fuel tax should be imposed even if an optimal emission tax is introduced. Remarkably, the unit cost of fuel should be larger than the marginal social cost of fuel. The results imply that a government may maintain fuel taxes even after introducing an effective emission tax. |
| Keywords: | fuel tax, emission tax, optimal taxation, carbon pricing, vehicle industry, fuel efficiency |
| JEL: | Q58 Q48 H23 L51 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kgu:wpaper:273&r= |
| By: | Delia Sanchez Trancon; Xavier Leflaive |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the challenges and policy imperatives involved in implementing the Polluter Pays principle (PPP) in the context of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). It presents the state of play of the Polluter Pays principle in EU Member States. It also analyses the coherence with other policies in EU Member States, such as agriculture, land planning and industry. Furthermore, it examines the practical limitations of the Polluter Pays principle in relation to diffuse and legacy pollution. Finally, it questions how the principle fits into the Green Deal and future water-related challenges in the EU. This is the second in a sub-set of four working papers within the Environment Working Paper series destined to support the further implementation of the economic pillar of the Water Framework Directive. The four papers are best read in combination and provide lessons which are relevant beyond the European Union. |
| Keywords: | diffuse pollution, legacy pollution, polluter pays principle, pollution, water |
| JEL: | H23 H54 H76 O21 Q21 Q25 Q28 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:238-en&r= |
| By: | Roland Condor (Métis Lab EM Normandie - EM Normandie - École de Management de Normandie) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this article is to present and discuss an ongoing research programme on local carbon offsetting. It is based on a literature review and a few interviews with local voluntary carbon offsetting actors: farmers, communities, farmer services and experts. The paper first outlines how we moved from international to local carbon offsetting. The research methodology is then presented before the first elements of reflection are presented and discussed. In conclusion we propose a new term for designing local carbon offsetting: short carbon supply chain. This new concept suggests to think about carbon offsetting as a local supply chain dedicated to carbon storage and credits. |
| Keywords: | Carbon offsetting, Short Carbon Supply Chain, Carbon credits |
| Date: | 2023–07–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04552631&r= |
| By: | Delia Sanchez Trancon; Guy Halpern |
| Abstract: | This paper is part of a subset of working papers within the Environment Working Paper series, presenting research on the enabling environment for investment in water security. The subset includes country and regional projects aimed at pilot testing the Scorecard, designed to assess the enabling environment for investment in water security. The paper “Assessing the Enabling Conditions for Investment in Water Security: Scorecard Pilot Test in Asian Countries” delineates the findings from the initial phase. This paper marks the commencement of the second round of pilot tests in the EU’s Eastern Partnership Countries. It presents the results obtained from assessing the enabling environment for investment in water security in Armenia, using the Scorecard. It also presents policy recommendations based on the priority investment barriers identified during stakeholder consultations in the country, involving representatives from various Ministries engaged in water security and international donors. The assessment and recommendations cover the public investment framework and its impact on water-related sectors, the water investment framework, project bankability and sustainability, as well as the contribution of other economic sectors to water security. |
| Keywords: | Armenia, data, enabling environment, investment, irrigation, policy, public and private finance, regulation, sanitation, tool, wastewater, water resource management, water security, water supply |
| JEL: | H23 H41 H51 H54 L32 L38 L50 L95 L98 Q25 Q53 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:241-en&r= |
| By: | Rim El Khoury; Nohad Nasrallah (LARGE - Laboratoire de Recherche en Gestion et Economie - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg); Khaled Hussainey; Rima Assaf |
| Abstract: | This study is epicentral to analyze the impact of the Russia–Ukraine war on the financial markets, specifically focusing on the connectedness and spillover dynamics of FinTech, Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG), renewable energy, gold, and Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) indices in developed and emerging countries. Data are collected from Thomson Reuters, ranging from May 8, 2020, to May 11, 2022, and a time-varying parameter vector autoregression (TVP-VAR) and the dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) t-Copula (DCC-GARCH t-Copula) are used to analyze the data. The results show that FinTech, ESG, and MSCI are net transmitters in developed countries, whereas gold and renewable energy are net receivers pre- and during war periods. ESG and MSCI are net transmitters in emerging countries, while FinTech, renewable energy, and gold become net receivers in both periods. The hedging ratio sheds light on the costs and weights of efficient pair investments that might change in the context of each region and under the combined scenario. The study has important implications for merchant bankers, policymakers, investors, hedgers, and risk managers. |
| Date: | 2023–05–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04564870&r= |
| By: | Reyer Gerlagh; Etienne Lorang |
| Abstract: | We develop a framework for the representation of material flows in competitive equilibrium. Material balances track material flows, which adjust endogenously to economic transactions. We assume negative environmental effects of resource extraction and waste deposition and show that taxing resource extraction restores efficiency. Taxing waste, where generated, only restores efficiency if producers minimize users’ costs of their products, or if there is a dense set of goods with varied material content. We set up the general model structure and use a stylized 3-sector model for illustration. Finally we develop a quantitative stylized assessment of global steel and fossil fuel use. |
| Keywords: | material balances, material policies, waste policies, upstream versus downstream |
| JEL: | H21 Q29 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11091&r= |
| By: | Timmons, Shane; Papadopoulos, Alexandros; Lunn, Pete |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp775&r= |
| By: | Wear, David N. (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Wood products markets influence returns to forest land uses, and policies targeting these markets could influence land use outcomes, with important implications for timber scarcity, as well as conservation outcomes from watershed protection to carbon sequestration. In this paper, I model interactions between wood product demands, timber prices, and land use switching in the US South between 1982 and 2012 and show that the amount and volatility of financial returns to forests and agriculture influenced both afforestation and deforestation decisions. I then simulate the effects of demand expansion and forest policies on afforestation, deforestation, and net change in forest land area using counterfactual scenarios applied to 2007–12. One scenario estimates the effects of economic growth using the Great Recession as a natural experiment. Other scenarios examine policy approaches that (1) encourage additional wood use in construction, (2) subsidize tree planting, and (3) change agricultural returns. The economic growth (recession counterfactual) scenario results in little net change in forest area—increased afforestation driven by higher timber prices is offset by deforestation from increased demand for urban land uses. In contrast, policies that increase timber demands without increasing demands for urban land (e.g., using more wood in the built environment) are twice as effective as tree-planting subsidies at encouraging afforestation and expanding forest land uses. Agricultural returns more strongly affect deforestation decisions (forest-to-agriculture switching) than afforestation decisions (agriculture-to-forest switching) and have a very small impact on forest area. Results highlight how any policy that increases returns to forest uses, such as through carbon offset markets, could increase forest area in this region and others. |
| Date: | 2024–05–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-24-07&r= |
| By: | Virginia Cecchini Manara; Eleonora Ciscato; Pietro Guarnieri; Lorenzo Spadoni |
| Abstract: | The urgency of climate, biodiversity, and pollution crises has prompted international and national institutions to move beyond the prevention and mitigation of damages and to design policies aimed at promoting ecological restoration. In this paper, we address this emerging policy challenge by presenting experimental evidence on individuals’ propensity to contribute to restoration activities. Specifically, our design links a common pool resource game to a public good game to investigate how previous resource exploitation influences restoration decisions. We find that history matters since subjects who participate in resource depletion show a different behavior as compared to subjects who are only called to restore it. Specifically, while the former are subject to behavioral lock-ins that influence the success of restoration, the latter are more prompt to restore the more the resource is depleted. |
| Keywords: | Ecological Restoration, Common-pool resource game, Public good game |
| JEL: | C72 C99 Q48 |
| Date: | 2024–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pie:dsedps:2024/307&r= |
| By: | Anrriquez Anlauf, Dulce Serena; Lacaze, María Victoria; Zilio, Mariana I. |
| Abstract: | El agua es un recurso natural renovable, escaso y crítico para el desarrollo de la vida, por lo que también resulta estratégico. La disponibilidad natural de agua por habitante ha disminuido globalmente en un 30% en las últimas dos décadas debido al impacto del crecimiento poblacional, el cambio climático y el desarrollo económico (FAO, 2020). Dado este escenario y de acuerdo a la Agenda 2030 de la ONU, la consecución de diversos Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible demanda una urgente definición de esquemas de gestión sostenibles y equitativos para el uso y consumo del agua (ONU, 2018). |
| Keywords: | Agua Potable; Recursos Hídricos; Actividad Productiva; Partido de General Pueyrredon; |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4096&r= |
| By: | Célia Escribe (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CMAP - Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées - Ecole Polytechnique - X - École polytechnique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Lucas Vivier (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech); Louis-Gaëtan Giraudet (ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech); Philippe Quirion (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The low uptake of low-carbon heating systems across Europe has prompted au- thorities to consider more ambitious measures, including a complete ban on the instal- lation of new fossil fuel boilers. In this analysis, we assess this measure by simulating 3, 072 scenarios covering major uncertainties in a framework that includes both real- istic policy response and key interactions between the residential and energy sectors. Taking France as a case study, we demonstrate that the ban is critical to meet car- bon neutrality. Despite costly investments in heating system, the ban leads to higher cost-effectiveness across uncertainties, by saving additional flexibility capacity in the energy system. We finally illustrate how a well-designed subsidy program is instrumen- tal in mitigating horizontal and vertical inequalities that may arise from the policy's implementation. |
| Keywords: | climate change mitigation, fossil fuel ban, residential sector, energy mix, policy assessment |
| Date: | 2024–04–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-04538870&r= |
| By: | Aude Pommeret (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc); Antonin Pottier (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CMB - Centre Marc Bloch - MEAE - Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères - Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This note is concerned by the difference between production-based taxation and consumption-based taxation of CO2 emissions. We focus on the possible discrepancy between a carbon tax paid by the producer and a tax on the carbon content of the consumed good. We want to appraise if and how incentives from consumption-based taxation are pushed down the production chain. Depending on whether the producer takes as fixed the price he receives or the price paid by the consumer (price the producer receives plus the tax on carbon content), we have two different conclusions. This raises a puzzle: which price should be considered as fixed? We show that, if producers are rational, they should take the price paid by the consumer as given, not the price received by the producer. In this case, the tax on carbon content (consumption-based taxation) is equivalent to the standard carbon tax (production-based taxation). Our analysis stresses the importance of the producer's rationality, as well as the importance of differentiating taxation by the actual carbon content, specific to each producer. |
| Keywords: | Carbon tax, Tax on carbon content, Optimal taxation, Consumption-based policies, Energy transition |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-04534079&r= |
| By: | Mandal, Moumita |
| Abstract: | Climate change has emerged as the predominant "world problematique". Though entire populations are affected by climate change, women and girls suffer the most. The consequences of natural disasters, women face heighten real-life challenges, especially exposure to different forms of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV). Women are exposed to SGBV due to the lack of social, economic, and political security and the culture of widespread impunity for the perpetrators. There is no specific international legal instrument that deals with SGBV against women. While scholarship outlines how climate change exacerbates SGBV against women and girls, even the texts of the three specific climate change treaties (1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1997 Kyoto Protocol, and 2015 Paris Agreement) do not address the issue. Only the decisions of the Conference of the Parties in recent years have reflected the importance more recently. It is a new challenge for international law that needs to be duly addressed in a timely manner as a global common concern. Multilateralism, partnership, and cooperation at the global level could help to address the issue and find solutions. This study analyses the causal relationship between climate change and SGBV, the existing international legal instruments that are addressing the issue, and possible solutions to end SGBV. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, sexual and gender-based violence, international law, possible solutions |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:khkgcr:294845&r= |
| By: | Haldar, Stuti (CIRCLE, Lund University); Grillitsch, Markus (CIRCLE, Lund University); Bazaz, Amir (Indian Institute for Human Settlements) |
| Abstract: | This paper addresses the critical gap in understanding the justice implications of renewable energy transitions, particularly concerning the agency of different actor groups, including marginalised and local communities. Given urgency of transitioning to renewables to mitigate climate risks, it highlights the need for more human centric approaches to ensure equitable outcomes. To bridge this gap, the study proposes a theoretical framework centered on the capability approach, human agency, and energy justice. This framework demonstrates how capability sets shape human agency and influence the trajectory of transitions. Through a case study of the Pavagada Solar Power Park in India, the study exemplifies the practical application of this framework, exploring how policy interventions can enhance capability sets and empower communities throughout transition processes. By surfacing the mechanisms through which capability enhancement can foster more just outcomes, this research seeks to inform policymakers, practitioners, and scholars navigating the complexities of just energy transitions. Overall, this study contributes to advancing the discourse on energy justice and offers actionable insights for achieving more equitable and resilient energy transition pathways. |
| Keywords: | energy justice; energy transitions; institutional work; human agency; capability approach |
| JEL: | O20 O44 |
| Date: | 2024–05–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:lucirc:2024_007&r= |
| By: | Toke S. Aidt; Facundo Albornoz; Esther Hauk |
| Abstract: | This article explores the complex interplay between deforestation policies and foreign influence, using a game theoretical model to analyze geopolitical factors influencing forest conservation decisions in countries with significant rainforests. The model highlights the conflicting interests of foreign powers – one aiming for economic benefits from agriculture and the other advocating for forest preservation due to environmental services. The paper demonstrates how domestic political dynamics and economic shocks influence the regulatory decisions on deforestation. This understanding is crucial for formulating strategies that balance developmental needs and global environmental concerns. |
| Keywords: | foreign influence, geopolitics, deforestation, food security, Brazil, China, rainforest |
| JEL: | D72 D74 O13 Q23 P33 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1441&r= |
| By: | Fullerton, Sarah; Ludwig, Lisa |
| Keywords: | Architecture, 150w, UCB, Women in Environmental Design and Architecture |
| Date: | 2024–05–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt3n795999&r= |
| By: | Stefano Clò; Gianluca Iannucci; Alessandro Tampieri |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the interplay between firms' choices regarding Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility (ECSR) activities and the implementation of an emission trading system (ETS) within an oligopoly industry. We determine the equilibrium and stability conditions of an endogenous industry configuration where profit-seeking (PS) and ECSR firms coexist in the presence of an ETS policy. We derive some testable findings: first, the ECSR strategy is favoured by the increase in consumers' environmental concern, irrespective of any policy implementation. Second, the number of ECSR firms increases with the implementation of the ETS policy, provided that the number of allowances is sufficiently high. Finally, the number of ECSR firms decreases with the stringency of the ETS policy. We test the theoretical findings with a longitudinal dataset spanning the years 2002-2021, by evaluating how the number of ECSR firms in several industries and countries is affected by the introduction of the ``EU ETS scheme'' in 2005. Our empirical results are consistent with what is expected from the theory. |
| Keywords: | Emission trading scheme, Mixed oligopoly markets, Emission reduction investment |
| JEL: | C73 H23 L13 L21 M14 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frz:wpaper:wp2024_06.rdf&r= |
| By: | Karthikeyan MUTHUMARIAPPAN & Karthika PALANISAMY (Department of Cooperatives, College of Business & Economics, Wollo University, Dessie, Amhara Region, (Ethiopia)); Karthika PALANISAMY (Department of Management, College of Business & Economics, Kebredehar University, Kebredehar, Somali Region, (Ethiopia)) |
| Abstract: | Cooperatives are more relevant than ever if we look ahead at the development challenges and opportunities the world faces over the coming decades, and are being a key vehicle for sustainable livelihoods. This paper is an analytical review made by desk research of Cooperatives on the realization of sustainable development goals for enhancing livelihoods of people with multiple case studies approach. The cases highlight the contribution of cooperatives to sustainable development and showcase on the role of cooperatives in the design and implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Cases prove that cooperatives help create more equitable growth by generating economics of scale, and improving bargaining power; tackle rural poverty by increasing the productivity and incomes of small scale farmers; expand poor people’s access to financial services, can provide a range of services such as health care, housing and utilities; provide an opportunity for self-determination and empowerment of poor people and enable their members to have a voice and participate in a democratic process, thus having empowering development effects beyond their economic benefits. Cooperatives can help with conflict resolution, peace-building, social inclusion and social cohesion because they bring together people they can build trust and solidarity leading to greater social stability. By considering the evidences on the contributions and achievements made by Cooperatives in all sectors of economy and in all aspects of the life of people, cooperatives can be considered as hybrid approach that makes it more acquiescent than other business models to pull off sustainable development and livelihoods of world community through contributions towards SDGs. |
| Keywords: | Cooperatives, Hybrid Approach, Livelihoods, Sustainable Development, SDGs |
| JEL: | Q01 P13 I31 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crc:wpaper:2307&r= |
| By: | Bruno Fontaine (SMASH - Société de Mathématiques Appliquées et de Sciences Humaines, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Antoine Teixeira (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ADEME - Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie); Fanny Vicard (ADEME - Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie) |
| Keywords: | Input-output, Carbon footprint, Material footprint, Net-zero transition, hybrid calibration |
| Date: | 2023–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ciredw:hal-04483042&r= |
| By: | Amy Phillips; Dimitra Plastara; Ahmed Z. Khan; Frank Canters |
| Abstract: | Access to urban green space (UGS) is associated with a number of physical and social benefits. Recognizing the importance of UGS access for people's wellbeing, several methods have been proposed to model UGS accessibility and highlight areas underserviced by UGS. However, existing methodologies have several limitations. Models often make use of universal, normative maximum travel distances, which may not reflect the distances people actually travel to reach UGS they regularly visit. Additionally, many of these analyses do not consider UGS quality, which will largely influence use and experience of these spaces and may act as a pull factor affecting the distance people are willing to travel to visit a UGS. Those methods that do integrate quality often rely on proxies, such as size or number of amenities, and fail to consider perceived quality. To address these limitations, we propose a methodology that integrates user perception and the actual distance people are prepared to travel into a quality-accessibility (QA) analysis applied at the building block scale. Information on travel distance and quality are gathered from a public participation GIS survey conducted in the Brussels Capital Region. The results of the analysis highlight inequalities in access to specific, essential UGS experiences throughout the region. Insights provided by this analysis can help planners prioritize interventions to improve access to experiences provided by UGS in parts of the city where interventions are most needed. |
| Keywords: | Environmental justice; Green space equity; PPGIS; Urban green space accessibility; Urban green space quality; Urban green spaces |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/371425&r= |
| By: | Minh Ha-Duong (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | As Vietnam pursues its ambitious goal of transitioning from a middle-income to a higher-income country while simultaneously moving towards a zero-carbon society, it faces a complex set of challenges. This article delves into these challenges, focusing on the technological, infrastructural, financial and collaborative needs of this transition. |
| Date: | 2024–04–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04567669&r= |
| By: | Rodica Loisel (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - Nantes Univ - IAE Nantes - Nantes Université - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Sociétés - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université); Lionel Lemiale (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - Nantes Univ - IAE Nantes - Nantes Université - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Sociétés - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université); Silvana Mima (GAEL - Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Adrien Bidaud (IN2P3 - Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS) |
| Abstract: | This paper depicts the power system adequacy with respect to nuclear strategies by coupling investment with dispatching. The long-term energy model POLES simulates the Paris Agreement worldwide and is soft-linked with a power market model applied to France, EcoNUK. The nuclear flexibility is described by cycling frequency and amplitude, constrained by reactors minimum rated power and half-hour ramping rates. Results in 2050 show that the French power system made of 26% nuclear and 71% renewables in POLES needs deeper and longer flexibility with nuclear and gas in EcoNUK, due mainly to higher granular time-steps than the prospective model; and that reactors perform more deep cycles than allowed by their license (230 instead of 200). We show that scenarios with high shares of renewables build on the arbitrage between nuclear and gas, notably during peak loads in winter and night periods. Meeting the double target to reduce nuclear and carbon emissions requires more renewables, hence significant gas and nuclear power for adequacy, facing the dilemma nuclear versus emissions. Coupling short-term operation with long-term investment indicates that nuclear flexibility varies with the time-step of intermittency modeling, so scenarios need to include reactors constraints to reach an informed decision on renewables and nuclear. |
| Keywords: | Scenarios, Nuclear, Load-following, Long-term investment, Short-term operation |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04568072&r= |
| By: | Markus Brueckner; Sudyumna Dahal; Haiyan Lin |
| Abstract: | The average country in Asia-Pacific experiences more natural disasters than the average country of other developing regions. This paper presents stylized facts on natural disasters, human development, and external debt in Asia-Pacific. The paper also contains estimates of the effects that natural disasters have on human development. Controlling for country and time fixed effects, dynamic panel model estimates show that external debt has a mitigating effect on the adverse impacts that natural disasters have on human development: In countries with low external debt-to-GDP ratios, natural disasters significantly decrease the human development index; but not so in countries with high external debt-to-GDP ratios. External debt (i.e. borrowing from abroad) is a financial contract for obtaining resources from abroad (i.e. imports of goods and services). When a country experiencing a natural disaster borrows from abroad to increase imports of goods and services, the population suffers less when a natural disaster strikes. Natural disasters destroy goods and capital (e.g. food, machinery, buildings, and roads) in the country in which they occur. If imports of goods and services do not increase, then the population has less goods and services to consume following a natural disaster. By increasing imports, which are mirrored on the financial side by an increase in external debt, the population of a country that was struck by a natural disaster can smooth consumption. As the incidence of natural disasters increases globally, a policy recommendation for disaster-prone countries, supported by the empirical results of this paper, is the need for deeper and innovative mechanisms of access to international financing, including reforms in both domestic and international financial systems. |
| Keywords: | natural disasters, shocks, debt, human development |
| JEL: | O4 F3 Q54 H6 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2024-32&r= |
| By: | Corey J A Bradshaw (Flinders University [Adelaide, Australia]); Philip E Hulme (Lincoln University [Nouvelle-Zélande]); Emma J Hudgins (McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]); Brian Leung (McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]); Melina Kourantidou (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pierre Courtois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Anna J Turbelin (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Shana M Mcdermott (Trinity University); Katherine Lee (University of Idaho [Moscow, USA]); Danish A Ahmed (GUST - Gulf University for Science and Technology); Guillaume Latombe (University of Vienna [Vienna], Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research - University of Vienna [Vienna], Edin. - University of Edinburgh); Alok Bang (Azim Premji University); Thomas W Bodey (University of Aberdeen); Phillip J Haubrock (Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters [University of South Bohemia] - University of South Bohemia, GUST - Gulf University for Science and Technology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum [Frankfurt] - Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung - Leibniz Association); Frédérik Saltré (Flinders University [Adelaide, Australia]); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | While data on biological invasions and their economic toll are increasingly available, drivers of susceptibility to damage and cost-effectiveness of management in reducing long-term costs remain poorly understood. We used data describing the damage costs of, and management expenditure on, invasive species among 56 nations between 2000 and 2020 reported in the InvaCost database to test the overarching hypothesis that higher-income nations and those with higher trade volume have a higher efficiency to limit the damage incurred by invasive species by spending relatively more on management. We also tested whether nations with (i) more corruption have a reduced capacity to manage invasive species, leading to relatively higher damage costs, (ii) more educated citizens or greater technological and scientific output allow for improved incentives and ability to manage invasive species, thereby reducing relative damage costs, and (iii) economies based on higher primary resource dependencies (e.g., agriculture) are at greater risk of incurring high costs of invasive species, and so all other conditions being equal, have higher relative damage costs compared to management expenditure. By focusing on the ratio between damage costs and management expenditure, we analyse the willingness of countries to invest in management as a function of the extent of the damage suffered. We show that economic activity, measured by the volume of trade, is the main determinant of this ratio — the greater the volume, the smaller the ratio. We also found a higher rate of increase in the damage:management ratio as a country's proportion of total land area devoted to agriculture increased, suggesting that a higher economic dependency on agriculture predisposes a country to greater damage costs from invasive species over time. When considering the proportion of total costs identified as damage-related, results indicated that higher government investment in education produced higher proportional damage, and lower corruption and lower trade volume both reduced proportional damage. Our overall results suggest that wealthier nations with high per-capita imports of goods and services are more susceptible to damage, but also have a greater capacity to reduce it, and are therefore less threatened by biological invasions than countries with fewer resources and lower imports. |
| Keywords: | Management capacity, Invasion science, Primary production, Inva Cost, Damage susceptibility, International trade, Cost effectiveness |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04554467&r= |
| By: | Feld, Immanuel (University of Warwick); Fetzer, Thiemo (University of Warwick & Bonn and affiliated with CEPR, CAGE, NIESR, ECONtribute, Grantham Institute) |
| Abstract: | Climate action requires significant public- and private sector investment to achieve meaningful reductions in carbon emissions. This paper documents that large-scale austerity, coupled with barriers to flows of data and a lack of (digital) skills in (local) government, may have been a significant barrier to delivering climate action in the form of retrofitting. Decomposing heterogeneity in estimated treatment effects of a large-scale energy efficiency savings program that was rolled out through a regression discontinuity design in the early 2010s, we find that both the extent of austerity-induced local budget cuts and poor digital connectivity – may be responsible for up to 30% fewer retrofit installations that counterfactually would have taken place had it not been for austerity |
| Keywords: | state capacity, austerity, skills, climate action, public economics JEL Classification: Q54, Q58, H76, C21, O33, R11, H54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:708&r= |
| By: | Yanqiao Deng; Minda Ma |
| Abstract: | Assessing the energy and emissions of representative plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) model operations is crucial for accelerating carbon neutrality transitions in China's passenger car sector. This study makes the first attempt to create a bottom-up model to measure the real-world energy use and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of China's top twenty selling PHEV model operations across different geographical regions during 2020-2022. The results indicate that (1) the actual electricity intensity for the best-selling PEHV models (20.2-38.2 kilowatt-hour [kWh]/100 kilometers [km]) was 30-40% higher than the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) values, and the actual gasoline intensity (4.7 to 23.5 liters [L]/100 km) was 3-6 times greater than the NEDC values. (2) The overall energy consumption of the best-selling models exhibited variations among various geographical regions, and the total gasoline equivalent was twice as high in southern China (1283 mega-liters, 2020-2022) than in northern China and the Yangtze River Middle Reach. (3) The top-selling models emitted 4.9 mega-tons (Mt) of CO2 nationwide from 2020-2022, 1.9 Mt from electricity and 3 Mt from gasoline. In northern China, carbon emissions per vehicle were more than 1.2 times greater than those in other regions. Furthermore, targeted policy implications for expediting the carbon-neutral transition within the passenger vehicles are proposed. Overall, this study reviews and compares national and regional benchmark data and performance data for PHEV operations. Its objective is to bolster national decarbonization initiatives, ensuring low emissions and expediting the transportation sector's transition toward a net-zero era. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2405.07308&r= |
| By: | Xavier Leflaive; Aude Farnault |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the concept of cost recovery of water services under the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD), including the different types of costs and cost-recovery mechanisms. It presents the state of play in the implementation of cost recovery in EU Member States, for financial, environmental and resource costs. It also analyses the political, societal and technical issues affecting cost recovery in EU Member States. Furthermore, it examines emerging options to recover rising costs, including ways to minimise costs and innovative arrangements to supplement existing funding streams. Finally, it questions how fit cost recovery is as a concept for emerging and future water-related challenges in the EU. This is the fourth in a sub-set of four working papers within the Environment Working Paper series destined to support the further implementation of the economic pillar of the Water Framework Directive. The four papers are best read in combination and provide lessons which are relevant beyond the European Union. |
| Keywords: | affordability, charges, cost recovery, equity, financing, pricing, tariffs, water |
| JEL: | H23 H54 H76 O21 Q21 Q25 Q28 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:240-en&r= |
| By: | Hugo Morão |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the impact of unexpected changes in European carbon policy on Portugal’s energy sector, focusing on effects on sales, output prices, and labor market dynamics. Using a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model, the study finds that news of tighter carbon regulations leads to a significant short-term increase in domestic sales. Output prices rise in both home and foreign markets, with a larger increase observed in the latter. The labor market responds positively, as evidenced by higher wages and hours worked. The study also reveals that these carbon policy changes have played a significant role in historical fluctuations within the energy sector, especially during the Great Financial Crisis and key policy changes. The findings highlight the importance of judicious policymaking concerning carbon regulations, as the escalation in energy prices wields significant economic effects, though not all of these effects are bad from the energy industry standpoint. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, carbon credits, emissions trading, cap and trade, Euro Area, SVAR |
| JEL: | E32 E62 H23 Q48 Q58 L94 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ise:remwps:wp03212024&r= |
| By: | Robert Kubinec; David Reinstein |
| Abstract: | This is an evaluation of "Does the Squeaky Wheel Get More Grease? The Direct and Indirect Effects of Citizen Participation on Environmental Governance in China". Revised 11 August because of a small oversight. Please see further content below. |
| Date: | 2023–08–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bjn:evalua:squeaky-e1&r= |
| By: | Ha Trong Nguyen; Mitrou, Francis |
| Abstract: | Amidst growing concerns over heightened natural disaster risks, this study pioneers an inquiry into the causal impacts of cyclones on the demand for private health insurance (PHI) in Australia. We amalgamate a nationally representative longitudinal dataset with historical cyclone records, employing an individual fixed effects model to assess the impacts of various exogenously determined cyclone exposure measures. Our findings unveil that both contemporaneous and preceding cyclones, particularly those of greater severity, substantially increase the likelihood of individuals procuring PHI. The largest estimated impact amounts to over 4 percentage points, representing approximately 8% of the sample mean and aligns with documented effects of certain PHI policies aimed at enhancing coverage. Furthermore, our findings withstand a series of sensitivity assessments, including a placebo test demonstrating that future cyclones do not impact current PHI enrolment. Moreover, the cyclone impacts are more pronounced for females, younger individuals, homeowners, affluent individuals, or those with prior residential insurance coverage, as well as residents of rural and coastal areas or historically cyclone-exposed regions. Additionally, our study furnishes suggestive evidence hinting at a potential rise in risk aversion among affected individuals as a channel through which cyclones increase PHI uptake. |
| Keywords: | Natural Disasters, Risk Preferences, Health Insurance, Australia |
| JEL: | D81 G22 I13 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1434&r= |
| By: | Christoph Albert; Paula Bustos; Jacopo Ponticelli |
| Abstract: | Climate change is expected to reduce agricultural productivity in developing countries. Classic international trade and geography models predict that the optimal adaptation response is a reallocation of capital and labor from agriculture towards sectors and regions gaining comparative advantage. In this paper, we provide evidence on the effects of recent changes in climate in Brazil to understand to what extent factor market frictions constrain this reallocation process. We document that persistent increases in dryness do not generate capital reallocation but a sharp reduction in credit to all sectors in both drying areas and financially integrated regions. In additionn, dryness generates a large reduction in agricultural employment. Workers staying in drying regions reallocate towards manufacturing but climate migrants are allocated to small firms outside of manufacturing in destination regions. The evidence suggests that frictions in the interbank market and spatial labor market frictions constrain the reallocation process from agriculture to manufacturing. |
| Keywords: | droughts, SPEI, Brazil, migration, financial integration |
| JEL: | O1 Q54 O16 J61 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:upf:upfgen:1887&r= |
| By: | Kleeman, Michael J. PhD; Wu, Shenglun |
| Abstract: | Lack of a strong reduction in ambient ozone (O3) concentrations during reduced traffic periods associated with COVID-19 calls into question the conventional wisdom that mobile sources dominate air pollution in California. Fossil-fueledmmotor vehicles emit oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are precursors to O3 formation, but the chemical reaction system that forms O3 is complex. The ratio of NOx/VOCs determines if the O3 formation regime is NOx-limited (reducing NOx reduces O3) or NOx-rich (reducing NOx increases O3). This project developed new methods to directly measure O3 chemistry in the atmosphere and applied them over long-term campaigns in multiple California cities to quantify traffic contributions to O3 formation. A seasonal-cycle was observed of NOx-rich O3 chemistry during cooler months trending toward NOx-limited chemistry in warmer months. Superimposed on this seasonal cycle was a spatial pattern of NOx-rich chemistry in dense urban cores and NOx-limited chemistry in areas downwind of urban cores. Chemistry-based models with source tagging were also developed to better understand these trends. Seasonal changes to biogenic VOC and gasoline evaporative VOC emissions likely explain the seasonal changes in O3 formation chemistry. Reduced traffic emissions in March 2020 did not reduce O3 concentrations because the chemistry was heavily NOx-rich during the spring season. Extended model predictions suggest that similar traffic reductions could have reduced ambient O3 concentrations in small and intermediate cities if they would have occurred in summer months. Traffic reductions alone would not be sufficient to reduce O3 concentrations in the urban cores of larger cities. Reduced emissions from transportation sources can improve air quality in California, but transportation sources no longer exclusively dominate O3 formation. Future emissions controls should be coordinated across multiple sectors (including transportation) to achieve their objectives. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Air quality, nitrogen oxides, ozone, vehicle emissions, traffic volume |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0sk24033&r= |
| By: | Nathalie de Marcellis-Warin; François Vaillancourt; Ingrid Peignier; Molivann Panot; Thomas Gleize; Simon Losier |
| Abstract: | The aim of this research report is to identify and better understand the barriers and incentives to the adoption of innovative technologies in the Quebec mining sector in the operational phase, while examining the potential impact of ESG (environmental, social and governance) criteria on this adoption. The initial finding, based on the most recent data published by Statistics Canada (2017-2019 period), highlighted a certain lag in innovation in the Quebec mining sector compared to other industrial sectors, as well as a certain lag in terms of organizational innovations compared to Ontario mining companies. This project aims to update these findings, particularly in view of the economic changes of the past five years. In fact, mining investment in Quebec increased in 2022 compared to the previous five years. The first part of the project is based on an in-depth review of the literature on mining innovation and sustainable finance, establishing a solid knowledge base. The second part of the project aims to update the findings of the literature and to validate, invalidate or qualify them by applying them specifically to the Quebec context. This phase involved interviews with 30 key industry players, complemented by over 50 informal meetings at industry events. Innovation in the mining sector is seen as a key driver of competitive advantage, generating cost savings, improved efficiency and productivity, while offering more difficult-to-quantify benefits such as reduced health & safety, environmental and reputational risks. However, the adoption of innovations in the mining sector is influenced by three categories of factors: the sector's inherent economic characteristics, particularly the capital intensity and cyclical nature of the mining industry; the sector's complex organizational context, focused on risk management and marked by loss aversion; the sector's specific ecosystem in Quebec, characterized by stakeholders with sometimes divergent interests, which sometimes makes data governance complex, especially as the industry's digital transformation intensifies. The rise of ESG criteria in the mining sector is creating new challenges. The growing demand for transparency on the part of investors can have an impact on companies, particularly mining companies, where maintaining the social license to operate remains crucial. Beyond GHG emissions, greater transparency regarding social and environmental impacts is becoming essential. Although there is currently no consensus on the link between ESG and financial performance, poor ESG practices are perceived as detrimental. Accurate monitoring of ESG data and transparency based on common standards will be useful in anticipating future regulations. In conclusion, it is essential to direct investments towards sustainable technologies, promote collaboration with all industry stakeholders and prepare for increased transparency on ESG criteria, harmonized on an industry scale. Le présent rapport de recherche vise à identifier et à mieux comprendre les obstacles et les incitatifs à l'adoption de technologies innovantes dans le secteur minier québécois en phase d'exploitation, tout en examinant l'impact potentiel des critères ESG (environnementaux, sociaux et de gouvernance) sur cette adoption. Le constat initial, en se basant sur les plus récentes données publiées par Statistique Canada (période 2017-2019), soulignait un certain retard du secteur minier québécois en matière d'innovation par rapport à d'autres secteurs industriels ainsi qu’un certain retard en termes d’innovations organisationnelles par rapport aux compagnies minières ontariennes. Ce projet vise à mettre à jour ces constats, en particulier à la lumière des changements économiques des cinq dernières années. L'investissement minier au Québec a d’ailleurs connu une augmentation en 2022 par rapport aux cinq années précédentes. Le premier volet du projet repose sur une revue approfondie de la littérature concernant l'innovation minière et la finance durable, établissant ainsi une base solide de connaissances. Le deuxième volet du projet vise à actualiser les constats émanant de la littérature et à les valider, infirmer ou nuancer en les appliquant spécifiquement au contexte québécois. Cette phase a impliqué des entretiens avec 30 acteurs clés du secteur, complétés par plus de 50 rencontres informelles lors d'événements sectoriels. L'innovation au sein du secteur minier est considérée comme un levier créateur d'avantages compétitifs, engendrant des économies de coûts, une amélioration de l'efficacité et de la productivité, tout en offrant des avantages plus difficilement quantifiables, tels que la réduction des risques en matière de santé/sécurité, d'environnement, et de réputation. Toutefois, l'adoption des innovations dans le secteur minier est influencée par trois catégories de facteurs : les caractéristiques économiques inhérentes au secteur, notamment l’intensité en capital et l’aspect cyclique de l’industrie minière ; le contexte organisationnel complexe du secteur, axé sur la gestion des risques et marqué par une aversion aux pertes ; l'écosystème spécifique du secteur au Québec, caractérisé par des acteurs aux intérêts parfois divergents, qui rend parfois complexe la gouvernance des données, surtout dans un contexte d'intensification de la transformation numérique de l'industrie. L’essor des critères ESG dans le secteur minier crée de nouveaux défis. La demande croissante de transparence de la part des investisseurs peut impacter les entreprises, en particulier les sociétés minières, où le maintien de la licence sociale d'exploitation demeure crucial. Au-delà des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, une transparence accrue concernant les impacts sociaux et environnementaux devient essentielle. Bien que le lien entre la performance ESG et financière ne fasse pas l'objet d'un consensus actuellement, des pratiques ESG déficientes sont perçues comme préjudiciables. Le suivi précis des données ESG et une transparence reposant sur des cadres communs seront utiles pour anticiper d'éventuelles réglementations à venir. En conclusion, il est essentiel d'orienter les investissements vers des technologies durables, de promouvoir la collaboration avec tous les intervenants de l'industrie et de se préparer à une transparence accrue sur les critères ESG, harmonisée à l'échelle industrielle. |
| Keywords: | Mining innovation, Mining sector, Sustainable finance, ESG, Social license to operate, Data, Incentives and disincentives to innovation adoption, Digital transformation, Innovation minière, Secteur minier, Finance durable, ESG, Licence sociale d'opérer, Données, Incitatifs et freins à lâadoption dâinnovation, Transformation numérique |
| Date: | 2024–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirpro:2024rp-01&r= |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | A solo seis años del plazo establecido para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible, su logro requiere de un nivel de acción colectiva sin precedentes. Para ello es necesario reforzar el compromiso de todos los actores relevantes a fin de encontrar y poner en marcha soluciones duraderas. Aunque los ODS son de alcance mundial, su consecución dependerá de la capacidad para hacerlos realidad a nivel subnacional, local y territorial, incluidos pueblos, ciudades y regiones. En este contexto, el propósito de esta guía es compartir lecciones aprendidas y apoyar los esfuerzos de los gobiernos locales para territorializar la Agenda 2030 a través de la elaboración de exámenes locales voluntarios. |
| Date: | 2024–04–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:69131&r= |
| By: | Tony Addison; Alan R. Roe |
| Abstract: | While market mechanisms and private initiatives can deliver much for development, public action is also necessary to: maximize the economic benefits of the extractive industries; manage potentially large capital and revenues flows; minimize adverse environmental and social impacts; and steer the economy towards a net zero future. An 'All of Government Approach' is desirable: to coordinate action, especially between local and central government, around a long-term sector strategy; and to provide the private sector with a consistent policy framework which encourages investment. |
| Keywords: | Extractive industries, Oil, Mining, Natural gas, Sovereign wealth funds, Taxation |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-33&r= |
| By: | Christoph Albert; Paula Bustos; Jacopo Ponticelli |
| Abstract: | Climate change is expected to reduce agricultural productivity in developing countries. Classic international trade and geography models predict that the optimal adaptation response is a reallocation of capital and labor from agriculture towards sectors and regions gaining comparative advantage. In this paper, we provide evidence on the effects of recent changes in climate in Brazil to understand to what extent factor market frictions constrain this reallocation process. We document that persistent increases in dryness do not generate capital reallocation but a sharp reduction in credit to all sectors in both drying areas and financially integrated regions. In addition, dryness generates a large reduction in agricultural employment. Workers staying in drying regions reallocate towards manufacturing but climate migrants are allocated to small firms outside of manufacturing in destination regions. The evidence suggests that frictions in the interbank market and spatial labor market frictions constrain the reallocation process from agriculture to manufacturing. |
| Keywords: | droughts, SPEI, Brazil, migration, financial integration |
| JEL: | O1 Q54 O16 J61 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1445&r= |
| By: | United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE) |
| Abstract: | Excerpts from the Executive Summary: The Northern Triangle of Central America (NTCA) is composed of three countries, namely El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. Besides having common geographic features, the countries are characterized by increasing migration, and exposure and vulnerability to climate change. Agriculture is a significant sector that employs large numbers of rural population across the three countries. Concurrently, it is also heavily impacted by climate variability and climate change, which compounds the existing vulnerabilities of people employed in agriculture. The report is based on analyzing four main agricultural systems which are key for more than 80 percent of agricultural households in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras: coffee, staple grains, livestock, and vegetables. The objective of this report is to systematize primary data and existing knowledge about climate change impacts and vulnerability of the agricultural sector in the NTCA countries, specifically of coffee, staple grains, livestock and vegetables farmers, with an additional aim of having spatial detail on livelihoods and beneficiaries of interventions for building resilience and contributing to the U.S. Strategy for Addressing the Root Causes of Migration in Central America. To our best knowledge, this report is the only one to use systems and livelihoods approach for an analysis of agricultural vulnerability, resilience, food security and migration, and to additionally provide a comprehensive inquiry that includes spatial specificity. The report links the results of the analysis with the existing, on-the-ground practices and it offers concrete proposals for actions in the NTCA. Based on the field data, USDA and CATIE scientists’ inputs, and complemented with reviews of relevant literature, this report highlights some of the key issues related to agricultural livelihoods, their resilience to the effects of climate change, and interlinkages of agricultural resilience, food security and migration, and it provides concrete suggestions for strategic interventions for increasing agricultural resilience in the NTCA. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Farm Management, Food Security and Poverty, International Development, International Relations/Trade, Labor and Human Capital, Livestock Production/Industries, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:usdami:342472&r= |
| By: | Bennæs, Anders; Skogset, Martin; Svorkdal, Tormod; Fagerholt, Kjetil; Herlicka, Lisa; Meisel, Frank; Rickels, Wilfried |
| Abstract: | Carbon capture and storage (CCS) for industrial emission point sources is one of the potential instruments to achieve net-zero carbon dioxide (CO2) goals. However, emission point sources and storage formations are often far from each other, which requires capable CO2 transportation infrastructure. While pipeline transportation promises low cost for high and stable flows of CO2, ship transportation may be more expensive but also more flexible with regards to transport quantities and storage locations. Here, we present a mixed integer programming (MIP) model to provide decision support for a CCS Supply Chain Design Problem (CCS-SCDP) with the goal of minimizing total supply chain costs. We apply the model to four future CO2 supply scenarios, capturing CO2 from German industrial sources and bringing them to the Northern Lights unloading port in Kollsnes, Norway, for storage in a submarine geological formation. Our analysis reveals that the fraction of transportation costs of total supply chain costs drop considerably from 22 to 10 percent by economies of scale if annual capture volume increases. For low capture volumes, a ship-based solution is cheaper, while an offshore pipeline solution is favored for larger capture volumes. Accordingly, the potential gains from economies of scale in a pipeline-based solution must be balanced against potential lock-in effects in the investment decision for a CCS supply chain. |
| Keywords: | Carbon capture and storage, Supply chain design, Pipeline network, Ship transportation, German–Norwegian case study, Mixed integer programming |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:295104&r= |
| By: | Sirini Jeudy-Hugo; Luca Lo Re; Coline Pouille; Sofie Errendal |
| Abstract: | The Paris Agreement is underpinned by Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in which Parties set out how they plan to support the Agreement’s long-term temperature goal. Parties are to submit their next NDCs by early 2025, informed by the first global stocktake (GST1). The GST1 sets out key signals and a series of mitigation focused calls in line with 1.5°C pathways that can guide the next generation of NDCs. This paper explores how Parties can prepare enhanced NDCs that take forward GST1 outcomes on mitigation and relevant provisions on NDCs, building on lessons learned from successive NDCs and available follow-up opportunities to support this process. Insights from experiences highlight the interlinkages between enhancing NDC ambition and implementation. Ambitious NDCs underpinned by robust implementation plans and accompanying investment plans can ensure NDCs are action oriented, implementation ready and investable. At the same time, adopting whole-of-government, whole-of-society approaches to NDCs can foster a sense of national ownership and increase social acceptance, leading to more ambitious NDCs and support subsequent implementation. The paper also explores potential guidance that could be relevant for negotiations on NDC features in 2024. While recognising the nationally determined character of NDCs, Parties could use these negotiations to provide clarity on new issues that have emerged since the Paris Agreement was adopted and on existing elements that could benefit from clarification. When addressing negotiations on NDC features, Parties may also want to consider a longer-term perspective beyond the next NDCs and links with other relevant negotiation processes on reporting and transparency. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Global stocktake, NDCs, Paris Agreement, UNFCCC |
| JEL: | F53 Q56 Q58 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaab:2024/01-en&r= |
| By: | Maldonado, Jorge Higinio (Universidad de los Andes); Moreno-Sánchez, Rocío del Pilar (Universidad de los Andes) |
| Abstract: | La región de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) es especialmente rica en biodiversidad. Con cerca del 16% de la superficie terrestre alberga el 50% de la diversidad biológica del planeta. Además, es una región privilegiada en oferta hídrica, con cerca de la tercera parte del potencial mundial. Esta biodiversidad sustenta a los ecosistemas naturales que proveen servicios de aprovisionamiento, regulación y culturales fundamentales para el bienestar de la sociedad. Sin embargo, estos ecosistemas se encuentran bajo amenaza debido, principalmente, a la transformación de hábitats, la contaminación, el cambio climático, las invasiones biológicas y la sobreexplotación. A la vez, los sistemas de gobernanza, el desarrollo económico y tecnológico, las tendencias demográficas, y fallas en las políticas tienden a agravar estas presiones. Desde el punto de vista económico, estos impactos se asocian a tres fallas de mercado: problemas de derechos de propiedad, externalidades y problemas de información. Este documento presenta una caracterización de la biodiversidad en ALC, destacando su estado actual, importancia y amenazas; adicionalmente, presenta un conjunto de políticas que han sido diseñadas y aplicadas para contribuir a la conservación de la biodiversidad y a su uso sostenible, con énfasis en tres sectores claves: turismo, pesca y agua. Un segundo documento complementa esta información con un análisis del valor económico de la biodiversidad en la región. |
| Keywords: | Diversidad biológica; cambio climático; fallas de mercado; Convenio de Diversidad Biológica; turismo; pesca; agua; América Latina y el Caribe. |
| JEL: | A12 D04 H41 N56 Q01 Q22 Q25 Q26 Q51 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2024–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:021138&r= |
| By: | Parinitha R. Sastry; Emil Verner; David Marques Ibanez |
| Abstract: | We use administrative credit registry data from Europe to study the impact of voluntary lender net zero commitments. We have two sets of findings. First, we find no evidence of lender divestment. Net zero banks neither reduce credit supply to the sectors they target for decarbonization nor do they increase financing for renewables projects. Second, we find no evidence of reduced financed emissions through engagement. Borrowers of net zero banks are not more likely to set decarbonization targets or reduce their verified emissions. Our estimates rule out even moderate-sized effects. These results highlight the limits of voluntary commitments for decarbonization. |
| JEL: | G2 G21 G3 Q5 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32402&r= |
| By: | Chiara Falduto; Jolien Noels; Raphaël Jachnik |
| Abstract: | At the UNFCCC COP21 in 2015, Parties decided that a New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance shall be set prior to 2025, from a floor of USD 100 billion per year, taking into account the needs and priorities of developing countries. The ad-hoc work programme on the NCQG commenced at the beginning of 2022 and will conclude in 2024. In this context, the present paper puts forward key findings that can help to inform the final months of international discussions relating to the NCQG. First, the paper provides a stocktake of available evidence highlighting that climate action in developing countries requires significant levels of financing that can be met from a wide, and complementary, range of existing and potential new sources. Second, the paper considers how the NCQG could reflect various individual elements, grouped in three clusters: international public finance, private finance, and domestic efforts. Without pre-empting the future structure of the NCQG, the discussion in this paper illustrates how to potentially reflect both the importance of international public finance as well as the need to scale up private finance, while also recognising the magnitude and effectiveness of such finance depends on the domestic context and actions by all Parties. Third, the paper explores issues relating to tracking and assessing progress towards the future goal. These indicate that while certain elements can be tracked in monetary terms, others would require a different type of quantified indicators or qualitative information. These considerations also highlight that although data and information stemming from the Paris Agreement’s Enhanced Transparency Framework will be central, further sources will be needed for such progress assessments to be as comprehensive and policy relevant as possible. |
| Keywords: | climate change, Climate finance, New collective quantified goal, Paris Agreement, UNFCCC |
| JEL: | F35 F63 F64 Q01 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2024–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaab:2024/02-en&r= |
| By: | Evan Herrnstadt; Jared Jageler |
| Abstract: | This working paper provides an estimate of the potential damage avoided from spending by governments and homeowners on property-level flood risk adaptations, primarily buyouts and elevations. The literature on that topic offers some estimates, but they are difficult to compare and apply across contexts because they analyze different adaptation measures, cover different geographic scopes, and use different modeling approaches. To provide a set of internally consistent estimates, therefore, we develop a nationwide framework using inland and coastal residential properties that |
| JEL: | H84 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:wpaper:58168&r= |
| By: | ANTONIOLI Federico (European Commission - JRC); CIAIAN Pavel (European Commission - JRC); BALDONI Edoardo (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Relying on the EU FADN dataset for the period 2004-2020, the reports quantitatively estimates the impact of Geographical Indications (GIs) on the economic, environmental and social performances of GI vineyard farms. The empirical analyses employed the combined matching and difference-in-differences estimation technique, which allows several important sources of bias to be addressed, such as self-selection bias, time-invariant and time-variant systematic differences across farms and functional form misspecification. The estimated results suggest that GIs improve economic performance of vineyard farms. GIs also have some positive impact on social dimension by stimulating higher farm wages, while have statistically insignificant impact on farm employment. In contrast, GIs are found to have rather small impact on environmental performance of farms potentially leading to some reduction of energy use, while having no impact on plant protection use of vineyard farms. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135467&r= |
| By: | Bowman, Maria; Afi, Maroua; Beenken, Aubree; Boline, Amy; Drewnoski, Mary; Krupek, Fernanda Souza; Parsons, Jay; Redfearn, Daren; Wallander, Steven; Whitt, Christine |
| Abstract: | Cover crops can provide environmental benefits, and their use is increasing across the United States. Cover crops can also be costly to implement. The literature suggests that for livestock operations, grazing or harvesting cover crops for forage can be profitable due to the forage benefit. However, a new analysis of Federal data shows that around 14 percent of cattle operations with cropland grew cover crops in 2017. Certain types of cattle operations are more likely to report cover crop use. Dairy and feedlot operations are more than twice as likely to use cover crops as cattle operations overall (33 percent of dairy and 27 percent of feedlot operations), and many operations with cover crops report grazing them or harvesting them for forage. In 2021, 72 percent of dairy operations and 89 percent of cow-calf operations with cover crops reported harvesting or grazing at least some cover crop acreage, which suggests the forage value of cover crops may be a driver of adoption on those operations. Finally, this report discusses the potential for integrating cover crops and livestock systems in the United States (as well as barriers) and presents several research opportunities that could address knowledge gaps. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Land Economics/Use, Livestock Production/Industries, Production Economics, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersap:342471&r= |
| By: | Fahr, Stephan; Senner, Richard; Vismara, Andrea |
| Abstract: | While global supply chains have recently gained attention in the context of the Covid-related crisis as well as the war in Ukraine, their role in transmitting and amplifying climate-related physical risks across countries has received surprisingly little attention. To address this shortcoming, this paper for the first time combines country-level GDP losses due to climate-related physical risks with a global Input-Output model. More specifically, climate-related GDP-at-risk data are used to quantify the potential direct impact of physical risks on GDP at the country or regional level. This direct impact on GDP is then used to shock a global Input-Output (IO) model so that the propagation of the initial shock to country-sectors around the world becomes observable. The findings suggest that direct GDP loss estimates can severely underestimate the ultimate impact of physical risk because trade can lead to losses that are up to 30 times higher in the EA than what looking at the direct impacts would suggest. However, trade can also mitigate losses if substitutability across country-sectors is possible. Future research should (i) develop more granular, holistic, and forward-looking global physical risk data and (ii) examine more closely the role of both partially substitutable outputs, and critical outputs that are less substitutable or not substitutable at all, such as in the food sector. JEL Classification: E01, Q54, Q56, F18 |
| Keywords: | climate change, physical risk, supply chains |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20242942&r= |
| By: | Helen Laubenstein; Xavier Leflaive |
| Abstract: | This paper examines three sets of issues related to strategic investment planning and financing for water: i) Investment planning in an uncertain context; ii) The benefits of supplementing project level planning with a consideration for pathways of investments; iii) Facilitating access to a wider range of financing sources, most importantly commercial finance. Together these issues can enhance the performance of water-related finance, making the best use of available finance and assets, in a context marked by high-level of (public and private) debt and rising cost of finance. This is the first in a sub-set of four working papers within the Environment Working Paper series destined to support the further implementation of the economic pillar of the Water Framework Directive. The four papers are best read in combination and provide lessons which are relevant beyond the European Union. |
| Keywords: | financing strategy, infrastructure finance, investment pathway, investment planning, water finance |
| JEL: | H23 H54 H76 O21 Q21 Q25 Q28 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:237-en&r= |
| By: | Maldonado, Jorge Higinio (Universidad de los Andes); Moreno-Sánchez, Rocío del Pilar (Universidad de los Andes) |
| Abstract: | La región de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) es especialmente rica en biodiversidad. Con cerca del 16% de la superficie terrestre alberga el 50% de la diversidad biológica del planeta. Esta biodiversidad sustenta a los ecosistemas naturales que proveen servicios de aprovisionamiento, regulación y culturales fundamentales para el bienestar de la sociedad. Sin embargo, estos ecosistemas se encuentran bajo amenaza debido, principalmente, a la transformación de hábitats, la contaminación, el cambio climático, las invasiones biológicas y la sobreexplotación. A la vez, los sistemas de gobernanza, el desarrollo económico y tecnológico, las tendencias demográficas, y fallas en las políticas tienden a agravar estas presiones. Desde el punto de vista económico, estos impactos se asocian a tres fallas de mercado: problemas de derechos de propiedad, externalidades y problemas de información. Después de analizar estos temas en un primer documento, este presenta un análisis del valor económico de la biodiversidad en ALC, tendiendo en cuenta tanto enfoques basados en las cuentas nacionales como ejercicios de valoración de bienes y servicios no mercadeables; inicialmente, se hace un análisis general de valoración y, posteriormente, se analiza el valor económico asociado a tres sectores claves por su relación con la biodiversidad y la actividad económica en la región: turismo, pesca y agua, los cuales dependen en buena medida de la salud de los ecosistemas. El documento termina con una discusión sobre la necesidad de considerar este conocimiento en las políticas públicas con miras a cumplir las metas de biodiversidad. |
| Keywords: | Diversidad biológica; valoración económica; fallas de mercado; Convenio de Diversidad Biológica; turismo; pesca; agua; América Latina y el Caribe |
| JEL: | A12 D04 H41 N56 Q01 Q22 Q25 Q26 Q51 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2024–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:021139&r= |
| By: | Haufe, Luise |
| Abstract: | Peri-urbanisation has been conceptualised during the recent years. In this research work, peri-urbanisation is viewed through the lens of water body conversion from rural to eventually urban use. Underlying power relations and networks are examined, using an assemblage thinking approach combined with the framework of Situated (Urban) Political Ecology on a case study in peri-urban Chennai, Tamil Nadu, South India. Chennai experiences rapid expansion and its peri-urban zone tells numerous stories of transformation. The underlying rural landscape was defined by the eri (or tank) system and has evolved as a cultural landscape within the past centuries. An eri (Tamil: lake, reservoir) is a semi-natural water body, which catches water during monsoon to retain and release it during the dry season. With the help of eris, agriculture was enabled throughout the year by creating a balance between wet and dry seasons. Eris are connected to each other and form a system of water bodies, which increases the efficiency of water retention as the capacities of the entire system can be utilised through spillover from one eri to another. Within the current context of urbanisation however, eris have to change their meaning to fit into the new setting. This research is focussed on how eris in peri-urban Chennai are being transformed from rural irrigation reservoirs to urban water bodies - a transformation with very diverse outcomes, ranging from modern drinking water reservoirs to decaying water bodies used as landfills. Moreover, the eri defines its surroundings in the traditional cultural landscape, by creating two types of land: irrigated farmland under individual ownership and common land. Peri-urbanisation of eris usually includes their disconnection from their immediate surroundings on the physical, social and administrative level. The characteristics of the two traditional land types and their connection to the eri shape the peri-urbanisation process in regard to legal security, pace of change, land value, environmental and social impact. This results in urban areas of different characteristics, which are based on their former rural land type. The eri as defining landscape feature can therefore be seen as peri-urban development nucleus. Hence, the term "urban eri" is established to define a water body, which has undergone disconnection from its earlier rural surroundings to be reintegrated into its later urban context, thus (re)shaping access mechanisms and the future urban form. |
| Date: | 2024–05–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:pgkn5&r= |
| By: | Ariel Ortiz-Bobea; Robert G. Chambers; Yurou He; David B. Lobell |
| Abstract: | Increasing agricultural productivity is a gradual process with significant time lags between research and development (R&D) investment and the resulting gains. We estimate the response of US agricultural Total Factor Productivity (TFP) to both R&D investment and weather, and quantify the public R&D spending required to offset the emerging impacts of climate change. We find that offsetting the climate-induced productivity slowdown by 2050 alone requires a sustained public R&D spending growth of 5.2-7.8% per year over 2021-2050. This amounts to an additional $208-$434B investment over this period. These are substantial requirements comparable to the public R&D spending growth that followed the two World Wars. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2405.08159&r= |
| By: | Lukas Endres (Macroeconomic Policy Institute (IMK)) |
| Abstract: | Ab 2027 ist mit der Einführung des EU-ETS 2 für die Sektoren Verkehr und Wärme mit deutlich höheren Preisen für CO2-Zertifikate zu rechnen. Infolge dürften die Energiekosten für viele private Haushalte erheblich steigen. Als Kompensationsmechanismus hat die Bundesregierung die Auszahlung einer Pro-Kopf Pauschale angekündigt. Dieser Policy Brief zeigt anhand der Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichprobe, dass sich hierdurch vor allem Haushalte in unteren Einkommensgruppen und jene mit mittleren Verbräuchen umfassend entlasten lassen. Insbesondere für Haushalte mit höheren Verbräuchen in der Mitte der Einkommensverteilung bleibt die Belastung relativ zum Einkommen jedoch hoch. Im Bereich der Wärmeenergie sind vor allem Haushalte mit Wohneigentum stärker betroffen, während Haushalte in Mietwohnungen von der CO2-Kostenaufteilung profitieren. Eine deutlich höhere Belastung in beiden Sektoren verzeichnen außerdem Haushalte in ländlichen Regionen. Insgesamt sind die Verbräuche von Kraftstoffen und Wärmeenergie und somit die Kosten durch die CO2-Bepreisung sehr ungleich verteilt. Ein pauschales Klimageld reicht daher für viele Haushalte nicht aus, um teils hohe finanzielle Belastungen zu kompensieren. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imk:pbrief:161-2023&r= |
| By: | Aidan Coville; Joshua S. Graff Zivin; Arndt Reichert; Ann-Kristin Reitmann |
| Abstract: | Solar technologies have been associated with private and social returns, but their technological potential often remains unachieved because of persistently low demand for high-quality products. In a randomized field experiment in Senegal, we assess the potential of three types of quality signaling to increase demand for high-quality solar lamps. We find no effect on demand when consumers are offered a money-back guarantee but increased demand with a third-party certification or warranty, consistent with the notion that consumers are uncertain about product durability rather than their utility. However, despite the higher willingness to pay, the prices they would pay are still well below market prices for the average household, suggesting that reducing information asymmetries alone is insufficient to encourage wider adoption. Surprisingly, we also find that the effective quality signals in our setting stimulate demand for low-quality products by creating product-class effects among those least familiar with the product. |
| JEL: | D12 D83 L15 O13 Q41 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32397&r= |
| By: | Stanhope, Jessica; Foley, Kristen; Butler, Mary; Boddy, Jennifer; Clanchy, Kelly; George, Emma; Roberts, Rachel; Rothmore, A/Prof Paul; Salter, Amy; Serocki, Patricia |
| Abstract: | Exposure to natural environments is important for human health. We conducted the first study of allied health professionals’ thoughts about the features that should be incorporated into natural environments to benefit their patients/ clients and the broader community. Allied health professionals reported a variety of features, including specific natural features; being pleasing to the senses, privacy and having a relaxing feel; features that facilitate engagement in activities; as well as being accessible and safe. Universal and co-design is important for developing accessible and inclusive natural spaces to promote health. |
| Date: | 2024–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:nv95r&r= |
| By: | Roland Condor (Métis Lab EM Normandie - EM Normandie - École de Management de Normandie) |
| Abstract: | Sur la base d'une revue de littérature et d'une étude exploratoire menée auprès d'entreprises et d'agriculteurs, cet article entend ouvrir une avenue de recherche sur la compensation carbone locale. |
| Keywords: | Compensation carbone volontaire, Crédits carbone, Agricultue, Agroécologie, Relocalisation agricole et alimentaire |
| Date: | 2023–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04552741&r= |
| By: | Rode, Johannes |
| Abstract: | This study describes the regional diffusion of household photovoltaic systems in Germany. By the end of 2023, one in eight residential buildings was equipped with such a rooftop solar system. Germany needs to continue accelerating the increase in installed capacity to meet the climate targets. This is important because, among other things, household photovoltaics (PV) generate electricity on site and households can consume it right away, easing the load on the power grid. However, not all regions are equally suitable for PV. Global radiation determines how much electricity a PV system can generate. Considering the regional global radiation, the following regions currently hold great potential for household PV: Bremen, Hamburg, the Saarland, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, the region around Dresden, Schleswig-Holstein, the regions around Lüneburg and Trier, parts of Upper Bavaria, Thuringia and southern Hessen. Information offerings and advertising campaigns by suppliers of PV can be particularly promising to speed up diffusion in these regions. |
| Date: | 2024–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:144789&r= |
| By: | Malburg-Graf, Barbara; Zademach, Hans-Martin; Dornbach, Falk; Dudek, Simon; Graef, Marie; Jerjen, Damian; Kießling, Nadine; Kufeld, Walter; Miosga, Manfred; Neubauer, Petra; Pütz, Marco; Ritzinger, Anne; Saller, Raymond; Stark, Alexander; Warner, Barbara |
| Abstract: | Das vorliegende Positionspapier fasst Diskussionsergebnisse und Anregungen der gemeinsamen Arbeitsgruppe "Große Transformation und nachhaltige Raumentwicklung machen: Impulse zur Umsetzung eines komplexen Konzepts in der regionalen und kommunalen Praxis" der Landesarbeitsgemeinschaften Baden-Württemberg und Bayern für die Praxis der Raumplanung und Raumentwicklung zusammen. Es zielt darauf ab, die Diskrepanz zwischen dem Anspruch an eine Raumentwicklung, die vom Gedanken einer starken Nachhaltigkeit geleitet und auf das Ziel der großen Transformation im Sinne des WBGU (2011) orientiert ist, und einer oftmals ernüchternden Wirklichkeit der Planungspraxis zu verringern. Dazu zeigt das Papier konkrete Möglichkeiten auf, mit denen diese Implementierungslücke geschlossen werden kann. Es richtet sich vor allem an Vertreterinnen und Vertreter in Raumentwicklung, Raumplanung und Raumordnungspolitik, die sich mit zukunftsfähigen Planungsparadigmen auseinandersetzen und umsetzbare Lösungen suchen. |
| Abstract: | This position paper summarises the results and suggestions of the joint working group 'Making great transformation and sustainable spatial development a reality: Impulses for implementing a complex concept in regional and municipal practice' of the Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria state working groups for the practice of spatial planning and development. It aims to reduce the discrepancy between the demand for spatial development that is guided by the idea of strong sustainability and orientated towards the goal of the great transformation as defined by the WBGU (2011) and the often sobering reality of planning practice. To this end, the paper identifies specific ways in which this implementation gap can be closed. It is primarily aimed at representatives in spatial development, spatial planning and spatial planning policy who are concerned with sustainable planning paradigms and are looking for realisable solutions. |
| Keywords: | Große Transformation, Nachhaltige Raumentwicklung, Planungs- und Raumentwicklungspraxis, Great Transformation, Sustainable Spatial Development, Planning and Spatial Development Practice |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:arlpos:295734&r= |
| By: | Hind Aboussikine (LIRSA - Laboratoire interdisciplinaire de recherche en sciences de l'action - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université, SAS H2X Ecosystems [Bruz]); Thierry Sauvage (LIRSA - Laboratoire interdisciplinaire de recherche en sciences de l'action - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université, GIP CEI - ESLI); Loïc Perrin (SAS H2X Ecosystems [Bruz]) |
| Abstract: | L'article examine l'urgence de transformer le secteur des transports, responsable de 25% des émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre en 2018, en un système de mobilité décarbonée. Il souligne que la décarbonation nécessite un changement de comportement, de pratiques et de politiques, pas seulement de technologie. L'approche suggérée est celle des écosystèmes d'affaires, où divers acteurs co-évoluent et coopèrent dans un réseau interconnecté, partageant connaissances et innovations pour une mobilité durable. L'article propose une analyse en cinq étapes pour comprendre et mobiliser les parties prenantes dans cet écosystème complexe. |
| Keywords: | Ecosystèmes mobilité, technologie décarbonée, mobilités hydrogènes, performance |
| Date: | 2023–05–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04536083&r= |
| By: | Cortés Rojas, Betina (Universidad de los Andes); López Barrero, Nelson Fabián (Universidad de los Andes); Rivera Cárdenas, Lida Jimena (Universidad de los Andes); Gutiérrez Borbón, Karol Valeria (Universidad de los Andes) |
| Abstract: | Según la UNESCO (2022), el cambio climático es el desafío más apremiante por el 67% de la población mundial. En Colombia, se calcula que el 78% de las emisiones relacionadas con el cambio climático y la contaminación del aire provienen de los más de 15 millones de vehículos en circulación diaria, incluyendo tractocamiones (Greenpeace, 2022). Esta situación plantea una problemática socioambiental de gran relevancia en términos de políticas públicas, exigiendo la evaluación de diversas alternativas para reducir las principales fuentes de contaminación del aire. El hidrógeno verde emerge como una alternativa al ser un combustible con bajas emisiones. A partir de un análisis costo – beneficio (ACB), este documento presenta la evaluación financiera, económica y social de la implementación del hidrógeno verde como combustible para el caso de estudio de un tractocamión C3S34 que circula en el corredor Bogotá – Barranquilla en tres períodos de tiempo (2025, 2030 y 2035). Los hallazgos sugieren que, en términos financieros, el proyecto apalancado no es viable en el 2025. Sin embargo, en el escenario de 2030 y 2035, el proyecto empieza a ser rentable financieramente, reduciendo cada vez más su brecha con el combustible fósil, e incluso logrando tener un Valor Presente Neto (VPN) más alto en el último período. En términos económicos y sociales, el proyecto resulta viable en los tres escenarios con un Valor Presente Neto Económico (VPNE) positivo que asciende de COP $514 a COP $1.600 millones. |
| Keywords: | hidrógeno verde; transición energética; análisis costo – beneficio (ACB); transporte terrestre de carga pesada; tractocamiones |
| JEL: | D61 H40 H43 |
| Date: | 2024–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:021140&r= |
| By: | Yu, Chen |
| Abstract: | This article explores the complex subject of animal consciousness and the philosophical and ethical implications of extending natural rights to non-human species. Assuming that various animals exhibit forms of consciousness, this work explores the cognitive abilities and emotional experiences of primates, cetaceans, birds, mammals, and notably, bees, whose sophisticated behaviors suggest a higher cognitive capacity than traditionally acknowledged. The discourse extends into the moral considerations these cognitive capacities necessitate, discussing the philosophical underpinnings and the practical implications of acknowledging such consciousness in legal and societal contexts. By examining the relationship between consciousness and moral status, the article advocates for a redefined ethical framework that includes natural rights for animals, emphasizing the right to life, liberty, and dignity. The potential benefits of recognizing these rights are analyzed not only from an ethical standpoint but also in terms of broader environmental and societal health. This work calls for a shift beyond anthropocentric views towards a more inclusive, compassionate approach that recognizes the intrinsic value and rights of all conscious beings. |
| Date: | 2024–05–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:27ayk&r= |
| By: | Nuria Moratal (Nantes Univ - Nantes Université, LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - Nantes Univ - IAE Nantes - Nantes Université - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Sociétés - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université); Anne-Lorène Vernay (GEM Recherche - EESC-GEM Grenoble Ecole de Management); Carine Sebi (GEM Recherche - EESC-GEM Grenoble Ecole de Management) |
| Abstract: | This paper analysis the emergence of asset-intensive ecosystems. These ecosystems have been largely overlooked in the literature despite their potential contribution to sustainability transition. The paper presents four inherent characteristics of these ecosystems- supply and demand uncertainty, capital intensive, prone to technological lock-in and geographically anchored. It argues that these characteristics strongly influence how these ecosystems emerge. Using the case of the emergence of a regional ecosystem around hydrogen mobility, this paper shows that processes of ecosystem emergence are influenced by two dimensions: a temporal dimension and a spatial dimension. It also discusses a key dilemma for these emerging ecosystems which is to juggle between path creation and path dependence. |
| Keywords: | business ecosystem emergence infrastructure hydrogen Annecy 31 mai -3 juin 2022, business ecosystem, emergence, infrastructure, hydrogen Annecy, 31 mai -3 juin 2022 |
| Date: | 2022–05–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:gemptp:hal-04577068&r= |
| By: | Savolainen, Sonja; Saarinen, Ville P.; Chen, Ted Hsuan Yun |
| Abstract: | Prior studies have demonstrated social media's role in post-repression backlash mobilization but have yet to consider how they can sustain movements through long term repression. We explore this possibility by studying how Finnish climate activists responded to government repression in their social media behavior. We first conducted in-depth interviews to see how activists understand the interplay between activism, repression, and social media affordances. Findings from our interviews suggest that activists continue their movement participation despite repression because the risk of social media amplifying individual chilling into movement-wide cascading demobilization outweighs risks from repression. We looked for evidence of this mechanism in the networked communication of Finnish climate activists on Twitter using time series and temporal network analyses. Our findings show that activists' Twitter participation remained remarkably consistent despite offline repression, and that their communication patterns exhibited centralization tendencies that likely sustain the movement. |
| Date: | 2024–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:p4yvk&r= |
| By: | Frank, David; Scheidler, Viktoria; Schmid, Eva |
| Abstract: | Es ist eine Herausforderung und häufig noch eine methodische Leerstelle in Beteiligungsprozessen, wie unterschiedliches Wissen zusammengeführt und der Stand der Diskussion aufgearbeitet und geteilt werden kann. In diesem Paper zeigen wir auf, wie die Methode der Argumentationskartierung dazu genutzt werden kann, in einem transdisziplinären Forschungsprojekt Zielkonflikte und Lösungsstrategien zu identifizieren. Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes "Dezentrale Energiewende zwischen sozialer Gerechtigkeit, Systemkosten und Umweltschutz - Zielkonflikte und Lösungsstrategien" (Kurztitel DEZ-ZIELKONFLIKTE) wurde zur Aufarbeitung der Debatte, inwiefern eine dezentrale Energiewende erstrebenswert ist, die Methode der Argumentkartierung angewendet und soll in diesem Papier als Case-Study dienen. Die Case-Sudy zeigt, dass Argumentationslandkarten einen möglichst umfänglichen und geordneten Überblick über eine Debatte geben und damit die Brennpunkte der Debatte sichtbar machen, so dass Lösungsstrategien und wohlinformierte Entscheidungen erarbeitet werden können. |
| Abstract: | It is a challenge and often still a methodological gap in participation processes how different knowledge can be brought together and how the status of the discussion can be processed and shared. In this paper, we show how the method of argumentation mapping can be used to identify trade offs and solution strategies in a transdisciplinary research project. As part of the research project "Decentralized energy transition between social justice, system costs and environmental protection - trade offs and solution strategies" (short title DEZ-ZIELKONFLIKTE), the argument mapping method was used to examine the debate on the extent to which a decentralized energy transition is desirable and will serve as a case study in this paper. The case study shows how argumentation maps provide a comprehensive and organized overview of the debate and thus make the focal points visible so that solution strategies and well-informed decisions can be developed. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wzbdms:295744&r= |
| By: | Massimo Guidolin; Monia Magnani |
| Abstract: | We investigate the occurrence of greenwashing in the US mutual fund industry. Using panel regression methods, we test whether there exist differences in the portfolio investment behaviours of active equity funds that are self-declared to be driven by ESG motives when compared to all other funds. In particular, we focus on two aspects of funds’ portfolio allocation decisions, i.e., the actual implied average ESG ratings of the stocks a mutual fund invests in and the portfolio share invested in sin stocks. We do not ??ind strong evidence that ESG and non-ESG funds make identical investment choices and hence reject the hypothesis of widespread greenwashing. ESG funds, on average, invest more in companies with higher ESG ratings and avoid sin stocks more than non-ESG funds. Nonetheless, we obtain evidence that some degree of greenwashing may still be occurring. However, over time, the differences between ESG and non-ESG funds in these behaviours seem have declined, suggesting a potential reduction in greenwashing practices |
| Keywords: | greenwashing; US mutual funds; ESG ratings; sustainable investment; sin stocks |
| JEL: | G11 G12 C59 G23 G24 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:baf:cbafwp:cbafwp24220&r= |
| By: | Nuria Moratal (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - Nantes Univ - IAE Nantes - Nantes Université - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Sociétés - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université); Anne-Lorène Vernay (GEM Recherche - EESC-GEM Grenoble Ecole de Management); Carine Sebi (GEM Recherche - EESC-GEM Grenoble Ecole de Management) |
| Keywords: | ecosystem, legitimacy, alignment, resilience, orchestration |
| Date: | 2022–06–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:gemptp:hal-04576641&r= |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | This document contains the road map for the implementation in Saint Lucia of the Regional Agreement on Access to Information, Public Participation and Justice in Environmental Matters in Latin America and the Caribbean (Escazú Agreement), prepared by the Government of Saint Lucia with the support of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). Its purpose is to provide a normative and practical analysis of access rights in Saint Lucia, systematizing the progress made and the gaps that remain. A workshop-consultation was held with a number of stakeholders, including public officials, to discuss the legal analysis and gather proposals on priority actions for implementation of the Escazú Agreement in Saint Lucia. This document includes those priority actions and details the governance system for implementation of the Escazú Agreement in the country. |
| Date: | 2024–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:69164&r= |
| By: | SCHAEFER K. Aleks; NES Kjersti (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Sustainability standards may generate two opposing effects on trade flows between the importer adopting the standard and an affected exporter. First, to the extent a standard leads to an increase in the marginal costs of producing a given product in the exporting country, the standard may lead to a reduction in trade. Conversely, to the extent the standard leads to an increase in the demand for the product in the importing country, the standard may lead to an increase in trade. The net effect on trade, which depends on the relative magnitude of the two factors and the international scope of the standard (i.e. whether it is implemented multilaterally, regionally, bilaterally, or unilaterally). The general consensus in the literature appears to be that the trade-reducing effects of standards typically dominate the trade-enhancing effects of standards. However, in certain situations, the trade-enhancing effects can mitigate or even reverse these negative effects. A trade reduction does necessary imply a reduction in welfare as it may reduce consumption of goods with negative externalities. The trade effects of voluntary sustainability standards tend toward 'trade enhancing' outcomes as opposed to `trade reducing' outcomes. However, there seems to be self-selection effect: only those adopt for whom it is profitable. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc130596&r= |
| By: | López, Agustina del Valle; Lupín, Beatriz; Rodriguez, Julieta A. |
| Abstract: | Desde fines del siglo XX, debido al agravamiento de la crisis ambiental, la opinión pública se ha tornado más consciente al respecto, cuestionando las formas tradicionales de producción y de consumo y emprendiendo acciones conjuntas en búsqueda de soluciones a los problemas derivados (Barreiro Fernández et al., 2002). En este sentido, Calomarde Burgaleta (2005) -referenciado por Kosiak de Gesualdo et al. (2018)- indica que la preocupación ambiental de la población ha crecido porque al tomar conciencia de la finitud de los recursos naturales, se enfrentó a la necesidad de su conservación para mantener un crecimiento económico sostenible. Tomando este fenómeno a nivel local, seguidamente, se comparten el proyecto de tesis y los resultados preliminares, para acceder al grado de Licenciada en Economía de la primera autora, bajo la dirección de las coautoras. El objetivo general es analizar las prácticas proambientales en el Partido de General Pueyrredon (PGP), siendo la pregunta de investigación: ¿cuál es el grado de compromiso ambiental de los residentes del Partido? El estudio se abordará desde las dimensiones afectiva, cognitiva y disposicional y desde los aspectos demográficos y socioeconómicos. |
| Keywords: | Compromiso Ambiental; Medio Ambiente; Residentes; Partido de General Pueyrredon; |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4095&r= |
| By: | Drichoutis, Andreas C.; Cerjak, Marija; Kovačić, Damir; Juračak, Josip |
| Abstract: | This study examines consumer preferences for organic and local apples by combining between- and within-subject design characteristics in a second price auction. We first ask subjects to bid for 1 Kg of apples without any information. In subsequent rounds we reveal information about the organic or local attributes of apples and then allow subjects to taste the apples. Results show a significant price premium for the organic attribute (but not for the local attribute) once information is provided while tasting does not further increase elicited willingness-to-pay. We also find that the mixed-subject design results in more accurate willingness-to-pay estimates than when we use information from the between-subjects or within-subjects treatments alone. These results highlight the interplay between different quality attributes in consumer decision making and emphasize the gains that can be achieved by combining between- and within-subjects characteristics in experimental auctions. |
| Keywords: | experimental auctions, second (2nd) price auction, SPA, between-subjects random incentive scheme, BRIS |
| JEL: | C80 C91 D44 |
| Date: | 2024–05–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120880&r= |
| By: | Andrew Brown; Peter Börkey |
| Abstract: | Companies are announcing pledges to increase their use of recycled content in their plastics products or packaging. But companies have historically failed to meet the goals that they have announced. OECD governments are adopting policies that will require the use of recycled content. There is some initial evidence that these policies strengthen recycling markets. Businesses have experienced some challenges in their initial efforts to comply due to a disharmonious range of definitions and targets. Additionally, there is an insufficient volume of useable recycled material in the market. This is especially an issue for food-contact packaging. Governments are facing limitations in what is feasible for monitoring and verifying compliance. This paper reviews current policies and methods for checking compliance. This review informs description of considerations for the design of recycled content policies and insights about their use. |
| Keywords: | circular economy, recycling, resource efficiency |
| JEL: | L22 L23 Q53 |
| Date: | 2024–05–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:236-en&r= |
| By: | Marc Aliana (Department of Applied Economics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain); Diego Prior (Department of Business, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain); Emili Tortosa-Ausina (IVIE, Valencia and IIDL and Department of Economics, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain) |
| Abstract: | Evaluating the quality of emergency departments in hospitals is crucial for optimizing healthcare and allocating resources effectively. Existing metrics predominantly focus on internal variables (e.g., bed occupancy or time to treatment), neglecting external environmental factors, beyond their control. In response, the contributions of this paper are fourfold. First, we introduce a novel Quality Composite Indicator (QCI) for benchmarking emergency departments quality, considering the specific impact of demographic, socio-economic, patientspecific, and behavioral factors. This metric minimizes the influence of outliers, facilitating a comparison among emergency departments and enabling the identification of top performers based on quality indicators. Second, our study, conducted across 85 health trusts, reveals that emergency departments with higher population density, migration, average income, and deprived households tend to exhibit lower service quality. Moreover, critical patient conditions upon arrival and higher attendance rates exert additional negative influences, while higher obesity rates show a positive correlation with the quality of urgent healthcare services. Third, our analysis highlights differences in how environmental factors (e.g., age, education, or unemployment) affect overall hospital performance versus specialized units like emergency departments. These results suggest that the factors influencing emergency department performance may differ from those affecting broader healthcare institutions. Fourth, we examined the distribution of health budget funds and uncovered significant regional disparities in healthcare quality, contradicting the goal of nationwide uniformity. Furthermore, our study highlights the integration of emergency care funding with general hospital resources in the allocation model, despite being impacted differently by external factors. |
| Keywords: | Budget allocation, emergency department, environmental factors, health policy, quality composite indicator |
| JEL: | C43 I11 I18 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jau:wpaper:2024/04&r= |
| By: | Yollu-Tok, Aysel; Dill, Katja; Völkle, Hanna |
| Abstract: | Mobilität ist ein entscheidender Faktor sowohl für den CO2-Ausstoß als auch für soziale Teilhabe. Somit spielt sie eine zentrale Rolle für die sozial-ökologische Transformation. Inwieweit sind Mobilitätsmuster und -präferenzen vom Geschlecht geprägt und welche Anforderungen für eine geschlechtergerechte Mobilitätstransformation ergeben sich daraus? Die vorliegende Literaturstudie gibt einen Überblick über die aktuelle Forschungslandschaft zu diesen Themen und zeigt Bedarfe für weitere interdisziplinäre Forschung zur Gestaltung einer nachhaltigen und gendergerechten Verkehrspolitik auf. |
| Keywords: | Nachhaltigkeit, öffentlicher Personennahverkehr, Transformation, Gender, ÖPNV |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hbsfof:294832&r= |
| By: | Zhuang, Winnie |
| Abstract: | California boasts nine national parks that are home to a plethora of recreational, cultural, and professional opportunities. It is no surprise that national parks draw in millions of recreational and non-recreational trips from across the country and internationally, however how visitors choose to arrive at these federal lands is a major consideration for land management, policy, and infrastructure decisions. According to the National Park Service’s Visitor Use Statistics, an overwhelming majority of visitors arrive by automobile. Alternative transportation options to national parks in California may increase visitor diversity and encourage the modal shift away from car travel. Additionally, transportation infrastructure has the potential to take up more natural spaces in national parks as population growth and recreational popularity increases in the coming years. Roadway widening, repaving, and other disruptive events can have negative impacts on adjacent ecosystems and communities, as well as contribute to public health issues. In this report, the existing conditions of transit to national parks in California are examined in relation to census tract-level sociodemographic and origin-destination data to reveal the spatial distribution of visitor origins and gaps in national park accessibility. From an equity perspective, findings suggest that median household income is proportional to the network distance between a given trip origin and national park destination, and household vehicle access and race are strongly correlated with national park visitation. By examining the current transit network to national parks, select characteristics of park visitation, and demographics of these visitors, this research aims to reveal opportunities for expanded transit connectivity to California’s national parks. Recommendations are presented to provide guidance to decision makers in the realm of transportation access to recreational spaces. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, National parks, accessibility, public transit, transportation equity, travel behavior, demographics |
| Date: | 2024–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt4vv0h2sp&r= |
| By: | Jinwon Kim (Department of Economics, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea); Jucheol Moon (Department of Computer Engineering & Computer Science, California State University, Long Beach); Dongyun Yang (Department of Economics, The University of Texas, Austin) |
| Abstract: | This paper quanti_es the optimal Pigouvian congestion tolls imposed on California freeway users and the associated welfare gains by estimating the technological supply relationship of roads and the time-cost elasticity of demand using novel identi_cation strategies and big data. Based on our estimates, we suggest that the optimal congestion tolls are around 10-16 cents per vehicle mile under moderate congestion and 25-114 cents under severe congestion, with the amounts varying by freeway depending on road capacity and tra_c demand size. We calculate that the welfare bene_ts from the tolling are typically around USD 20 per lane-mile of road and hour. Under a plausible scenario, the optimal tolls charged on congested freeways in California yield annual aggregate bene_ts of up to USD 1.8 billion. |
| Keywords: | Pigouvian tax, congestion externality, California freeway, quasi experiment, instrumental variable, big data |
| JEL: | R41 H23 Q59 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sgo:wpaper:2402&r= |