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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | António Rua; Fátima Cardoso |
| Abstract: | climate and environmental policies aimed at promoting sustainable development and human well-being. The importance of reducing the carbon footprint has long been acknowledged and the European countries have been paving the way in this respect. In particular, we focus on Portugal where a striking reduction of carbon emissions has been observed in just a few years. We perform a structural decomposition analysis over the last two decades allowing to unveil the main drivers underlying the evolution of carbon emissions. We find that the investment on renewable energy sources, namely wind, has been key for a successful transition to a cleaner economy. The impact has been felt both on the reduction of carbon intensity as well as on the increase of energy efficiency in power generation. We also find that such benign evolution was partly counterbalanced by the increase of the contribution of final demand to carbon emissions despite being attenuated with the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings highlight the importance of the adoption of renewable energy sources to support a further mitigation of the carbon footprint in a context of economic growth. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ptu:wpaper:w202312&r=env |
| By: | Kosuke Suzuki; Jens Matthias Arnold; Jean Chateau; Supatra Sripumphet; Wilailuk Poolee |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses Thailand’s green growth policy framework with a focus on finding the right policy mix and institutional setup. Given that the economy is in a process of catching up with advanced economies, particular emphasis will need to be placed on making the green transition conducive to economic growth and further improvements in living standards. Implementing Thailand’s current pledge to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 and net zero emissions by 2065 will require substantial policy changes. While the expansion of natural gas use over the past years has helped Thailand to contain increases of carbon emissions, reversing the still rising emissions calls for a strong shift towards renewable energy sources. Thailand has already started these efforts. The use of biofuels has increased in road transport, and other renewable energy sources have also expanded. Investments into greener production technologies and a more responsible use of resources have received strong attention. However, most current initiatives are voluntary, which will not be sufficient to achieve the country’s climate goals. As Thailand is highly vulnerable to climate change risks, policies that promote adaptation to climate change will also play an important role. |
| Keywords: | carbon pricing, energy efficiency, green growth, green innovation, renewable energy sources, Thailand |
| JEL: | D58 H23 O38 O44 O53 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1797-en&r=env |
| By: | Li, Shuping; Meng, Jing; Hubacek, Klaus; Eskander, Shaikh M. S. U.; Li, Yuan; Chen, Peipei; Guan, Dabo |
| Abstract: | Many economies set climate mitigation targets for 2020 at the 2009 15th Conference of the Parties conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Copenhagen. Yet no retrospective review of the implementation and actual mitigation associated with these targets has materialized. Here we track the national CO2 emissions from both territory and consumption (trade adjusted) perspectives to assess socioeconomic factors affecting changes in emissions. Among the 34 countries analysed, 12 failed to meet their targets (among them Portugal, Spain and Japan) and 7 achieved the target for territorial emissions, albeit with carbon leakage through international trade to meet domestic demand while increasing emissions in other countries. Key factors in meeting targets were intensity reduction of energy and the improvement of the energy mix. However, many countries efforts fell short of their latest nationally determined contributions. Timely tracking and review of mitigation efforts are critical for meeting the Paris Agreement targets. |
| Keywords: | 72373081; 72250710169; 72140001; 101137905 (PANTHEON) |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2024–04–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:122815&r=env |
| By: | Ahmed Kouider Aissa; Alessandro Tampieri |
| Abstract: | We investigate the interaction between consumers' environmental concern, environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR), and environmental regulations during the transition towards sustainable production. We study an economy in which a subpopulation of consumers is sensitive to environmental issues. In this setting, we analyse the steady-state equilibrium in a framework à la Droste et al. (2002), where rms compete in quantities and decide whether or not to engage in ECSR activities, which ultimately reduce the impact of production on the environment. We nd that the variation of social welfare with the increase of ECSR rms is U-shaped, driven by the variation in consumer surplus, while environmental damage is minimised when all rms adopt ECSR practices. Therefore, the short-run social incentives to pursue a transition towards sustainable production are scarce. In contrast, there exists a private incentive to internalise emissions and to proliferate ECSR rms, as prots increase with the proportion of ECSR rms. |
| Keywords: | Mixed oligopoly markets, emission reduction investment, evolutionary dynamics |
| JEL: | C73 H23 L13 L21 M14 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frz:wpaper:wp2024_04.rdf&r=env |
| By: | John Hassler (Stockholm University); Per Krusell (Stockholm University); Conny Olovsson (Sveriges Riksbank) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides scientific starting points for climate-economy modeling. The sensitivity of climate change to emissions of greenhouse gases is uncertain. The same is true about the long-run economic consequences of climate change. Therefore, the authors argue that traditional cost-benefit analyses including calculations of optimal carbon taxes are, and will remain, unconvincing. Climate-economic models are nevertheless useful for finding effective climate policies that are robust to different assumptions about these uncertainties. This paper outlines such a model. A key result is that a transition to climate neutrality can be implemented at an acceptably low cost. The authors discuss the policies required for this transition, compare climate policies in the European Union and the United States, and provide suggestions for future research. |
| Keywords: | Climate-economic modeling, climate change, climate neutrality, emissions, climate transition |
| JEL: | Q54 E1 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp24-8&r=env |
| By: | Stefan Raychev (Department of Economic Science, University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski); Blaga Madzhurova (Department of Economic Science, University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski); Dobrinka Stoyanova (Department of Economic Science, University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski) |
| Abstract: | The offered study tackles the problem of whether a country can be synchronously rich and "green". The toolkit applied to resolve this dilemma, on the one hand, involves a review of theoretical sources on the issue, and on the other hand, necessitates a conduct of an empirical study of the dependencies between economic growth, and in particular GDP per capita and carbon dioxide emissions (CO2 ) per capita. This is an assessment method of the eventual impact of economic growth on environmental degradation. An evaluation of the theories indicates that a relationship exists between economic growth and environmental degradation, however it is multidimensional. The outcomes of the in-depth analysis of the relationship between economic prosperity and environmental sustainability, after applying correlation and regression analyses, along with the RANSAC regressor, actually reveal that there is a positive relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP per capita. The visualization of the results gives a clear idea of the relationship for each year of the research period. These findings contribute to the current debate concerning the balance between economic growth and environmental protection. |
| Keywords: | Green transition, GDP per capita, Economic growth, CO2 emissions per capita |
| JEL: | E01 O40 Q01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14116004&r=env |
| By: | Stefan Raychev (University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski); Yuliyan Mollov (University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski) |
| Abstract: | This article presents the cohesion policy in the EU and analyzes the role of decentralization for the sustainable development of the European regions at the NUTS 2 level. It examines the regional policy in the EU member states and its relationship with the decentralization and social progress of the regions. The study also covers sustainable urban development in Europe. Trends and effects of decentralization on economic growth and regional inequalities are discussed. A methodology based on statistical analysis is used to compare the social progress of European regions. A comprehensive approach is applied to reveal relationships and dependencies between indicators of a socio-economic nature within EU NUTS 2 level regions. In this sense, the methodology uses statistical software tools to reveal trends in the structural aspect of regional development and thus draw conclusions and recommendations for policies and measures aimed at increasing the effectiveness of fiscal regionalization. Incorporating principles of green economics into regional policy and decentralization efforts can drive the adoption of sustainable practices, such as renewable energy deployment, eco-friendly infrastructure development, and the promotion of green industries. The integration of green economic strategies within regional governance structures empowers regions to pursue environmentally conscious initiatives, contributing to the overall transition towards a low-carbon and resource-efficient economy. |
| Keywords: | Green transition, Region development, Social-progress index of regions, Decentralization, Cohesion, Sustainable development |
| JEL: | R11 Q01 R58 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14115972&r=env |
| By: | Castellanos, Yuli (University of Los Andes); Renau, Jorge Marco (University of Los Andes) |
| Abstract: | Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is based on a rational planning process for forest supply and norms and regulations for the protection and sustainability of natural forests. In Colombia, SFM has been identified as a strategy to avoid deforestation and to favor the economy of households living in forests. However, timber harvesting of natural forests is currently carried out as a subsistence activity, generating low income and negative impacts on ecosystems. This study develops a discrete time bioeconomic model for SFM, with an objective function that is based on the economic impact on timber extraction yields of three commercial species, Achapo (Cedrelinga cateniformis), Cabuyo (Eschweilera coriacea) and Dormidero negro (Parkia discolor), located in the Guaviare region (Colombian Amazon). Our results show that the maximum benefits from sustainable forest harvesting of the three species are achieved in a 25 year span, with net benefits per hectare of USD 498.3, for a planning horizon of 50 years. Sustainable forest harvesting was found to be robust with respect to a number of assumptions in the model. These results provide a scientific basis for harvesting authorizations and permits. Policy implications are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Bioeconomy; Ecosystem services; Forest policy; Optimal control; Social welfare; Tropical forest conservation |
| JEL: | L73 O13 Q23 Q57 R14 |
| Date: | 2023–08–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2023_013&r=env |
| By: | Uribe, Adolfo (Universidad de Talca); Chávez, Carlos (Universidad de Talca); Gómez, Walter (Universidad de la Frontera); Jaime, Marcela (School of Management and Business, Universidad de Concepción); Bluffstone, Randy (Portland State University and EfD Initia) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the key private benefits from a program to improve ambient air quality during winter in central Chile by replacing inefficient wood-fired home heating stoves with more efficient pellet stoves. We are interested in the private benefits to households because they represent the additional value of the program and likely drive private adoption. Combining electronic stove surface temperature and air pollution monitoring with household surveys, we estimate the effects of adoption on household fuel expenditures, indoor temperatures, and indoor air pollution concentrations (PM2.5). We also explore heterogeneous effects of the program by income group and energy poverty status. Our results suggest that, after controlling for observable characteristics of individuals and dwellings, users of pellet stoves on average enjoy 14% lower indoor PM2.5 concentrations compared with those who have traditional stoves. Lower-income and energy-poor households receive much greater than average improvements in indoor air pollution than those with higher-incomes, driving the overall sample estimate and indicating that the program is progressive in this dimension. While those who use more efficient pellet stoves have more stable indoor temperatures than those using traditional stoves, we find no differences in mean temperatures. The improved heating stove has significantly higher operating costs, and we find that these costs are most salient for low-income and energy-poor households. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution; energy transition; environmental policies; household behavior; heating; stoves |
| JEL: | C21 Q48 Q52 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2022–10–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2022_018&r=env |
| By: | Gero Dasbach (University of Lille, France) |
| Abstract: | Gains from trade liberalization are accompanied by environmental externalities of increased greenhouse gas emissions. The EU is currently active on both trade and climate policy frontiers. By means of a new quantitative trade model, this study uncovers counterfactual changes in trade, CO2 emissions, and welfare of an EU-India FTA, first as a standalone policy, and then, in conjunction with the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Trade data from the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables and CO2 emission data from the OECD Trade in Embodied CO2 (TECO2) database are used. While the CBAM decreases trade volumes and CO2 emissions, a hypothetical EU-India FTA results in significant increases in both trade and CO2 emissions. When considering the Armington assumption of national product differentiation and no intermediate goods, the welfare effects of the EU-India FTA alone are found to be negative for India. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bai:egeiwp:egei_wp-3_2024&r=env |
| By: | Jiayue Zhang; Ken Seng Tan; Tony S. Wirjanto; Lysa Porth |
| Abstract: | This paper extends the application of ESG score assessment methodologies from large corporations to individual farmers' production, within the context of climate change. Our proposal involves the integration of crucial agricultural sustainability variables into conventional personal credit evaluation frameworks, culminating in the formulation of a holistic sustainable credit rating referred to as the Environmental, Social, Economics (ESE) score. This ESE score is integrated into theoretical joint liability models, to gain valuable insights into optimal group sizes and individual-ESE score relationships. Additionally, we adopt a mean-variance utility function for farmers to effectively capture the risk associated with anticipated profits. Through a set of simulation exercises, the paper investigates the implications of incorporating ESE scores into credit evaluation systems, offering a nuanced comprehension of the repercussions under various climatic conditions. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.13818&r=env |
| By: | Stefan Raychev (University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski); Dobrinka Stoyanova (University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski); Blaga Madzhurova (University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski) |
| Abstract: | The complex relationship between green transition and socio-economic factors implies a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the interdependencies between the indicators. The employment and unemployment variables will be particularly affected. Amounting research shows that the transformation to "green" jobs, if not supported by adequate policies, will put the labour market at risk. On the one hand, the need for new skills means higher public costs, and on the other hand, the drive to reduce carbon emissions, if not accompanied by unemployment control, will also put economic growth at risk. This implies a gradual transformation of the countries, which in turn requires updated social and fiscal pacts. Such countries must be adapted to the future, must tackle modern risk structure, must ensure the expansion of the scope of rights and urgently face the challenges of low productivity, social vulnerability and inequality, institutional weakness and technological and climate change. |
| Keywords: | Green transition, Labour market, Social-economic dimension, Unemployment, Growth, CO2 emissions |
| JEL: | E24 Q01 G28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14115973&r=env |
| By: | Carla Guerriero (Università di Napoli Federico II and CSEF); Antonia Pacelli (University of Naples Federico II, Naples School of Economics.) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses Italian data on industrial plant emissions over a 12 years period to assess the differential impact of negative shocks in the allocation of free allowances across various industrial sectors in the context of the EU Emission Trading Scheme (ETS). Specifically, it examines the consequences of reduced free allowances for certain sectors in contrast to those that maintain their existing allocation. By using a novel indicator of emission intensity based on quantity this study shows that the absence of free allowances does not directly impact the incentive to abate emissions but foster the entry of cleaner producers. The results offer evidence of regional heterogeneity by analysing the variations in policy effects between the South and the North of Italy. |
| Keywords: | Carbon pricing, free allowances, carbon leakage, emission intensity. |
| JEL: | D22 H23 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–12–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sef:csefwp:699&r=env |
| By: | Stefan Ambec (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Federico Esposito (Tufts University [Medford]); Antonia Pacelli (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II) |
| Abstract: | In a trade model with endogenous emissions abatement, we investigate the impact of three policy instruments aimed at mitigating carbon leakage: free emission allowances, a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), and a CBAM with export rebates. We show that providing free allowances does not alter the incentives to abate carbon emissions, but, instead fosters the entry of more carbon intensive producers. This "levels the playing field" both domestically and internationally, and may even reverse carbon leakage. In contrast, a CBAM only levels the playing field domestically, and may lead to an autarky equilibrium. To reverse carbon leakage, a CBAM must be complemented with export rebates. We further show that a CBAM and export rebates improve welfare for any carbon price, and we identify the optimal share of free allowances with or without a CBAM. Finally, we perform a calibration exercise on cement and steel sectors to simulate the effects of the CBAM recently adopted by the European Union. Our model predicts a scenario with reverse carbon leakage and significant welfare gains for both sectors. |
| Keywords: | Carbon pricing, Trade, Carbon leakage, CBAM, Free allowances, Export rebates |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04550380&r=env |
| By: | De Paula, Jônatas; Hosein, Tarick |
| Abstract: | The disproportionate increase in urbanized areas in relation to populations resulting in the spread of low-density urban settlements is recognized as a sustainable development challenge globally, including in Caribbean SIDS. This phenomenon has numerous adverse effects on urban settlements’ capacity to adapt to the impacts of climate change, such as the increased vulnerability of critical infrastructure to climate disasters; the formation of informal settlements in risk-prone areas; an increase in impervious surfaces affecting floods’ spatial patterns and increasing related risks; and the destruction of ecosystems affecting natural services critical to climate change adaption. Cognisant of these challenges, the 2030 Agenda proposed the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicator 11.3.1 —ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate— as a global methodology to measure this phenomenon. This study utilizes this and other secondary indicators to measure urban expansion in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago between 2000 and 2020, and to compare urban densities with other regions and Caribbean SIDS. The study concludes that the Urban Centres in these two countries have been expanding their built-up surfaces at a faster rate than the growth of their respective populations. In addition, the built-up area per capita in these countries’ urban settlements is significantly higher than in other selected Caribbean SIDS. The study concludes by suggesting critical implications of these findings for public policy in several sectors, and proposes additional questions for future research. |
| Date: | 2024–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:69166&r=env |
| By: | Tibesigwa, Byela (University of Dar Es Salaam); Ntuli, Herbert (EfD - Environmental Policy Research Unit (EPRU) in the School of Economics at the University of Cape Town); Muta, Telvin (Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) in Nairobi, Kenya) |
| Abstract: | We are living in a crisis era, with competing land-use for finite land and ill-informed myopic urban land-use policies that remain stagnant, in a world with rapidly changing urban environment, such as the mushrooming urban agriculture. While smallholder farms in and around cities, in sub-Saharan Africa, provide many ecosystem services including boosting household income and nutrition, access to land constrains these benefits. This paper examines the willingness to pay for urban farm plots, using a random parameter logit model. The estimation reveals that the marginal WTP for irrigation is US$19.47 per plot. With regard to plot size, households are willing to pay US$6.09 per hectare, while WTP for the distance to the plot is US$3.95per km per annum. WTP for an irrigated plot is about three times that of plot size and almost five times that of distance to the plot, a signal of adaptation to climate change due to extreme weather changes and water shortages in Tanzania. There is a high preference for mixed cropping, i.e., mixed vegetables and fruits. Approximately 10% of the households prefer purely subsistence farming, i.e., retaining all harvest for own consumption. The remaining 90% prefer semi-subsistence, where 57% would retain a quarter of the harvest for consumption, 27% would retain half and 6% would retain three-quarters, suggesting that farms would increase urban households’ food security. Our paper nudges policymakers to interrogate current policies and craft future inclusive green economy strategies that include urban agriculture and irrigation infrastructure. |
| Keywords: | land; urban farms; agriculture ecosystems; WTP; green economy; Tanzania |
| JEL: | Q57 |
| Date: | 2022–12–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2022_019&r=env |
| By: | Tony Addison; Alan R. Roe |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the risks facing resource-dependent countries. These include: (i) economic mismanagement (the 'resource curse'); (ii) political mismanagement; (iii) environmental damage (climate change and the destruction of natural capital). It distinguishes 'risk' (which can be addressed probabilistically) from 'uncertainty' (infrequent unpredictable events). Mozambique, with its large natural gas resource, provides examples of all the component risks and uncertainties. |
| Keywords: | Africa, Extractive industries, Debt crisis, Mining, Natural gas, Oil |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-27&r=env |
| By: | Zambrano-Alvarado, Jocelyn I.; Uyaguari, Miguel |
| Abstract: | While most Canadians have access to high-quality drinking water, several Indigenous reserves face water insecurity. Drinking water systems (DWS) on reserves face limitations ranging from aging infrastructure and shared administration of water regulations. When potential hazards are identified in source waters, local environmental authorities may issue “water advisories”. Up to date, more than 20 long-term water advisories remain unresolved in Indigenous reserves in Canada. The risks associated with water insecurity include the presence of pathogenic microorganisms (i.e. Escherichia coli and total coliforms) and the reaction of natural organic matter (NOM) with disinfection chemicals in the DWS potentially forming disinfection by-products (DBPs). We revised the challenges and the potential use of different methods to remove NOM from water including coagulation, high- and low-pressure membrane filtration procedures, ozone, Ion exchange (IEX), and Biological Ion exchange (BIEX). Moreover, we reviewed the benefits and drawbacks that high throughput tools such as metagenomics, culturomics, and microfluidics devices could represent for water monitoring in Indigenous reserves. This review pursues a better understanding of the microbiological and chemical risks that water insecurity causes in Indigenous reserves in Canada. Additionally, we evaluate the potential implications of the potential technical and microbiological solutions that can be used to prevent the effect of pathogens in water and protect public health in Indigenous reserves. |
| Date: | 2024–04–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:w5hxy&r=env |
| By: | Reinhilde Veugelers (Peterson Institute for International Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on the innovation angle in green industrial policy design. The innovation system, delivering new and improved technology solutions for the clean energy transition, can be the cornerstone of a successful transition that reconciles decarbonization, competitive value creation and jobs, and strategic autonomy on a global scale. This, however, requires the innovation system to be properly directed. This paper first lays out the principles of a policy design that properly steers the innovation system. It then documents the current performance on clean energy innovations and clean energy policymaking globally, with focus on the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and the Net-Zero Industry Act (NZIA) trends in clean tech policymaking in the United States and European Union, respectively. The evidence shows that the innovation system is not at full potential, and there is still ample room to improve the current clean energy policymaking and international policy coordination. |
| Keywords: | climate change, clean tech, innovation, green innovation policy, strategic autonomy |
| JEL: | O31 O38 Q55 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp24-5&r=env |
| By: | Pierre-Olivier Gourinchas (International Monetary Fund); Gregor Schwerhoff (International Monetary Fund); Antonio Spilimbergo (International Monetary Fund) |
| Abstract: | The green transition faces old and new challenges. Old challenges include insufficient domestic action and challenging international coordination. New challenges include the quest for energy security and the rising threat of geoeconomic fragmentation, the political backlash against climate policies, and a slowing growth prospect. At the same time, technological progress has been faster than expected. The success of the green transition depends on the outcome of the race between technological progress and rising inward-looking policies. Energy security and green transition are mutually reinforcing provided clear policy directions are given. The challenge is to pursue collaboration to exploit technological progress in a world at risk of fragmentation. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, energy security, innovation |
| JEL: | O38 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp24-4&r=env |
| By: | Stephane Hallegatte (World Bank); Florent McIsaac (World Bank); Hasan Dudu (International Monetary Fund); Charl Jooste (World Bank); Camilla Knudsen (World Bank); Hans Beck (World Bank) |
| Abstract: | In 2022 the World Bank Group launched a new core diagnostic tool: the Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR). Published for 42 economies so far, CCDRs use resilient and low-emission development scenarios to identify synergies and tradeoffs between development and climate objectives. There are several modeling challenges associated with the analysis of the macroeconomic consequences of these development pathways, including those related to the nonmarginal nature of the required transformation, the role of technologies, and the replacement of fossil fuel-based assets with greener ones. To address some of these challenges, several CCDRs have used a hybrid modeling approach that combines a set of sectoral analyses with macroeconomic models. Specifically, sectoral techno-economic models are employed to construct resilient and low-emission development trajectories in key sectors. The macroeconomic implications of these sectoral transitions are then assessed by linking the sectoral models with two macroeconomic frameworks: a multisector general equilibrium framework and an aggregate macrostructural model. This hybrid approach combines the advantages of multiple tools and captures the various dimensions of the transition, including the need to tackle multiple market failures, beyond the emissions externality; analyze price and nonprice policies and their interactions; represent explicitly the replacement of assets and infrastructure; assess the macroeconomic feasibility of the sectoral transitions and the required investments. This paper uses the case of Turkey to describe the methodological approach and summarizes the results of the CCDRs that have been published to date. Findings suggest that, despite large investment needs, the transition can contribute positively to economic growth, especially when indirect mitigation benefits are taken into account, but only if structural challenges can be managed, climate and development policies are well designed, and negative impacts on some sectors or communities are mitigated. |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomic modeling; climate change; technological change |
| JEL: | E60 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iie:wpaper:wp24-6&r=env |
| By: | Sandrine Costa (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Mechthild Donner (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Christian Duquennoi (UR PROSE - Procédés biotechnologiques au service de l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Valentin Savary (INSA CVL - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Centre Val de Loire - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04528996&r=env |
| By: | Tibesigwa, Byela (Environment for Development (EfD) in Tanzania, University of Dar Es Salaam; and a Research Associate at the Environmental Policy Research Unit (EPRU), University of Cape Town); Ntuli, Herbert (EfD - Environmental Policy Research Unit (EPRU) in the School of Economics at the University of Cape Town.); Muta, Telvin (Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) in Nairobi, Kenya) |
| Abstract: | Sub-Saharan Africa’s urban ecosystem is under considerable pressure due to rapid urban sprawl and high direct dependency on the natural ecosystem. But the value of nature conservation or restoration is poorly understood. The current paper reports the results of an investigation of willingness to pay for nature restoration and conservation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. To account for preference and scale heterogeneity a menu of models - random parameter logit, generalised multinomial and latent class model - with varying assumptions are employed. Findings are that the marginal WTP is highest in relation to forests, where WTP is between TSH88- and TSH331, (US$0.04 – US$0.17) depending on the estimation model. This is followed by WTP for restoration and conservation of rivers, the value of which is TSH5- TSH53 (US$0 – US$0.03). The value placed on conservation of coasts is TSH2-TSH23 (US$0 – US$0.01). The low value placed on nature restoration and conservation by residents in the city of Dar es Salaam open up policy dialogue on the importance of nature in cities amidst rapid urbanization in the region. The figures also cast doubt on the potential for generating revenue to finance green infrastructure from the residents of cities in developing countries. The maximum revenue that can be collected ranges from US$43650 for coasts and US$743050 for forests. Lack of environmental awareness and concern translates into environmentally unsustainable behaviour in cities such as starting of veldt fires, deforestation, wetland conversion, stream bank cultivation and littering of beaches. Our results suggest the need for massive awareness campaigns to sensitize the city’s residents about different attributes of nature and their value in provision of ecosystems goods and services to charge their perceptions and attitudes. |
| Keywords: | choice modelling; WTP; conservation; restoration; forests; rivers; coasts; heterogeneity; Tanzania |
| JEL: | Q25 Q53 Q57 |
| Date: | 2023–06–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2023_007&r=env |
| By: | Alberto González Pandiella; Alessandro Maravalle |
| Abstract: | Mexico has large potential to boost its productivity and attract investment from companies looking to relocate their operations to North America. It also has an historic opportunity to spread the benefits of trade throughout the country, integrate SMEs more forcefully into value chains and to create more and better value chain linkages. Nearshoring is also an opportunity to step up efforts to address and mitigate climate change. Fully realising these opportunities will require addressing long standing challenges related to transport and digital connectivity, regulations, the rule of law, renewable energy and water scarcity. |
| Keywords: | Competition, Digitalization, Logistics, Nearshoring, Productivity, renewables, Rule of Law, Trade, Water |
| JEL: | B27 K42 L41 L96 Q4 Q25 |
| Date: | 2024–05–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1799-en&r=env |
| By: | Ana Zrnic (Faculty of Economics in Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek); Dubravka Pekanov (Faculty of Economics in Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek); Ivana Fosi? (Faculty of Economics in Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides an analysis of sustainability reporting practices in the European Union, focusing on indicators disclosed by energy companies in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines and standards. By analyzing data from sustainability reports of energy companies between 2016 and 2019, the paper investigates the evolution of indicator disclosure over time. The findings reveal that economic indicators have been consistently reported without significant fluctuations, while environmental indicators show a slight decline since 2017, albeit without major deviations. On the other hand, social indicators demonstrate a positive trend throughout the entire period, particularly when compared to the lowest disclosure rate in 2016. The analysis highlights the voluntary nature of GRI standards' application and the limited disclosure of economic indicators by companies. It underscores the need to include economic indicators in sustainability reports to ensure a comprehensive representation of all three dimensions of sustainability. Furthermore, the study suggests narrowing down GRI standards as many indicators are underutilized in the analyzed companies. While the development of sustainability reporting standards for EU companies is underway, global comparability remains a challenge. Therefore, the paper envisions the future development of a global sustainability reporting framework, akin to financial reporting, to enhance organizations' assessment, comparability, and improvement of sustainability performance. In this regard, the GRI framework, based on its current application, holds potential for further refinement and formalization. Ultimately, achieving adequate standardization and harmonization will be crucial in advancing the field of sustainability reporting. This is particulary important for investors interested in making informed decisions based on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability reporting, GRI standards, Energy companies, Sustainable investment |
| JEL: | M48 Q56 Q49 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14115959&r=env |
| By: | Azreen Rozainee Abdullah ("School of Hospitality, Tourism and Culinary Arts, UOW Malaysia KDU Penang University College, Malaysia" Author-2-Name: Yue Fen Hoe Author-2-Workplace-Name: "UOW Malaysia KDU Penang University College, 32, Jalan Anson, 10400 George Town, Malaysia " Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - This study was undertaken to analyze the relationship between perceived negative impacts on land reclamation (LR) and support for coastal ecotourism within fishing communities (CE), with environmental awareness (EA) as the mediating variable. Methodology - This study utilized a convenience sampling technique to distribute questionnaires to 400 domestic tourists in coastal areas. Data analysis was conducted using Hayes's PROCESS in IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS v25.0). Findings - Results showed that LR had a direct effect on CE [β= 0.183; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.095–0.270; P= 0.000 |
| Keywords: | Sustainable development; land reclamation; coastal ecotourism; environment awareness |
| JEL: | Q5 O13 P28 R5 |
| Date: | 2024–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jber245&r=env |
| By: | Singh, Sachin; Singh, Bhanu Pratap |
| Abstract: | The present study investigates the impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) on firms' profitability in the Indian setting on a sample of 23 firms from 2015 to 2020. The bootstrap corrected fixed effects estimation and inference in the dynamic panel method is employed to investigate the relationship. The dynamic panel results show that the relationship between ESG score and firms' profitability is inconclusive in the short run. However, governance conditions affect firms' investment decisions and the nexus between ESG and firm financial performance in the long run. Therefore, institutional reforms are warranted to stabilize property rights and check parent-client politics for the long-run effects of sustainable environmental governance on firms' profitability. |
| Keywords: | ESG scores, Indian firms, firms' profitability, dynamic panel |
| JEL: | O10 O30 O33 O38 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120704&r=env |
| By: | Nordine Abidi; Mehdi El Herradi; Boriana Yontcheva; Ananta Dua |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effects of climate shocks on inflation and monetary policy in the Middle East and Central Asia (ME&CA) region. We first introduce a theoretical model to understand the impact of climate risks on headline and food inflation. In particular, the model shows how climate shocks could affect the path of policy rates through food prices. We then use local projections to estimate the impact of climate shocks on headline and food inflation. The results show that price stability is more easily achievable under positive climate conditions. Overall, our findings shed new light on the importance of considering climate-related supply shocks when designing monetary policy, particularly in countries where food makes up a significant part of the CPI-basket. |
| Keywords: | Monetary policy; inflation; climate change |
| Date: | 2024–04–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/090&r=env |
| By: | Abebe, Meseret B. (Addis Ababa University); Alem, Yonas (University of Gothenburg and Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL)) |
| Abstract: | We identify the effects of the 2015-16 El-Niño-induced large-scale drought on smallholder farmers’ livestock holding and milk production. The drought reduced milk production and livestock holding by 28.5% and 8.7%, respectively. Heterogenous impact analysis suggests that asset-rich households sold livestock and financed feed purchases, likely insulating milk production from the drought. In contrast, assetpoor households kept their livestock at all costs and absorbed all the decline in milk production. Our findings have important implications for formulating safety net and adaptation programs targeting smallholder farmers and the livestock sector in a rapidly changing climate. |
| Keywords: | Drought; diff-in-diff; climate change; livestock holding; Ethiopia |
| JEL: | D13 O13 O44 Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–07–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2023_012&r=env |
| By: | Hélène Simonin (PAM - Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques [Dijon] - UB - Université de Bourgogne - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Corinne Tanguy (CESAER - Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Gaëlle Petit; Claire Lambert |
| Keywords: | D22 L6 Q01) collective catering environmental performance life cycle assessment vegetables scenarios, D22, L6, Q01) collective catering, environmental performance, life cycle assessment, vegetables, scenarios |
| Date: | 2024–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04532479&r=env |
| By: | Felix Bierbrauer (University of Cologne) |
| Abstract: | A uniform price for carbon is at the center of market-based approaches to climate policy. Actual climate policy, by contrast, has many sector-specific rules. This paper studies the desirability of the market-based approach using tools from the theory of taxation. It is found that a justification for the market-based approach can be given, it involves indifference with respect to the distributive consequences of climate policy, and it requires that a condition of proportional fiscal externalities is met. If these conditions are not met, a sector specific approach is preferable. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy, equity-efficiency trade-off, optimal taxation |
| JEL: | D63 H21 H22 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkdps:299&r=env |
| By: | Tommaso Oliviero (Università di Napoli Federico II and CSEF); Sandro Rondinella (University of Calabria.); Alberto Zazzaro (University of Naples Federico II, CSEF and MoFiR.) |
| Abstract: | Green investment by private companies is essential to sustainable growth paths in the advanced economies. Whether, and to what extent, investments by green firms are hampered by lack of external finance is an open question. Here we estimate the sensitivity of investment to internal finance in firms engaging in green innovation, finding that the elasticity of investment to cash flow is four times less for green than for non-green firms. This result is stronger among smaller firms and robust to alternative definitions of “green firms.” Our findings indicate that green firms are less financially constrained, consistent with the growing perception of the importance of the green transition, which potentially affects financial investors outside the company. |
| Keywords: | Green investment; cash flow; external finance; financial constraints. |
| JEL: | E22 G30 Q55 |
| Date: | 2024–02–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sef:csefwp:700&r=env |
| By: | Daniel de Wolf (TVES - Territoires, Villes, Environnement & Société - ULR 4477 - ULCO - Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale - Université de Lille); Ngagne Diop (TVES - Territoires, Villes, Environnement & Société - ULR 4477 - ULCO - Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale - Université de Lille); Moez Kilani (LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Abstract We extend a multimodal transport model to simulate an increase of the market share of electric vehicles. The model, which is described in detail in Kilani et al. (Sustainability 14(3):1535, 2022), covers the north of France and includes both urban and intercity trips. It is a multi-agents simulation based on the MATsim framework and calibrated on observed traffic flows. We find that the emissions of pollutant gases decrease in comparable proportion to the market share of the electric vehicles. When only users with shorter trips switch to electric vehicles, the impact is limited and demand for charging stations is small since most users will charge by night at home. When the government is able to target users with longer trips, the impact can be higher by more than a factor of two. But, in this case, our model shows that it is important to increase the number of charging stations with an optimized deployment for their accessibility. |
| Abstract: | Nous étendons un modèle de transport multimodal pour simuler une augmentation de la part de marché des véhicules électriques. Le modèle, décrit en détail dans Kilani et al. (Sustainability 14(3):1535, 2022), couvre le nord de la France et inclut les déplacements urbains et interurbains. Il s'agit d'une simulation multi-agents basée sur le framework MATsim et calibrée sur les flux de trafic observés. Nous constatons que les émissions de gaz polluants diminuent dans une proportion comparable à la part de marché des véhicules électriques. Lorsque seuls les utilisateurs effectuant des trajets plus courts passent aux véhicules électriques, l'impact est limité et la demande de bornes de recharge est faible puisque la plupart des utilisateurs rechargent la nuit à leur domicile. Lorsque le gouvernement est en mesure de cibler les utilisateurs effectuant des trajets plus longs, l'impact peut être plus d'un facteur deux. Mais, dans ce cas, notre modèle montre qu'il est important d'augmenter le nombre de bornes de recharge avec un déploiement optimisé pour leur accessibilité. |
| Keywords: | Transport modeling and simulation, Electric vehicles, Deployment of charging stations, Local pollution, North of France, Spatial distribution, Decision support, CO2 emissions |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04551704&r=env |
| By: | Tocchi, Giuliana; Del Cid, Eva B. Rivera; Lara-Arevalo, Jonathan; Gallucio, Giulia; Trozzo, Chiara; Espin, Océane; Antonelli, Marta |
| Abstract: | This report presents findings from a study funded by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) through the Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Program (ASAP2). The study was conducted by AGT International and the Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici Foundation (CMCC Foundation), in collaboration with IFAD's Environment, Climate, Gender, and Social Inclusion Division team in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Aligned with IFAD's Strategic Framework (2016-2025), the study focuses on enhancing nutrition and climate resilience to support rural inclusivity and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in the region. The goal of this study is to generate and disseminate knowledge derived from seven IFAD-selected projects in the LAC region. It emphasizes best practices and lessons learned in nutrition enhancement and climate change adaptation. Additionally, the study aims to provide recommendations for replicating and scaling up these best practices while ensuring the integration of cross-cutting themes such as environment, nutrition, gender, youth, and indigenous peoples. Methodologically, the study combines a review of primary and secondary sources with insights gathered from semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders. This is complemented by knowledge shared during a peer-to-peer meeting. Nine key lessons learned and best practices are outlined, offering both synthesized analyses across projects and specific examples of successful methodologies and activities. By analyzing the integration of nutrition and climate resilience in various projects across LAC, this study identifies strategies to strengthen the climate-nutrition nexus in upcoming interventions. These findings offer actionable insights and recommendations to inform future strategies aimed at transforming food systems in the region, contributing to sustainable development goals, and ensuring the well-being of communities in Latin America and the Caribbean. |
| Date: | 2023–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:euva6&r=env |
| By: | Michael Danquah; Bazoumana Ouattara; Williams Ohemeng; Alfred Barimah |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effect of climate on citywide labour productivity in the Accra city region. We use data from Ghana's Integrated Business and Establishment Survey dataset, climate data at the sub-city level from Ghana Meteorological Agency, and satellite and reanalysis data, as well as key informant interviews with representatives of enterprises and city authorities and officials of the National Disaster Mobilization Agency, for this exercise. |
| Keywords: | Urbanization, Structural transformation, Climate, Climate change, Ghana |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-25&r=env |
| By: | Tan-Soo, Jie-Sheng (Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore); Finkelstein, Eric (Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore); Qin, Ping (School of Applied Economics, Renmin University of China); Jeuland, Marc (Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, USA); Pattanayak, Subhrendu (Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, USA); Zhang, Xiaobing (School of Economics, Renmin University of China) |
| Abstract: | Due to worsening air quality across many cities in developing countries, there is an urgent need to consider more aggressive air pollution control measures. Valuation of the benefits of clean air is crucial for establishing the rationale for such policies, but is methodologically challenging, often expensive, and therefore remains limited. This study assesses the potential for more standardized and cost-effective measurement of the demand for air quality improvements, applying a contingent valuation procedure via online surveys, in three Asian megacities facing severe but varying pollution problems – Beijing, Delhi, and Jakarta. The study’s primary contribution is to demonstrate the viability of this approach, which significantly enhances comparability of valuations and their drivers across locations, and thereby has great potential for informing policy analysis and targeting of specific interventions. A second contribution is to supply sorely needed data on the benefits of clean air in these three particular Asian cities, which collectively have a population of about 50 million people. The annual willingness-to-pay for air quality to reach national standards is estimated to be US$150 in Jakarta (where average PM2.5 concentration, at 45µg/m3, exceeds national standards by the smallest amount, specifically a factor of 1.3), US$1845 in Beijing (PM2.5 at 58µg/m3, 1.7 times the standard), and US$1760 in Delhi (PM2.5 at 133µg/m3, 3.3 times the standard). The methods deployed could be applied more widely to construct a worldwide database of comparable air quality valuations. |
| Keywords: | Low and middle-income countries; air pollution; contingent valuation |
| JEL: | D00 |
| Date: | 2023–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2023_008&r=env |
| By: | Albers, H. Jo (University of Wyoming); Campoverde, P. David (University of Wyoming); King, Bethany (University of Wyoming); Sills, Erin (North Carolina State University); Alais, Lemiani (UDSM); Kirama, Stephen (University of Dar es Salaam); Kreinbrink, Victoria (University of Wyoming); Lokina, Razack (University of Dar es Salaam); Mtenge, Erica (Georgia State University) |
| Abstract: | The UNESCO World Heritage Site Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) in Tanzania is a well-known example of the challenges of managing a conservation area for multiple goals including meeting the needs of residents within the conservation area. The NCA seeks to achieve multiple goals including protecting biodiversity, providing tourism opportunities, improving resident Maasai livelihoods, and conserving Maasai culture. Within and beyond the NCA, most analysis and projects focus on Maasai men, who are cattle herders and heads of multi-household families. In this paper, we describe livelihoods and wellbeing, as affected by the protected area, from the perspective of the Maasai women. Recognizing that well-being (and poverty) is multi-dimensional, we examine how different factors correlate with selfreported life satisfaction and we apply the framework of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). For each of the SDGs, we report the available evidence from documentation and from surveys of village leaders, female heads of household, and a small supplementary sample of male heads of the polygamous families. We administered the surveys in all 23 Maasai villages in the NCA. The survey results confirm that poverty is widespread, but with substantial variation in the depth of poverty and in access to essentials including water, food, and fuel. Reported life satisfaction of Maasai women is correlated with food security, clothing quality, and access to markets and social services, but not with family ownership of cattle, which is the most used metric of Maasai wealth. Our findings suggest potential improvement in NCA programs and provide a baseline to analyze the effects of any such changes in those programs from the perspective Maasai women. |
| Keywords: | biodiversity conservation; gender; pastoralists; protected areas; Maasai; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); people and parks |
| JEL: | Q00 |
| Date: | 2022–10–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2022_017&r=env |
| By: | Dagar, Vishal; Dagher, Leila; Rao, Amar; Doytch, Nadia; Kagzi, Muneza |
| Abstract: | Global energy security is a growing worldwide concern in the presence of high economic policy uncertainty (EPU) that can be addressed by advancing sustainable energy diversification (ED) practices. Energy security can be estimated by combining ED and EPU indices; hence, this study uses a dataset covering three continents and 26 countries from 1995 to 2023 to measure energy security employing this approach. The study employs quantile regression and panel data analysis, finding a positive relationship between EPU and ED. The results reveal that when EPU increases, the spectrum of energy sources declines, negatively impacting energy security. Other factors of globalization, Gross Domestic Product, gross capital formation, and the labor force also have an impact on the spectrum of energy sources. To obtain a sustainable level of ED, policymakers should increase investment in gross capital formation because economic growth and openness via pro-global policies have less impact on ED. This study also demonstrates that labor capital shifts have a significant effect on ED. The quantitative results reveal the importance of clear and precise economic policies for increasing investment in carbon-free energy security. |
| Keywords: | Economic Policy Uncertainty; Energy Security; Energy Diversification; Carbon Neutrality; Risk Mitigation. |
| JEL: | C23 G18 Q43 Q48 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120705&r=env |
| By: | Olivier de Groote (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Axel Gautier (HEC Liège, Université de Liège); Frank Verboven (Department of Economics [Leuven] - KU Leuven - Catholic University of Leuven = Katholieke Universiteit Leuven) |
| Abstract: | We analyze the political impact of a generous solar panel subsidization program. Subsidies far exceeded their social benefit and were partly financed by new taxes on adopters and by electricity surcharges for all consumers. We use local panel data from Belgium and find a decrease in votes for government parties in municipalities with high adoption rates. This shows that the voters' punishment for a costly policy exceeded the potential reward by adopters who received generous subsidies. Further analysis indicates that punishment mainly comes from non-adopters, who change their vote towards anti-establishment parties. |
| Keywords: | Photovoltaic systems, Retrospective voting, Financing climate policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04547811&r=env |
| By: | Villalobos, Laura (Department of Economics and Finance, and Department of Environmental Studies, Salisbury University); Gomez, Julian D. (Universidad de Los Andes); Garcia, Jorge H. (Universidad de Los Andes) |
| Abstract: | High temperatures hinder learning. An e ective solution is to control the environment. However, technologies such as air conditioning are seldom adopted in developing countries. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are more widely available and could o er an alternative solution by increasing the amount of instruction, allowing the re-allocation of activities, boosting productivity, or improving the quality of instruction. Using data from Colombia, we con rm that heat a ects test scores, and we show that ICTs compensate up to 15 percent of this e ect when used by teachers to teach and for pedagogic purposes. |
| Keywords: | Weather and learning; Adaptation; Climate Change; Economics of Education; Information and Communication Technologies (ICT); Developing Country; Computer Programs |
| JEL: | H54 J24 O15 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–04–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2023_006&r=env |
| By: | Gong Cheng; Eric Jondeau; Benoit Mojon; Dimitri Vayanos |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of green investors on stock prices in a dynamic equilibrium model where investors are green, passive or active. Green investors track an index that progressively excludes the stocks of the brownest firms; passive investors hold a value-weighted index of all stocks; and active investors hold a mean-variance efficient portfolio of all stocks. Contrary to the literature, we find large drops in the stock prices of the brownest firms and moderate increases for greener firms. These effects occur primarily upon the announcement of the green index's formation and continue during the exclusion phase. The announcement effects imply a first-mover advantage to early adopters of decarbonisation strategies. |
| JEL: | G12 G23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32317&r=env |
| By: | Gil-Clavel, Sofia (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research); Wagenblast, Thorid; Akkerman, Joos (Delft University of Technology); Filatova, Tatiana |
| Abstract: | Understanding which climate change adaptation constraints manifest for different actors – governments, communities, individuals and households – is essential, as adaptation is turning into a matter of survival. Though rich qualitative research reveals constraints for diverse cases, methods to consolidate knowledge and elicit patterns in adaptation constraints for various actors and hazards are scarce. We fill this gap by analyzing associations between different adaptations and actors’ constraints in adaptation to climate-induced floods and sea-level rise. Our novel approach derives textual data from peer-reviewed articles (published before February 2024) by using natural language processing, supervised learning, thematic coding books, and network analysis. Results show that social capital, economic factors, and government support are constraints shared among all actors. With respect to adaptation types, communities are frequently associated with maladaptation, while individuals and households are frequently associated with transformational adaptation. |
| Date: | 2024–04–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:3cqvn&r=env |
| By: | Tony Addison; Alan R. Roe |
| Abstract: | The extractives industries are highly controversial but remain vitally important in much of the developing world. This paper considers their role in reducing energy poverty and discusses scenarios for the future of the global markets for oil, gas, and metals (emphasizing the increasing importance of Asia). It then provides a snapshot of the increasing dependence of many developing countries on the extractives sector and uses that analysis to provide a perspective on the new opportunities arising from the global net-zero transition. |
| Keywords: | Climate, Commodities, Extractive industries, Mining, Natural gas, Oil |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-26&r=env |
| By: | Badr Bentalha (ENCGF - Ecole Nationale de Commerce et de Gestion De Fès - USMBA - Université Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah) |
| Abstract: | Historically, tourism was an elitist phenomenon. As a result of economic development, a new model of mass tourism has emerged, reaching a wide swathe of society and conveying a standardized and unique vision. Today, mass tourism is criticized for both its high ecological footprint and its low contribution to local development. At the same time, the structure of the tourism market has undergone profound change, with the emergence of an alternative offer that is more respectful of the environment and local populations. On the one hand, this alternative tourism makes it possible to internalize the negative externalities of mass tourism and, on the other, to enhance the specific resources of the region. It also aims to reveal and promote the assets of each territory. Hiking is a form of tourism based on walking in the great outdoors on marked trails. With their low ecological footprint, local impact and cultural dimension, hiking is fully in line with the principles of alternative, sustainable tourism. So, to what extent do the emerging activities of alternative tourism via hiking contribute to the sustainable development of the Fez-Meknes region? The results of the qualitative study carried out show the importance of hiking for the local population and the preponderance of cultural dimensions. Nevertheless, poor communication and safety issues persist, calling for a comprehensive approach to developing hiking tourism in the Fez-Meknes region. |
| Abstract: | Historiquement, le tourisme était un phénomène élitiste. Suite au développement économique, un nouveau modèle de tourisme de masse a émergé, touchant une large frange de la société et véhiculant une vision standardisée et unique. Le tourisme de masse se voit aujourd'hui critiqué tant pour son empreinte écologique importante que pour sa faible contribution au développement local. Parallèlement, le marché touristique a connu une profonde mutation dans sa structure avec l'émergence d'une offre alternative plus respectueuse de l'environnement et des populations locales. Ce tourisme alternatif permet d'une part d'internaliser les externalités négatives du tourisme de masse et d'autre part, de valoriser les ressources spécifiques des territoires. Il vise également à révéler et à promouvoir les atouts de chaque territoire. Les randonnées sont une forme de tourisme basée sur la marche à pied en pleine nature, sur des sentiers balisés. Par leur faible empreinte écologique, leurs retombées locales et leur dimension culturelle, les randonnées s'inscrivent pleinement dans les principes d'un tourisme alternatif et durable. Ainsi, dans quelle mesure les activités émergentes de tourisme alternatif via les randonnées participent-elles au développement durable de la région Fès-Meknès ? Les résultats de l'étude qualitative menée montrent l'importance des randonnées pour la population locale et la prépondérance des dimensions culturelles. Néanmoins, une faible communication et des problèmes de sécurité persistent et nécessitent la mise en place d'une approche globale pour développer le tourisme par les randonnées dans la région Fès-Meknès. |
| Keywords: | Alternative tourism, Hiking, Sustainable development, Fez-Meknes region, Tourisme de masse, Tourisme alternatif, Randonnées, Développement durable, Région Fès- Meknès |
| Date: | 2024–04–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04543776&r=env |
| By: | Diwan, Ishac; Kessler, Martin; Songwe, Vera |
| Abstract: | Vital investment to re-ignite growth and progress on climate action in developing economies will fail if the current debt overhang remains unaddressed. While the international community is preparing to move from billions to trillions, efforts to translate these investments into the green transition will remain vain as long as developing countries continue to struggle with debt crises. Indeed, much of the new flows would leak out as debt service, whilst economies in disarray will be unable to increase their investments in a sustainable future. A bridge between the current crisis and a time when efforts can go in earnest to save the planet is urgently needed. Insolvent countries need debt reduction, a difficult process under the G20’s “Common Framework†, and one that crucially needs to be further improved. However, most countries that are currently facing financial stress are in fact suffering from illiquidity, rather than insolvency. This situation is due to the coincidence of a rise in global interest rates at a time when bonds are maturing and the amortization of bilateral loans has risen. For these countries, coordinating debt rescheduling among their diverse creditors is essential. This paper proposes a “bridging program†that unlocks net positive flows for countries facing liquidity constraints. The program operationalizes a tripartite deal: Multilateral development banks (MDBs) would increase their financing for new investments, including those linked to climate objectives; creditors would agree to reschedule their claims in the future; and countries would commit to stabilize their economy and engage in efforts to promote recovery. |
| Keywords: | Public debt, debt crisis, growth, illiquidity, insolvency, MDB scaling up, sustainable finance, green transition |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpm:notfdl:2401&r=env |
| By: | Sophie Bernard; Florence Lapointe; Julien Martin |
| Abstract: | Last Fall, the Federal Court declared invalid and unlawful the federal government Order that classified plastic articles as toxic under the Environmental Protection Act. The government quickly appealed the decision and the Federal Court of Appeal granted a stay motion which prevents the Federal court ruling from taking effect while the appeal is ongoing. Therefore, the Single-use Plastics Prohibition Regulations remain in force. Despite an acknowledgement that Canada must fight against plastic pollution, Canadian exports of plastic waste amounted to almost 175 thousand tonnes in 2022, hardly a stellar performance. In light of developments in recent years and the Canadian government’s commitment to the management and use of plastics, the authors draw on available data to give an accounting of Canada’s trade in plastic waste over the last 20 years and point that some questions remain unanswered due to lack of data. L'automne dernier, la Cour fédérale a déclaré invalide et illégale l'ordonnance du gouvernement fédéral qui classait les articles en plastique comme toxiques en vertu de la loi sur la protection de l'environnement. Le gouvernement a rapidement fait appel de cette décision et la Cour d'appel fédérale a accordé un sursis qui empêche la décision de la Cour fédérale d'entrer en vigueur tant que l'appel est en cours. Par conséquent, le Règlement interdisant les plastiques à usage unique reste en vigueur. Bien que le Canada reconnaisse qu'il doit lutter contre la pollution plastique, les exportations canadiennes de déchets plastiques se sont élevées à près de 175 000 tonnes en 2022, un bilan peu reluisant. À la lumière des développements de ces dernières années et de l'engagement du gouvernement canadien en matière de gestion et d'utilisation des plastiques, les auteurs s'appuient sur les données disponibles pour dresser un bilan du commerce des déchets plastiques au Canada au cours des 20 dernières années et soulignent que plusieurs questions demeurent sans réponse faute de données. |
| Keywords: | Plastic pollution, environment, plastic waste, recycling, National Sword, Pollution plastique, environnement, déchets plastiques, recyclage, National Sword |
| Date: | 2024–05–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:circah:2024pj-05&r=env |
| By: | Julius Berger; Waldemar Marz |
| Abstract: | We identify and examine a novel welfare channel of fuel economy standards through the in-teraction with public transit and households’ location choices. A stricter emission standard for cars decreases the marginal cost of driving and triggers a shift in modal choice from public to private transport and a rise in carbon emissions. In the long run, the modal shift exacerbates the increase in the average commute length that results from lower driving costs, as well as traffic congestion. The annual welfare cost for a 50 percent emission reduction goal in a setting calibrated with U.S. data turns out 8 percent (equiv. to 54 USD p.c.) higher than when neglecting public transport. With a larger role of public transport as in Europe, this effect rises to 12 percent (equiv. to 83 USD p.c.). An alternative fuel tax policy, by contrast, induces a modal shift towards public transport and reduces the average commute, urban congestion and the welfare cost of emission reductions. |
| Keywords: | fuel economy standards, public transport, monocentric city, fuel tax, carbon emissions |
| JEL: | H23 Q48 R13 R48 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11061&r=env |
| By: | Jiawen Luo (School of Business Administration, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China); Shengjie Fu (School of Business Administration, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China); Oguzhan Cepni (Copenhagen Business School, Department of Economics, Porcelaenshaven 16A, Frederiksberg DK-2000, Denmark; Ostim Technical University, Ankara, Turkiye); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of climate-related risks on the inflation rates of the United States, focusing on the overall Consumer Price Index (CPI) and its significant components, namely food and beverages and housing inflation. Employing quantile regression models and a comprehensive dataset spanning from January 1985 to September 2022, we analyze five specific climate risk factors alongside traditional macroeconomic predictors. Our findings indicate that models incorporating individual climate risks generally outperform those considering only macroeconomic factors. However, models combination strategies that integrate all five climate risk measures consistently deliver superior forecasting performance. Notably, the pronounced effect of climate risks on food inflation significantly contributes to the observed trends in the overall CPI, which is largely driven by this subcomponent. This research highlights the crucial role of climate factors in forecasting inflation, suggesting potential avenues for enhancing economic policy-making in light of evolving climate conditions. |
| Keywords: | Climate risks, US inflation, Dynamic quantile moving averaging, Forecasting |
| JEL: | C21 C22 C53 E31 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202420&r=env |
| By: | Biteau, Corentin; Bry-Chevalier, Tom; Crummett, Dustin; Ryba, Ren; St. Jules, Michael |
| Abstract: | Insect farming is frequently proposed as an emerging industry that can improve the environmental and economic sustainability of the food system. However, existing research often overlooks significant challenges. In this article, we identify three bugs in the scientific literature on insect farming: 1) the overreliance on a handful of old studies when discussing environmental impacts; 2) the pervasive assumption that insect farms will utilise food waste; and 3) the reliance on theoretical price projections that do not hold up under commercial conditions. Debugging the literature will involve producing more realistic life-cycle assessments for the particular context of commercial-scale insect farming in the Global North, which will provide policymakers and industry with the data needed to make informed decisions for a truly sustainable food system. |
| Date: | 2024–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:7nmzj&r=env |
| By: | Kacker, Kanishka (Indian Statistical Institute); Gupta, Ridhima (South Asian University); Ali , Saif (Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology) |
| Abstract: | Will reducing traffic congestion bring health benefits? We use high frequency data from Uber for Delhi – a city that experiences high levels of air pollution and traffic congestion - to answer this question. Exploiting information by time of day for every day of 2018 at the neighborhood level that covers over 16000 possible trips during each of these time periods, we employ an econometric framework that models wind direction together with day, month, time-of-day and trip fixed effects to remove important sources of unobserved heterogeneity. Congestion has a non-linear, dynamic impact on pollution raising it sharply by over a standard deviation. The pattern of response shown by the results is consistent with known information regarding vehicular emissions and ambient air pollution, suggesting bias in the estimates to be low. Simulations using parameters from epidemiological studies suggest congestion may be responsible for up to 40% of all premature deaths from pulmonary and heart disease in Delhi. |
| Keywords: | air pollution; traffic congestion; vehicular regulation |
| JEL: | L91 O18 Q53 R41 |
| Date: | 2023–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2023_010&r=env |
| By: | Nam, Pham Khanh (School of Economics, University of Economics HCMC); Man, Pham Nhu (The Joint Doctorate Programme, University of Economics HCMC and Erasmus University Rotterdam); Thuy, Truong Dang (School of Economics, University of Economics HCMC) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the marginal abatement costs (MACs) of three water pollutants (BOD, COD, and TSS) in the seafood processing industry in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam. Using data on production activities and pollutant concentration, we estimate the MACs and analyze their relationship with firm characteristics. The results reveal significant heterogeneity in MACs, with younger firms, less labor-intensive firms, LLCs and joint-stock companies, firms located in seashore or riverside areas, and those with ISO or other certifications exhibiting lower MACs. These findings suggest that a uniform standard or environmental fee may not efficiently address pollutant reduction. Instead, a tradable permit system could be a more effective approach. |
| Keywords: | seafood; water pollutants; marginal abatement cost; directional distance function |
| JEL: | Q22 |
| Date: | 2023–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunefd:2023_015&r=env |
| By: | Marcela Viteri (Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas - ESPE); Jenny Vinueza (Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas - ESPE); Adriana Vallejo (Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas - ESPE) |
| Abstract: | The study aimed to assess the pro-sustainability orientations in the organizational culture in the public universities of Pichincha ? Ecuador; from the perspective proposed by Schein, considering strategic planning and substantive functions: teaching, research, and community outreach programs. This study employed the questionnaire designed by University Leaders for a Sustainable Future, the tool evaluates the environmental, social, and economic dimensions within universities. This is a qualitative method to assess the Universities? performance considering seven variables included in educational, research, and community outreach management. The primary data were obtained by analyzing the pro-sustainability orientations present in the formal documentation of strategic planning and substantive functions. The critical factor weighting matrix suggested by David Fred was used for the assessment. In the second phase, an analysis of in-depth interviews was conducted with seventeen informants from three public universities. Results show that the pro-sustainability orientations present in formal documentation of strategic planning and substantive functions have a strong tendency to use texts related to the social dimension; while texts with orientations towards the environmental dimension were less utilized in substantive functions; with the interview's common perceptions within the organizational culture related to a traditional university culture that assumes a lack of knowledge and interest in students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, when in reality, the lack of interest from faculty and authorities stems from their own biases regarding the capabilities of their students and their limitations. Along the same line, it is mentioned that the individual culture brought by each university community member influences its organizational culture. |
| Keywords: | Institutional sustainability, University substantive functions, Education |
| JEL: | D21 I21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:14116028&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | The Second Annual Forum on Human Rights Defenders in Environmental Matters in Latin America and the Caribbean was held in Panama City from 26 to 28 September 2023. This document contains the official report of the Second Annual Forum and summarizes the various panels, discussions and presentations. It also catalogues the proposals put forward by the breakout groups, which will serve as input for the preparation of the action plan on human rights defenders in environmental matters of the Escazú Agreement. |
| Date: | 2024–04–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col043:69125&r=env |
| By: | Jérémie GILBERT |
| Abstract: | La lutte contre la crise écologique et la protection des droits humains sont des défis interdépendants qui nécessitent des efforts collectifs de la part des gouvernements, des organisations internationales, de la société civile, des entreprises, et des individus. La majorité des droits humains sont affectés négativement par la crise écologique. Mais de manière plus positive, le cadre normatif international des droits humains met en avant de nombreuses pistes pour assurer une transition écologique efficace, durable, juste et équitable. Non seulement la protection de l’environnement contribue à la réalisation des droits humains, mais la protection des droits humains joue un rôle dans la préservation de l’environnement, et présente des pistes pour la transition écologique. Le droit à un environnement propre, sain et durable intègre les droits fondamentaux à un air pur, à un climat sûr, à l'accès à l'eau potable, à une alimentation saine et produite de manière durable, à des environnements non toxiques, ainsi qu'à une biodiversité et à des écosystèmes sains. Comme le souligne cette étude, une approche fondée sur les droits humains invite les États à s’engager pour la transition vers des systèmes alimentaires agro-écologiques, arrêter et inverser le processus de déforestation et de dégradation des sols, et améliorer les capacités d’adaptation, en particulier celles des populations vulnérables et marginalisées. En adoptant une approche centrée sur la place des droits humains face à la crise écologique, ce rapport offre des pistes pour évaluer la capacité des droits humains à servir de boussole pour assurer que la transition écologique soit juste, durable, et équitable. De nombreux droits sont directement concernés, et particulièrement, plusieurs déterminants économiques et sociaux du droit à la santé, tels que l'accès à une alimentation nutritive, à l'eau potable, à l'assainissement et au logement. Aborder la crise écologique globale sous l’angle des droits humains permet de mettre en lumière les principes d’universalité et de non-discrimination, tout en soulignant que ces droits doivent être garantis à chacun, y compris aux membres des groupes vulnérables. Si la quasi-totalité des individus subissent les effets de la dégradation de l'environnement, les conséquences sont plus graves pour les personnes qui se trouvent déjà dans des situations de marginalisation ou de vulnérabilité. Les personnes les plus exposées sont souvent les enfants et les jeunes, les personnes âgées, les personnes handicapées, les personnes vivant dans la pauvreté, les minorités ethniques, raciales ou autres minorités marginalisées, les peuples autochtones, les personnes déplacées - à l'intérieur d'un pays ou au-delà des frontières, les réfugiés et les migrants, ainsi que les défenseurs des droits humains. La lutte contre les inégalités face à la crise écologique exige une approche fondée sur les droits humains qui intègre des solutions juste sur le plan environnemental, social et économique visant à garantir que personne n'est laissé pour compte dans la transition vers un avenir plus durable. Ce rapport analyse comment face aux différents impacts de la crise écologique sur les droits humains, aussi bien la doctrine que la jurisprudence des droits humains se développent rapidement pour mettre en avant une approche fondée sur les droits humains allant dans le sens de la transition écologique. En alignant les principes de la transition juste sur les droits humains, les décideurs politiques et les parties prenantes peuvent travailler ensemble pour s'assurer que l'évolution vers la durabilité est socialement juste et ne compromet pas les droits et le bien-être des individus et des communautés. |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2024–05–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr16769&r=env |
| By: | Jinchi Dong; Richard S. J. Tol; Fangzhi Wang |
| Abstract: | The majority of estimates of the social cost of carbon use preference parameters calibrated to data for North America and Europe. We here use representative data for attitudes to time and risk across the world. The social cost of carbon is substantially higher in the global north than in the south. The difference is more pronounced if we count people rather than countries. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.04989&r=env |
| By: | Wibbenmeyer, Matthew (Resources for the Future); Joiner, Emily (Resources for the Future); Lennon, Connor; Walls, Margaret A. (Resources for the Future); Ma, Lala (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | The costs of natural disasters in the United States have increased in recent years, and, among disaster types, losses to wildfires have risen most sharply. The distribution of costs across households depends, in part, on household incomes and relative willingness to accept (WTA) wildfire risk. Studies have shown that households living in high wildfire hazard areas have higher incomes on average, but this could change with changes in risks, market environments (e.g., insurance), and regulation. In this paper, we use a discrete choice residential sorting model to study relative WTA wildfire hazard among households with different levels of income and wildfire experience. A spatial discontinuity in California’s natural hazard disclosure laws allows us to distinguish aversion to hazard, when it is made salient to buyers at the time of purchase, from preferences toward correlated amenities, such as forest cover. We have three core findings. First, regulatory disclosure matters. In areas where disclosure is required, households are averse to fire hazard. Second, aversion is increasing in income, which suggests that lower-income households may replace high-income households in high-hazard areas, raising concerns about distributional justice. Finally, individual experience with wildfire events does not increase aversion to hazard, suggesting that experience is not a replacement for disclosure in motivating informed decision-making. |
| Date: | 2024–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-24-05&r=env |
| By: | Orsetta Causa; Emilia Soldani; Maxime Nguyen; Tomomi Tanaka |
| Abstract: | Climate change mitigation policies affect the allocation of workers on the labor market: jobs in high-polluting industries will contract, while jobs in the “green” sector will grow. A just transition in the labour market requires policies to improve the allocation of workers and their deployability, for instance towards performing green tasks; as well as to manage and minimise scarring effects associated with job losses in polluting industries. Using an econometric analysis, this paper investigates the role of structural and policy factors in shaping a number of relevant labour market transitions, uncovering heterogeneity across different groups of workers. Education is the most important individual-level driver of transitions from non-employment to green jobs, with a particularly strong effect from graduating in scientific fields for young people entering the labour market. Women are significantly less likely than men to move into green jobs out of non-employment. Workers employed in high-polluting occupations face higher displacement risks than other workers, but this does not translate into higher long-term unemployment risks. In terms of policies, the paper finds that the labour market implications of the greening economy can be addressed by general structural policies favouring labour market efficiency in terms of workers’ reallocation, labour market inclusiveness in terms of promoting equality of opportunities and minimising long-term scars. Results also suggest that place-based policies are needed to mitigate scarring effects for displaced workers. |
| Keywords: | green transition, labour markets, policy analysis |
| JEL: | J08 J21 Q52 Q48 |
| Date: | 2024–05–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1803-en&r=env |
| By: | Waldemar Marz |
| Abstract: | Value issues such as climate policy, immigration, or identity politics are among the most polarizing policy issues in the U.S. and other high-income countries. That polarization has been rising over the last decades. I investigate a novel channel of income inequality and political campaign contributions on party polarization on the value dimension that is independent of changing voter preferences. In a model of two-dimensional party competition, I show analytically how rising income inequality brings parties’ economic policies closer together if campaign contributions are an important factor for electoral success. This lets sensitive voter groups switch their party allegiance and pushes parties to try to distinguish themselves by increasingly focusing on value policy dimension. Income growth, a rising salience of the value issue, and low voter turnout exacerbate this polarization channel. The analysis suggests possible ways forward: 1) a stricter regulation of campaign finances and 2) framing climate primarily as an economic policy issue that puts distributional implications (and remedies) front and center. |
| Keywords: | political economy, climate policy, polarization, voting, values |
| JEL: | D63 H23 P16 Q52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11062&r=env |
| By: | Miller, Henry; Mulhall, James; Pfau, Lou; Palm, Rachel; Denkenberger, David |
| Abstract: | Earthworms are a resilient group of species that thrive in a variety of habitats through feeding on decaying organic matter, and are therefore predicted to survive an abrupt sunlight reduction scenario, such as a nuclear winter. In this study, the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of foraging earthworms to reduce global famine following a reduction in sunlight with or without global catastrophic loss of infrastructure was considered. Methods for extracting worms were analysed, along with scalability, climate-related barriers to foraging, and pre-consumption processing requirements. Estimations of the global earthworm resource suggest it could provide three years of the protein needs of the current world population, at a median cost of 353 USD·kg−1 dry carbohydrate equivalent or a mean cost of 1200 (90% confidence interval: 32–8500) USD·kg−1 dry carbohydrate equivalent. This is more expensive than other resilient food options and, moreover, earthworms may bioaccumulate heavy metals and other contaminants, presenting a health risk. While costs appear high, there are a number of uncertainties that remain to be addressed. In particular, earthworm biomass distribution may be higher in specific locations. Real-world news reports of earthworm foraging in China and Vietnam detail high yields, suggesting a targeted approach to foraging in the most abundant regions could provide a more feasible application of earthworms as a resilient food source. |
| Date: | 2024–04–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:x8dwh&r=env |
| By: | Wendt, Charlotte; Kosin, Dominick; Adam, Martin; Benlian, Alexander |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:144275&r=env |
| By: | Farid Gasmi (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT Capitole - Université Toulouse Capitole - UT - Université de Toulouse - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Laura Recuero Virto (PULV - Pôle Universitaire Léonard de Vinci, i3-CRG - Centre de recherche en gestion i3 - X - École polytechnique - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Denis Couvet (MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle) |
| Abstract: | Using a novel database on countries exposed to coastal risks (CR), this paper estimates an augmented neoclassical growth model that encompasses eight other new growth models. To account for uncertainty related to the number of models and choice of growth determinant proxies, we use a Bayesian averaging of classical estimates (BACE) approach. A preliminary examination of the data reveals that a country that faces coastal risks is likely to be a former British colony characterized by a common law legal framework, a parliamentary political system, a high degree of international trade openness, little language and ethnic fractionalization, a low level of public sector corruption, and a high rate of fertility. The BACE-based model selection procedure shows that, in CR countries, the growth determinant proxies typically used in the neoclassical, macroeconomic policy, natural resources, and institutions theories are significantly correlated with growth. These results suggest two implications related to these countries' coastal ecosystems. First, because they are heavily dependent on natural resources and have high fertility rates, these countries might seek short-term economic gains at the expense of deterioration in their ecosystems. Second, these countries' good institutions and low levels of ethnic division might be conducive to sustainable management of these ecosystems. |
| Keywords: | Bayesian model averaging, Coastal risks, Economic growth, Ecosystems |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04547896&r=env |
| By: | Francesca Guadagno (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Robert Stehrer (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | The energy-renewables ecosystem (ERES) plays a particularly important role in the green transition. This paper analyses its relevance in EU member states and the competitiveness for the EU27 as a whole vis-à-vis other global players and identifies structural dependencies and vulnerabilities. It does so by drawing on the Joint Research Centre’s FIGARO dataset and detailed trade data, and by developing a novel approach that adapts input-output indicators to the analysis of industrial ecosystems. A number of key findings emerge from our analysis. First, the ERES is particularly relevant in new member states, Austria and Germany. At the global level, the EU27 is the second most important exporter after China. Second, in 2020 the EU ecosystem was dependent on imports of coal and lignite from Russia, as well as on a variety of other products from China (including medium- and high-tech electronic products). Third, analysis on the basis of detailed trade data indicates that a few products in the ERES supply chain are delivered by only a handful of countries, which could indicate some vulnerability. Most of the partner countries supply some products that may be characterised as ‘risky’, but China is a main source of such products. |
| Keywords: | green transition; energy-renewables ecosystem; linkages; dependencies; open strategic autonomy |
| JEL: | F10 F14 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:rpaper:rr:473&r=env |
| By: | Inaki Veruete Villegas (Charles University, Institute of Economic Studies at Faculty of Social Sciences & The Environment Center, Czech Republic & BETA, CNRS, University of Strasbourg); Milan Scasny (Charles University, Institute of Economic Studies at Faculty of Social Sciences and The Environment Center, Czech Republic.) |
| Abstract: | The current geopolitical landscape, exemplified by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, has heightened concerns about energy security. This study delves into the nexus of energy security and natural gas utilization in the Czech Republic, offering a thorough analysis amid these turbulent times. Despite the fact that the environment/energy-extended input-output models have been significantly improved, they still fail to fully capture a sector’s role in an economic system characterized as a network of sectors as they primarily analyze sectors as both ends of the supply chain, ignoring a significant role of transmission sectors. We overcome this gap by applying a multidimensional approach to scrutinize the energy supply chain in order to assess the repercussions of heightened natural gas prices post-Russian invasion. Specifically, we combine domestic energy input-output demand and price models to assess the economic impacts under constrained alternative energy scenarios, particularly relevant given the challenges of replacing Russian gas. Additionally, leveraging network analysis techniques —node and edge betweenness centrality—and the hypothetical extraction method are used to identify critically important structural elements within the country’s natural gas consumption chain. While the former pinpoints vital transmission sectors based on gas flow, the latter gauges sectoral significance by simulating complete disconnections, without being influenced by the number of times the sector appears in the supply chain path. Last, we develop a complete map of the embodied energy flows. Structural Path Analysis traces intermediate product flows, enabling the quantification of embodied energy across the supply chain and its representation as a tree-like structure. Our findings reveal significant implications of natural gas price fluctuations on key manufacturing industries, notably those engaged in international trade which are vulnerable to energy supply and price disruptions. We emphasize the critical role of sectors providing essential household goods and services, like energy, food, and transportation. Strategic interventions may be necessary to safeguard domestic demand and the competitive edge of vital sectors like automotive. As energy security remains a dynamic and evolving challenge, our research contributes significantly to the ongoing discourse on energy resilience, particularly for countries dependent on energy imports. Despite the fact our study is applied to the energy field, this framework is useful to analyze the footprint of any inputs, including usage of critical materials, environmental inputs, or emissions, which face similar complexities. |
| Keywords: | Energy-Extended Input-Output Aanalysis; Energy Supply Chain; Natural Gas Footprint; Embodied Energy; Betwenness Centrality; Hypothetical Extraction; Structural Path Analysis; Input-Output Price Model |
| JEL: | C67 Q43 H56 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fau:wpaper:wp2024_19&r=env |
| By: | H. Spencer Banzhaf; Randall Walsh |
| Abstract: | Like today, one hundred years ago air pollution was a matter of grave concern in the world's most polluted cities. In the wake of its famous 1908-9 social survey, the City of Pittsburgh commissioned an "Economic Survey of Pittsburgh" from John T. Holdsworth, a prominent institutional economist at the University of Pittsburgh. Although wide ranging, the report opened by stating that "The first fundamental need in Pittsburgh is the eradication of smoke." This report was followed by a series of Smoke Investigations, in which, astonishingly, jars were placed around the city and the ash weighed monthly. In one application, Holdsworth's assistant, John J. O'Connor, estimated the economic costs from smoke. Arguably the first damage-cost study, O'Connor's work challenges our understanding of what counts as "economic" in the progressive era. |
| JEL: | B1 Q5 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32328&r=env |
| By: | Hardman, Scott PhD; Chakraborty, Amrita PhD; Hoogland, Kelly; Sugihara, Claire |
| Abstract: | This project provides a literature review of research on zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) which includes fuel cell vehicles, battery electric vehicles, and plug-on hybrid electric vehicles, the latter are referred to as plug-in electric vehicles (PEV). In the review we focus on PEVs due to a lack of literature on fuel cell vehicles. We consider buyer and consumer perceptions of PEVs including perceived barriers to PEV adoption, consumer knowledge of PEVs, issues associated with incentives, and issues associated with infrastructure. The aim is to understand potential barriers to higher PEV sales and future research needs relating to PEV adoption. The PEV market shows many signs of becoming more robust. This includes PEV buyer demographics shifting toward the demographics of buyers of all types of new cars and improvements in PEV technology. Some challenges may remain, however. These include understanding the needs of households without home charging, engaging female car buyers in PEVs, engaging more of the general population in the PEV transition, substantially reducing PEV purchase prices, and incentive discontinuities potentially impacting adoption. Finally, disparities in rebate allocation, infrastructure deployment, and PEV sales indicate the transition is not yet equitable. This may require specific policy actions to address. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Zero emission vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles, incentives, consumer behavior, demographics, electric vehicle charging, automobile ownership |
| Date: | 2022–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt8dt5b2q6&r=env |
| By: | Anita Schiller; Aurelie Slechten |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effects of oil and gas extraction activities on the educational outcomes of high school students in Texas, focusing on potential variations in these impacts among different demographic groups. We use school-level data from the Texas Academic Performance Reports between 2012-2020, with school performance measured by average scores on the American College Test (ACT). The primary variable of interest is the exposure to oil and gas activities, measured by changes in oil and gas revenues within each school district. The empirical approach controls for school characteristics, and student demographics. To address endogeneity concerns, we adopt an instrumental variable approach. Although the overall impact of oil and gas operations on average school ACT scores is not statistically significant, these activities do influence the relationship between student socioeconomic status and academic achievement. Specifically, for schools situated within districts that receive substantial oil and gas revenues, a small increase in the proportion of economically disadvantaged students is associated with a substantial decline in ACT scores. |
| Keywords: | natural resources, oil and gas activities, human capital, education |
| JEL: | H75 I21 I24 R23 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lan:wpaper:411897926&r=env |
| By: | Petkov, Ivan (Northeastern University); Ortega, Francesc (Queens College, CUNY) |
| Abstract: | Many studies have investigated flood risk and insurance coverage in the 100-year flood zone, but much less is known about the periphery of the flood zone. We present a new approach to estimate flood risk and insurance take-up in the vicinity of the flood zone based on building-level inundation data. We illustrate our approach using data for New York after hurricane Sandy. We show that flood risk falls rapidly as we move away from the flood zone, but remains fairly high for properties located within 250 meters of the flood zone. We also document substantial voluntary insurance take-up in this area prior to the storm, reflecting homeowners' perception of flood risk. Next, we show that experiencing flooding during Sandy led to large increases in flood insurance coverage in the flood zone and its periphery. But, while in the flood zone the increase vanished after 3 years, it was highly persistent in the periphery. By using information on the types of insurance policies purchased by homeowners, we provide evidence that strongly suggests that periphery residents who experienced flooding revised upwardly their beliefs about flood risk and adapted by purchasing (affordable) flood insurance. |
| Keywords: | flood risk, flood insurance, FEMA, NFIP, hurricane Sandy |
| JEL: | Q54 G22 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16922&r=env |
| By: | Nassiri, Somayeh PhD; Butt, Ali Azhar PhD; Zarei, Ali; Kim, Changmo PhD; Wu, Rongzong PhD; Lea, Jeremy David; Erdahl, Jessica |
| Abstract: | Between 2017 and 2018, California experienced four devastating fires, including the Camp and Carr Fires. After fires, road infrastructure is crucial for safe removal of hazardous materials and waste to landfills and recycling facilities. Despite the critical role of pavements in this process, there has been little quantitative evaluation of the potential damage to pavements from truck traffic for debris removal. To address this knowledge gap, data on truck trip numbers and debris tonnage following the Camp and Carr Fires were used to calculate changes in equivalent single axle loads and traffic index over the pavement’s design life (the age at which reconstruction would be considered). Simulations were conducted on existing pavement structures to assess potential additional damage based on increased traffic indices. Pavement structural design simulations showed that out of the nine studied highways, one exhibited a reduction in cracking life of about two years from debris removal operations. However, fatigue cracking was significantly accelerated for Skyway, the major road in the Town of Paradise, failing 14.3 years before its design life. A methodology similar to the one presented in this study can be adopted in debris management planning to strategically avoid vulnerable pavements and minimize damage to the highway network. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Wildfires, pavements, disaster resilience, mechanistic-empirical pavement design, debris removal, traffic loads, fatigue cracking, rutting, case studies |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt9w05v56t&r=env |
| By: | Torijano, Eugenio |
| Abstract: | En este documento se presentan cuadros regionales y nacionales con datos estadísticos del subsector hidrocarburos de los ocho países que conforman el Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA): Belice, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panamá y la República Dominicana. Se elaboró gracias a la colaboración de las instituciones nacionales y regionales del sector petrolero de los países del SICA. El informe consta de seis grupos de cuadros, todos referidos al petróleo (petróleo crudo y productos derivados) y gas natural: i) valor de las importaciones y precios; ii) balances de petróleo, derivados y gas natural; iii) consumo interno de hidrocarburos; iv) consumo de energía proveniente de hidrocarburos; v) procedencia de las importaciones y la capacidad de almacenamiento, y vi) estructura de los mercados. La sección de gráficos y mapas se divide en cuatro grupos: i) procedencia de las importaciones, ii) evolución y estructura de los precios de los combustibles, iii) consumo de los derivados del petróleo y gas natural, y iv) impacto de las importaciones en la balanza comercial. |
| Date: | 2024–04–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col094:69189&r=env |
| By: | Tushar Gahlaut; Gourav Dwivedi |
| Abstract: | Electric vehicles (EVs) are increasingly becoming popular as a viable means of transportation for the future. The use of EVs may help in providing better climatic conditions in urban areas with a pocket friendly cost for transportation to the consumers throughout its life. EVs enact as a boon to the society by providing zero tailpipe emissions, better comfort, low lifecycle cost and higher connectivity. The article aims to provide scientific information throughout the literature across various aspects of EVs in their lifetime and thus, assist the scholarly community and various organisations to understand the impact of EVs. In this study we have gathered information from the articles published in SCOPUS database and through grey literature with the focus of information post 2009. We have also used a hybrid methodology using Best-Worst Method (BWM) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) for comparing EVs, internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and hybrid vehicles in various price segments. The study has helped us conclude that EVs should be preferred over ICEVs and hybrids by the users. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.11705&r=env |
| By: | Lacaze, María Victoria; Lupín, Beatriz |
| Abstract: | Los mercados alimentarios vienen afrontando crecientes demandas de información que se traducen en mayores requerimientos de calidad y pautas de estandarización, como las certificaciones ambientales. El eco-etiquetado opera como herramienta de agregado de valor que incentiva la diferenciación y estimula el comercio (Lacaze, 2018; Lupín & Fernández, 2023). |
| Keywords: | Certificación; Valor Agregado; Actividad Pesquera; |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4072&r=env |