Orang Saka

Bangsa Saka (bahasa Parsi Kuno: 𐎿𐎣𐎠code: peo is deprecated Sakā^[1]^[2]^[3] bentuk moden: سَکاها‎ Sakâhâ, Bahasa Yunani Kuno: Σκύθαιcode: grc is deprecated Skithai, bahasa Latin: Scythae^[4]) adalah bangsa gembala berkuda serumpun bangsa Iran Barat^[5] yang berpindah-randah^[6] serata wilayah stepe Ukraine Timur, Rusia Selatan, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan dan Asia Tengah pada zaman baharian klasik sampai berkerajaan sendiri di wilayah sekitar Asia Timur^[7] dari 7 SM sampai 3 TM. Banyak maklumat ditemui dari catatan Historia karangan Herodotos sek. 440 SM serta sajak Epistulae ex Ponto karya Ovidius bahkan penemuan arkeologi menunjukkan adanya benda-benda indah dari emas yang ditemukan di tinggalan makam di Ukraine dan Rusia selatan.

Rujukan

^ West, Stephanie (2002). "Scythians". Dalam Bakker, Egbert J.; de Jong, Irene J. F.; van Wees, Hans (penyunting). Brill's Companion to Herodotus. Brill. m/s. 437–456. ISBN 978-90-04-21758-4.
^ Ivantchik, Askold (2018). "Scythians". Encyclopaedia Iranica (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2023-11-21.
^ "Old Persian Corpus". TITUS Texts. Universiti Frankfurt. Dicapai pada 2023-11-21.
^ Buku IV Naturalis historia karya Plinius yang Tua
^ Sulimirski 1985, halaman 149–153: "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock [...] The main Iranian-speaking peoples of the region at that period were the Scyths and the Sarmatians [...]" Melyukova 1990, halaman 97–98: "From the end of the 7th century B.C. to the 4th century B.C. the Central- Eurasian steppes were inhabited by two large groups of kin Iranian-speaking tribes – the Scythians and Sarmatians [...]" Melyukova 1990, halaman 117: "All contemporary historians, archeologists and linguists are agreed that since the Scythian and Sarmatian tribes were of the Iranian linguistic group [...]" Davis-Kimball, Bashilov & Yablonsky 1995, halaman 91: "Near the end of the 19th century V.F. Miller (1886, 1887) theorized that the Scythians and their kindred, the Sauromatians, were Iranian-speaking peoples. This has been a popular point of view and continues to be accepted in linguistics and historical science [...]" Jacobson 1995, halaman 31–32: "Whatever their ultimate origins, by the time the Pontic Scythians settled in the region of the Black Sea, they almost certainly spoke an Iranian language [...]" Batty 2007, halaman 205: "The original Scythians, as far as we can tell, were Iranian-speaking nomadic pastoralists." Ivantchik 2018: "Scythians, a nomadic people of Iranian origin [...]" Dandamayev 1994, halaman 37: "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism." Harmatta 1996, halaman 181: "[B]oth Cimmerians and Scythians were Iranian peoples." Sulimirski 1985, halaman 149–153: "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock [...] [T]he population of ancient Scythia was far from being homogeneous, nor were the Scyths themselves a homogeneous people. The country called after them was ruled by their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths" (Her. iv. 20), who were of Iranian stock and called themselves "Skolotoi" [...]" West 2002, halaman 437–440: "[T]rue Scyths seems to be those whom [Herodotus] calls Royal Scyths, that is, the group who claimed hegemony [...] apparently warrior-pastoralists. It is generally agreed, from what we know of their names, that these were people of Iranian stock [...]" Rolle 1989, halaman 56: "The physical characteristics of the Scythians correspond to their cultural affiliation: their origins place them within the group of Iranian peoples." Rostovtzeff 1922, halaman 13: "The Scythian kingdom [...] was succeeded in the Russian steppes by an ascendancy of various Sarmatian tribes — Iranians, like the Scythians themselves." Minns 1913, halaman 36: "The general view is that both agricultural and nomad Scythians were Iranian."
^ "Scythian". The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Micropædia. Volume. 10 (ed. 15th). m/s. 576. member of a nomadic people originally of Iranian stock who migrated from Central Asia to southern Russia in the 8th and 7th centuries BCCS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
^ "Scythian mummy shown in Germany". BBC News. 24 August 2006. Dicapai pada 3 October 2010.

Sumber

Dandamayev, Muhammad (1994). "Media and Achaemenid Iran". Dalam Harmatta, János Harmatta (penyunting). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250. 1. UNESCO. m/s. 35–64. ISBN 9231028464.

Davis-Kimball, Jeannine; Bashilov, Vladimir A.; Yablonsky, Leonid T. (1995). Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age. Zinat Press. ISBN 978-1-885979-00-1.
Melyukova, A. I. (1990). "The Scythians and Sarmatians". Dalam Sinor, Denis (penyunting). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 97–117. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9.
Sulimirski, T. (1985). "The Scyths". Dalam Gershevitch, I. (penyunting). The Median and Achaemenian Periods. The Cambridge History of Iran. 2. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 149–199. ISBN 978-1-139-05493-5.

Pautan luar

"A chronology of the Scythian antiquities of Eurasia based on new archaeological and C-14 data", Alekseev, A.Y. et al. A detailed scholarly article on pre-Scythian, early Scythian and classical Scythian archaeological sites and their dating, by the Hermitage Museum's director of archaeology and others.
"Some problems in the study of the chronology of the ancient nomadic cultures in Eurasia (9th–3rd centuries BC)", Alekseev, A.Y. et al. More of the same.
"Scythian Gold From Siberia Said to Predate the Greeks" A journalist's article on the Arzhan finds, quoting Hermitage experts

Rencana sejarah ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

Rencana berkaitan Rusia ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

Rencana berkaitan Ukraine ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

Rencana berkaitan arkeologi di Asia ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[1] West, Stephanie (2002). "Scythians". Dalam Bakker, Egbert J.; de Jong, Irene J. F.; van Wees, Hans (penyunting). Brill's Companion to Herodotus. Brill. m/s. 437–456. ISBN 978-90-04-21758-4.

[2] Ivantchik, Askold (2018). "Scythians". Encyclopaedia Iranica (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2023-11-21.

[3] "Old Persian Corpus". TITUS Texts. Universiti Frankfurt. Dicapai pada 2023-11-21.

[4] Buku IV Naturalis historia karya Plinius yang Tua

[5] Sulimirski 1985, halaman 149–153: "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock [...] The main Iranian-speaking peoples of the region at that period were the Scyths and the Sarmatians [...]" Melyukova 1990, halaman 97–98: "From the end of the 7th century B.C. to the 4th century B.C. the Central- Eurasian steppes were inhabited by two large groups of kin Iranian-speaking tribes – the Scythians and Sarmatians [...]" Melyukova 1990, halaman 117: "All contemporary historians, archeologists and linguists are agreed that since the Scythian and Sarmatian tribes were of the Iranian linguistic group [...]" Davis-Kimball, Bashilov & Yablonsky 1995, halaman 91: "Near the end of the 19th century V.F. Miller (1886, 1887) theorized that the Scythians and their kindred, the Sauromatians, were Iranian-speaking peoples. This has been a popular point of view and continues to be accepted in linguistics and historical science [...]" Jacobson 1995, halaman 31–32: "Whatever their ultimate origins, by the time the Pontic Scythians settled in the region of the Black Sea, they almost certainly spoke an Iranian language [...]" Batty 2007, halaman 205: "The original Scythians, as far as we can tell, were Iranian-speaking nomadic pastoralists." Ivantchik 2018: "Scythians, a nomadic people of Iranian origin [...]" Dandamayev 1994, halaman 37: "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism." Harmatta 1996, halaman 181: "[B]oth Cimmerians and Scythians were Iranian peoples." Sulimirski 1985, halaman 149–153: "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock [...] [T]he population of ancient Scythia was far from being homogeneous, nor were the Scyths themselves a homogeneous people. The country called after them was ruled by their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths" (Her. iv. 20), who were of Iranian stock and called themselves "Skolotoi" [...]" West 2002, halaman 437–440: "[T]rue Scyths seems to be those whom [Herodotus] calls Royal Scyths, that is, the group who claimed hegemony [...] apparently warrior-pastoralists. It is generally agreed, from what we know of their names, that these were people of Iranian stock [...]" Rolle 1989, halaman 56: "The physical characteristics of the Scythians correspond to their cultural affiliation: their origins place them within the group of Iranian peoples." Rostovtzeff 1922, halaman 13: "The Scythian kingdom [...] was succeeded in the Russian steppes by an ascendancy of various Sarmatian tribes — Iranians, like the Scythians themselves." Minns 1913, halaman 36: "The general view is that both agricultural and nomad Scythians were Iranian."

[6] "Scythian". The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Micropædia. Volume. 10 (ed. 15th). m/s. 576. member of a nomadic people originally of Iranian stock who migrated from Central Asia to southern Russia in the 8th and 7th centuries BCCS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

[7] "Scythian mummy shown in Germany". BBC News. 24 August 2006. Dicapai pada 3 October 2010.

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