Penenteraan polis
Penenteraan polis ialah penggunaan peralatan dan taktik tentera oleh pegawai penguat kuasa undang-undang.[1] Ini termasuk penggunaan kereta perisai anggota (APC), senapang gempur, senjata api submesin, bom tangan lempar letup,[2] pelancar bom tangan,[3] senapang penembak hendap, dan pasukan SWAT (senjata dan taktik khas).[4][5] Penenteraan penguatkuasaan undang-undang juga dihubung kait dengan pengumpulan maklumat gaya agensi perisikan disasarkan kepada orang awam dan aktivis politik[6][7] dan dengan gaya penguatkuasaan undang-undang yang lebih agresif.[8][9] Profesor keadilan jenayah Peter Kraska telah mentakrifkan penenteraan polis sebagai "proses di mana polis awam semakin menarik daripada, dan mencorakkan diri mereka di sekitar, rukun faham ketenteraan dan model tentera".[10]
Lihat juga
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Wikipetik mempunyai koleksi petikan mengenai: Penenteraan polis |
- Nyahbiaya polis
- Polis tentera
- COINTELPRO
- Pengawasan tinggi
- Keselamatan tanah air
- Hak asasi manusia
- Hak asasi manusia di Amerika Syarikat
- Penahanan tidak tetap tanpa perbicaraan
- Pejabat Sokongan Penguatkuasaan Undang-undang
- Undang-undang tentera
- Pengawasan tanpa waran NSA (2001–07)
- Akta Patriot
- Kekejaman polis
- Negara polis
- PRISM (rancangan pengawasan)
Bacaan lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Balko, Radley. Rise of the Warrior Cop: The Militarization of America's Police Forces. Public Affairs, 2013.
- Balto, Simon. 2019. Occupied Territory: Policing Chicago from Red Summer to Black Power. University of North Carolina Press.
- Hall, Abigail R. and Christopher Coyne. 2018. Tyranny Comes Home: The Domestic Fate of U.S. Militarism. Stanford University Press.
- Hinton, Elizabeth. 2017. From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America. Harvard University Press.
- Linstrum, Erik. "Domesticating Chemical Weapons: Tear Gas and the Militarization of Policing in the British Imperial World, 1919–1981", The Journal of Modern History 91, no. 3 (September 2019): 557–585.
- Madsen, Chris (2020). "Green is the New Black: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and Militarisation of Policing in Canada", Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, 3(1), 114–131. DOI: http://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.42
- Marat, Erica. 2018. The Politics of Police: Reform Society against the State in Post-Soviet Countries. Oxford University Press.
- Schrader, S. (2017). "More than Cosmetic Changes: The Challenges of Experiments with Police Demilitarization in the 1960s and 1970s." Journal of Urban History.
- Schrader, Stuart. 2019. Badges Without Borders: How Global Insurgency Transformed American Policing. University of California Press.
- Steidley, Trent; Ramey, David M. 2019. "Police militarization in the United States". Sociology Compass. 13 (4)
- Turner II, Frederick W. and Bryanna Fox. 2018. Police Militarization: Policy Changes and Stakeholders' Opinions in the United States. Springer
- Wood, Lesley J. Crisis and Control: The Militarization of Protest Policing. Pluto Press, 2014. ISBN 9780745333885
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ "Militarization of Police In the United States". Charles Koch Institute (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2020-04-22. Dicapai pada 2020-05-17.
- ^ "SAS - Weapons - Flash Bang | Stun Grenade (The British Army's SAS developed flashbang grenades)". Eliteukforces.info. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada August 31, 2017. Dicapai pada May 29, 2013.
- ^ Texas Rangers, Department of Public Safety, Branch Davidian Evidence Diarkibkan 2009-01-07 di Wayback Machine, Investigative Report No. 1, September 1999; Investigative Report No. 2, January 2000 (PDFs available at Texas Rangers website). The Rangers found that the FBI used grenade launchers to fire two 40 mm M651 grenades. The Army considers the M651 a pyrotechnic device and that it is known to cause fires. The Army Tech Manual for the M651 warns that it can penetrate 3/4" plywood at 200 meters and "projectile may explode upon target impact". During inventory of the Waco evidence the Texas Rangers also found flashbang grenades.
- ^ James Joyner (June 15, 2011). "Militarization of Police". Outside the Beltway. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada December 21, 2015. Dicapai pada November 12, 2015.
- ^ Paul D. Shinkman (August 14, 2014). "Ferguson and the Militarization of Police". U.S. News and World Report. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada September 6, 2017. Dicapai pada September 5, 2017.
- ^ Michael German (December 18, 2014). "Why Police Spying On Americans Is Everyone's Problem". Defense One. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada January 23, 2015. Dicapai pada January 20, 2015.
- ^ Josh Peterson (March 25, 2014). "State lawmakers push to rein in police spying". Fox News Channel. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 17, 2015. Dicapai pada January 20, 2015.
- ^ Ryan Van Velzer (June 24, 2014). "ACLU: Free military weapons making Arizona police more aggressive". The Arizona Republic.
- ^ Jodie Gummow (August 29, 2013). "11 over-the-top U.S. police raids that victimized innocents". Salon. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada January 20, 2015. Dicapai pada January 20, 2015.
- ^ GLENN GREENWALD (August 14, 2014). "THE MILITARIZATION OF U.S. POLICE: FINALLY DRAGGED INTO THE LIGHT BY THE HORRORS OF FERGUSON". The Intercept. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada January 11, 2015. Dicapai pada January 17, 2015.