Khazar

Kekhanan Khazar
Kekhanan Khazar
s. 650–969
	Kekhanan Khazar, 650–850
Status	Kekhanan
Ibu negara	Balanjar (s. 650 – s. 720); Samandar (720–750); Atil (750 – c. 965–969);
Bahasa yang umum digunakan	Oghurik (lingua franca); Bahasa Turkik Kuno (dinastik, dituturkan); Bahasa Alania (dituturkan);
Agama	Agama Yahudi; Kristian Yahudi; Tengrisme; Buddhisme; Agama Kristian; Islam; Paganisme; Sinkretisme keagamaan;
Qaghan
• s. 650	Irbis
• abad ke-8	Bulan
• abad ke-9	Obadiah
• abad ke-9	Zachariah
• abad ke-9	Manasseh
• abad ke-9	Benjamin
• abad ke-10	Aaron
• abad ke-10	Joseph
• abad ke-10	David
• abad ke-11	Georgios
Sejarah
• Didirikan	s. 650
• Penjarahan dan peranapan Atil oleh Sviatoslav	969
Keluasan
ang. 850	3,000,000 km2 (1,200,000 bt2)
ang. 900	1,000,000 km2 (390,000 bt2)
Mata wang	Yarmaq
Didahului oleh	Diganti oleh
	Kekhanan Turkik Barat
	Bulgaria Raya Lama
Cumania
Pecheneg
Rus' Kiev
Durdzuk
Bulgaria Volga

Orang Khazar^[c] (Jawi: ‏خزار‎code: ms is deprecated ‎) merupakan satu kaum orang Turkik nomad yang, pada akhir abad ke-6 TM, telah emngasaskan sebuah empayar perdagangan besar yang menjangkau tenggara Rusia moden Eropah, selatan Ukraine, Krimea dan Kazakhstan.^[10] Mereka mencipta sebuah kerajaan paling berkuasa yang muncul daripada perpecahan Kekhanan Turkik Barat.^[11] Dengan berada di laluan perdagangan utama antara Eropah Timur dan Asia Barat Daya, Khazaria menjadi salah satu empayar perdagangan terulung semasa awal zaman pertengahan, mengawal kawasan mark barat Jalan Sutera dan menjadi persimpangan komersial yang utama di antara China, Timur Tengah dan Rus' Kiev.^[12]^[13] Sepanjang kira-kira tiga abad (s. 650 – 965) orang Khazar menguasai dari pararum Volga-Don hingga ke timur Krimea dan utara Caucasus.^[12]

Khazaria telah lama menjadi negara penampan antara Empayar Byzantium dan kedua-dua bangsa nomad pararum utara, serta Kekhalifahan Umaiyah dan Abbasiyah, selepas berkhidmat sebagai proksi Empayar Byzantium melawan Empayar Sasan. Perikatan mereka berhenti sekitar tahun 900. Byzantium mula menggalakkan bangsa Alan untuk menyerang Khazaria dan melemahkan cengkamannya di Krimea dan Caucasus supaya dapat membuat pakatan dengan Rus' yang semakin berkuasa di utara, yang kemudian memeluk agama Kristian di tangan Byzantium sendiri.^[12] Antara tahun 965 dan 969, pemerintah Rus' Kiev, Sviatoslav I dari Kiev, serta sekutu-sekutu baginda, menakluk ibu kota, Atil, dan menamatkan kemerdekaan Khazaria. Negeri tersebut menjadi entiti berautonomi milik Rus' dan kemudian milik wilayah-wilayah lama Khazaria (Khwarazm di mana orang Khazar dikenali sebagai orang Turk, sama seperti orang Hungary dikenali sebagai orang Turk di Byzantium) di Volga Bulgaria.

Memahami dari mana orang Khazar berasal dan apa yang mereka percayai berkait rapat dengan bahasa mereka. Walau bagaimanapun, sukar untuk mengetahui dengan pasti kerana tidak ada tulisan kuno dalam bahasa Khazar yang tinggal, dan masyarakatnya terdiri daripada orang-orang dari latar belakang yang berbeza dan bercakap bahasa yang berbeza. Agama asli orang Khazar dipercayai ialah Tengrisme, sama seperti orang Hun Kaukasia Utara dan orang Turkik lain.^[14] Masyarakat Khazar termasuk orang yang menyembah pelbagai agama seperti paganisme, Tengrisme, Yahudi, Kristian, dan Islam.^[14] Sebahagian orang Khazar (iaitu suku Kabar) menyertai orang Hungary purba pada abad ke-9. Golongan pemerintah Khazar dikatakan oleh Judah Halevi dan Abraham bin Daud telah memeluk agama Yahudi Rabinik pada abad ke-8,^[14] tetapi betapa ramainya orang yang memeluk Yahudi masih tidak pasti. ^[15]

Selepas Empayar Khazar jatuh, ramai yang tertanya-tanya ke mana perginya Khazar. Ada yang percaya bahawa orang Khazar mungkin telah berpecah menjadi pelbagai kumpulan, seperti Hazara, Hungary, Kazakh, Kosak di wilayah Don dan Ukraine, Yahudi Bukhara, Kumyk Muslim, Krymchak yang berbahasa Turki dan jiran-jiran mereka orang Karai Krimea, Csángós Moldavia, Yahudi Gunung, malah beberapa Subbotnik (berdasarkan asal usul mereka dari Ukraine dan Kosak).^[16]^[17] ^[18] Pada penghujung abad ke-19, muncul satu teori bahawa Yahudi Ashkenaz hari ini mungkin berasal daripada sekumpulan Yahudi Khazar yang berhijrah ke Perancis dan Jerman dari Rusia dan Ukraine. Walau bagaimanapun, penyelidikan dalam bahasa dan genetik tidak menyokong idea ini. Walaupun ada yang masih berpegang pada teori ini, kebanyakan sarjana sangsi.^[19]^[15] Teori ini kadangkala dikaitkan dengan antisemitisme^[20] dan anti-Zionisme.^[21]

Dalam bahasa Turki Oghuz, Laut Kaspia masih dinamakan "Laut Khazar", satu warisan kekal kerajaan Khazar zaman pertengahan.

Nota

Nota kaki

^ "Orang 'Gazari ini mungkin orang Khazar, tetapi nama ini ataupun Kozary daripada 'Vita Constantini yang hidup hampir sezaman dengan mereka ... mungkin merujuk kepada mana-mana kaum orang di dalam Khazaria." (Golden 2007b, p. 139)
^ "Namun, agak kemudian dalam surat kepada Maharaja Byzantium Basil I, dari tahun 871, Louis dari Jerman jelas tidak bersetuju dengan penggunaan nama itu oleh orang Byzantium, mengisytiharkan bahawa 'kami tidak mendapati bahawa pemimpin Avar, atau Khazar (Gasanorum)'..." (Golden 2001a, p. 33)
^ Yunani: Χάζαροιcode: el is deprecated Kházaroi; Ibrani: כּוּזָרִים, rumi: Kūzārīmcode: he is deprecated ;^[6] Latin: Gazaricode: la is deprecated ,^[7]^[a] or Gasanicode: la is deprecated ;^[b]^[8] Cina: 突厥曷薩 Tūjué Hésàcode: zh is deprecated ; 突厥可薩 Tūjué Kěsà, har. Türk Khazar^[9]

Nota sumber

Petikan

^ ^a ^b ^c Golden 2006, m/s. 91.
^ Wexler 1996, m/s. 50.
^ Brook 2010, m/s. 107.
^ Turchin, Adams & Hall 2006, m/s. 222.
^ Taagepera 1997, m/s. 496.
^ Luttwak 2009, m/s. 152.
^ Meserve 2009, m/s. 294, n. 164.
^ Petrukhin 2007, m/s. 255.
^ Golden 2018, m/s. 294.
^ Encyclopedia Britannica: Khazar 2020.
^ Sneath 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c Noonan 1999.
^ Golden 2011a.
^ ^a ^b ^c Golden 2007a.
^ ^a ^b Behar dll. 2013.
^ Kizilov 2009.
^ Patai & Patai 1989.
^ Wexler 1987.
^ Wexler 2002.
^ Davies 1992.
^ Vogt 1975.

Bibliografi

Abu El-Haj, Nadia (2012). The Genealogical Science: The Search for Jewish Origins and the Politics of Epistemology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-20142-9 – melalui Google Books.
Abulafia, David (1987) [First published 1952]. "Asia, Africa and the Trade of Medieval Europe". Dalam Postan, Michael Moïssey; Habakkuk, H.J.; Miller, Edward (penyunting). The Cambridge Economic History of Europe: Trade and industry in the Middle Ages. 2. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 402–473. ISBN 978-0-521-08709-4 – melalui Google Books.
Altschüler, Boris (1994). Geheimbericht aus der Grossen Steppe. Die Wahrheit über das Reich der Russen [Secret report from the Great Steppe. The truth about the empire of the Russians] (dalam bahasa Jerman). Saarbrücken: Altschüler. ISBN 978-3-9803917-0-2 – melalui Google Books.
Atzmon G, Hao L, Pe'er I, Velez C, Pearlman A, Palamara PF, Morrow B, Friedman E, Oddoux C, Burns E, Ostrer H (June 2010). "Abraham's children in the genome era: major Jewish diaspora populations comprise distinct genetic clusters with shared Middle Eastern Ancestry". American Journal of Human Genetics. 86 (6): 850–859. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015. PMC 3032072. PMID 20560205.
Bailey, H.W. (1949). "A Khotanese text concerning the Turks in Kanṭṣou" (PDF). Asia Major. New Series 1.1: 28–52.
Bailey, H.W. (1951). "The Staël-Holstein Miscellany" (PDF). Asia Major. New Series 2.1: 1–45.
Barkun, Michael (1997). Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement. University of North Carolina Press. m/s. 141. ISBN 978-0-8078-4638-4 – melalui Internet Archive.
Barkun, Michael (2012). "Anti-Semitism from Outer Space: The Protocols in the UFO Subculture". Dalam Landes, Richard Allen; Katz, Steven T. (penyunting). The Paranoid Apocalypse: A Hundred-year Retrospective on the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. New York University Press. m/s. 163–171. ISBN 978-0-8147-4945-6 – melalui Google Books.
Baron, Salo Wittmayer (1957). A Social and Religious History of the Jews. 3. Columbia University Press – melalui Google Books.
Barthold, Vasili (1993) [First published 1936]. "Khazar". Dalam Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (penyunting). First Encyclopedia of Islam, 1913–1936. 4. Brill. m/s. 935–937. ISBN 978-90-04-09790-2 – melalui Google Books.
Bauer, Susan Wise (2010). The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-07817-6 – melalui Google Books.
Beckwith, Christopher I. (2011) [First published 2009]. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-15034-5 – melalui Google Books.
Behar, D. M.; Metspalu, M.; Baran, Y.; Kopelman, N. M.; Yunusbayev, B.; Gladstein, A.; dll. (2013). "No Evidence of a Khazar origin for the Ashkenazi Jews". Human Biology. 85 (6): 859–900. doi:10.3378/027.085.0604. PMID 25079123. S2CID 2173604.
Behar, Doron M; Thomas, Mark G; Skorecki, Karl; Hammer, Michael F; dll. (October 2003). "Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries". American Journal of Human Genetics. 73 (4): 768–779. doi:10.1086/378506. PMC 1180600. PMID 13680527.
Blady, Ken (2000). Jewish Communities in Exotic Places. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-765-76112-5 – melalui Google Books.
Boller, Paul F. (1992). Memoirs of an Obscure Professor: And Other Essays. TCU Press. ISBN 978-0-87565-097-5 – melalui Google Books.
Bowersock, G.W. (2013). The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-33384-4 – melalui Google Books.
Bowman, Stephen B.; Ankori, Zvi (2001). The Jews of Byzantium 1204–1453. Bloch Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8197-0703-1 – melalui Google Books.
Brook, Kevin Alan (2006). The Jews of Khazaria. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. m/s. 192. ISBN 978-1-4422-0302-0.
Brook, Kevin Alan (2010) [First published 1999]. The Jews of Khazaria (ed. 2nd). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-4982-1 – melalui Google Books.
Brook, Kevin Alan (Summer 2014). "The Genetics of Crimean Karaites" (PDF). Karadeniz Arastirmalari. 11 (42): 69–84. doi:10.12787/KARAM859. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2 June 2019.
Brook, Kevin Alan (2018). The Jews of Khazaria (ed. 3rd). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-0342-5.
Brook, Kevin Alan (2022). The Maternal Genetic Lineages of Ashkenazic Jews. Academic Studies Press. ISBN 978-1-64469-984-3.
Browning, Robert (1992) [First published 1980]. The Byzantine Empire (ed. 2nd). Catholic University of America Press. m/s. 53. ISBN 978-0-8132-0754-4 – melalui Internet Archive.
Burrage Dixon, Roland (1923). The Racial History of Man. C. Scribners sons.
Cahen, Claude (2011) [First published 1997]. L'Islam, des origines au début de l'Empire ottoman [Islam, from its origins to the beginning of the Ottoman Empire] (dalam bahasa Perancis) (ed. 2nd). Hachette. ISBN 978-2-8185-0155-9 – melalui Google Books.
Cameron, Averil (1996). "Byzantines and Jews: some recent work on early Byzantium". Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 20: 249–274. doi:10.1179/byz.1996.20.1.249. S2CID 162277927.
Cameron, Averil; Herrin, Judith (1984). Constantinople in the Early Eighth Century: The Parastaseis Syntomoi Chronikai: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary. Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition. 10. Brill Archive. ISBN 978-90-04-07010-3 – melalui Google Books.
Cohen, Mark R. (2005). The Voice of the Poor in the Middle Ages: An Anthology of Documents from the Cairo Geniza. Jews, Christians, and Muslims from the Ancient to the Modern World Series. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09271-3.
Cokal, Susann (28 October 2007). "Jews With Swords". The New York Times. Dicapai pada 5 August 2013.
Costa, M. D.; Pereira, Joana B.; Richards, Martin B. (8 October 2013). "A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages". Nature Communications. 4: 2543. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2543C. doi:10.1038/ncomms3543. PMC 3806353. PMID 24104924.
Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P., penyunting (1953). The Russian Primary Chronicle (Laurentian text) (PDF). Diterjemahkan oleh Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. Cambridge, MA: The Mediaeval Academy of America. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 16 October 2013.
Davies, Alan (1992). "The Keegstra Affair". Dalam Davies, Alan (penyunting). Antisemitism in Canada: History and Interpretation. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. m/s. 227–248. ISBN 978-0-889-20216-0 – melalui Google Books.
DeWeese, Devin A. (1994). Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde: Baba Tükles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Tradition. Hermeneutics, Studies in the History of Religions. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0-271-04445-3 – melalui Google Books.
Dinur, Ben-Zion (1961). Yisrael ba-gola. 1 (ed. 3rd). Bialik Institute.
Dobrovits, M. (2004). "The Thirty Tribes of the Turks". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 57 (3): 259. doi:10.1556/aorient.57.2004.3.1.
Dubnov, Simon (1980). History of the Jews: From the Roman Empire to the Early Medieval Period. 2. Associated University Presses. ISBN 978-0-8453-6659-2 – melalui Google Books.
Dunlop, Douglas Morton (1954). History of the Jewish Khazars. New York, NY: Schocken Books – melalui Google Books.
"Early History". A Country Study: Hungary. Library of Congress Country Studies. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. September 1989. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 29 October 2004.
Elhaik, Eran (December 2012). "The Missing Link of Jewish European Ancestry: Contrasting the Rhineland and the Khazarian Hypotheses". Genome Biology and Human Evolution. 5 (1): 61–74. arXiv:1208.1092. Bibcode:2012arXiv1208.1092E. doi:10.1093/gbe/evs119. PMC 3595026. PMID 23241444.
Erdal, Marcel (2007). "The Khazar Language". Dalam Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (penyunting). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies. 17. BRILL. m/s. 75–108. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2 – melalui Google Books.
Falk, Raphael (2017). Zionism and the Biology of Jews. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-57345-8 – melalui Google Books.
Feldman, Alex M. (2022). "The Decline and Fall of Khazaria – Might or Money?". Vostok (Oriens) (4): 75–84. doi:10.31857/S086919080021412-0. S2CID 253192191 Check |s2cid= value (bantuan).
Feldman, Louis H. (1996). Jew and Gentile in the Ancient World: Attitudes and Interactions from Alexander to Justinian. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2080-1 – melalui Google Books.
Fishberg, Maurice (1911). The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment. Scribner's – melalui Google Books.
Geanakoplos, Deno John (1984). Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen through Contemporary Eyes (ed. 2nd). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-28461-3 – melalui Google Books.
Gil, Moshe (July–December 2011). "Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism?". Revue des Études Juives. 170 (3–4): 429–441. doi:10.2143/REJ.170.3.2141801.
Golb, Norman; Pritsak, Omeljan (1982). Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-1221-9 – melalui Google Books.
Golden, Peter B. (July 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks". The Medieval History Journal. 21 (2): 294. doi:10.1177/0971945818775373. S2CID 166026934.
Golden, Peter Benjamin (1980). Khazar Studies: An Historio-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars. 1, 2. Budapest: Akademia Kiado. ISBN 978-0-226-28461-3 – melalui Google Books.
Golden, Peter Benjamin (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis And State Formation in the Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Turcologica. 9. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-03274-2 – melalui Google Books.
Golden, Peter Benjamin (1994a) [First published 1990]. "The peoples of the South Russian steppes". Dalam Sinor, Denis (penyunting). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. 1. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 256–283. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9 – melalui Google Books.
Golden, Peter Benjamin (1994b) [First published 1990]. "The peoples of the Russian forest belt". Dalam Sinor, Denis (penyunting). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. 1. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 230–255. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9 – melalui Google Books.
Golden, Peter Benjamin (2001a). "Nomads in the Sedentary World: The Case of Pre-Chinggisid Rus' and Georgia". Dalam Khazanov, Anatoly M.; Wink, Andre (penyunting). Nomads in the Sedentary World. Curzon-IIAS Asian studies series. Routledge. m/s. 24–74. ISBN 978-0-7007-1369-1 – melalui Google Books.
Golden, Peter Benjamin (2001b). "Nomad and Sedentary societies in Eurasia". Dalam Adas, Michael (penyunting). Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History. Critical Perspectives on the Past Series. American Historical Association. 2. Temple University Press. m/s. 71–115. ISBN 978-1-56639-832-9 – melalui Google Books.
Golden, Peter Benjamin (2003). Nomads and their neighbours in the Russian steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-86078-885-0 – melalui Google Books.
Golden, Peter Benjamin (2006). "The Khazar Sacral Kingship". Dalam Reyerson, Kathryn Von; Stavrou, Theofanis George; Tracy, James Donald (penyunting). Pre-modern Russia and its world: Essays in Honour of Thomas S. Noonan. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. m/s. 79–102. ISBN 978-3-447-05425-6 – melalui Google Books.
Golden, Peter Benjamin (2007a). "Khazar Studies: Achievements and Perspectives". Dalam Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (penyunting). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbook of Oriental Studies. 17. Brill. m/s. 7–57. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2 – melalui Google Books.
Golden, Peter Benjamin (2007b). "The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism". Dalam Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (penyunting). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbook of Oriental Studies. 17. Brill. m/s. 123–161. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2 – melalui Google Books.
Golden, Peter Benjamin (2007c). "Irano-Turcica: The Khazar Sacral Kingship Revisited". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 60 (2): 161–194. doi:10.1556/AOrient.60.2007.2.2 – melalui ResearchGate.
Golden, Peter Benjamin (2010). Turks and Khazars: Origins, Institutions, and Interactions in Pre-Mongol Eurasia. Variorum Collected Studies Series. 952. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4094-0003-5 – melalui Google Books.
Golden, Peter Benjamin (2011a). Central Asia in World History. New Oxford World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-979317-4 – melalui Google Books.
Golden, Peter Benjamin (2011b). Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. Editura Academiei Române. ISBN 978-973-27-2152-0 – melalui ResearchGate.
Goldstein, Eric L. (2006). The Price of Whiteness: Jews, Race, and American Identity. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12105-5 – melalui Google Books.
Goldstein, Miriam (2011). Karaite Exegesis in Medieval Jerusalem. Mohr Siebeck. m/s. 9. ISBN 978-3-16-150972-8 – melalui Google Books.
Goodman, David G.; Miyazawa, Masanori (2000) [First published 1995]. Jews in the Japanese Mind: The History and Uses of a Cultural Stereotype. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-0167-4 – melalui Google Books.
Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2003) [First published 2001]. Black Sun: Aryan cults, esoteric nazism, and the politics of identity. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3155-0 – melalui Google Books.
Gow, Andrew Colin (1995). The " Red Jews": Antisemitism in the Apocalyptic Age 1200–1600. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-10255-2 – melalui Google Books.
HaLevi, Yehuda (1998). Korobkin, Nissan Daniel (penyunting). The Kuzari: In Defense of the Despised Faith. Northvale, New Jersey-Jerusalem: Jason Aronson. ISBN 978-0-7657-9970-8 – melalui Google Books.
HaLevi, Yehudah (2013). Korobkin, N. Daniel (penyunting). The Kuzari. In Defense of the Despised Faith (ed. 2nd). Feldheim Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59826-961-1 – melalui Google Books.
Harkabi, Yehoshafat (1987) [First published 1968]. "Contemporary Arab Anti-Semitism: its Causes and Roots". Dalam Fein, Helen (penyunting). The Persisting Question: Sociological Perspectives and Social Contexts of Modern Antisemitism. Walter de Gruyter. m/s. 412–427. ISBN 978-3-11-010170-6 – melalui Google Books.
Heath, Ian (1979). Byzantine Armies 886-1118. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85045306-5.
Herlihy, David (1984). "Demography". Dalam Strayer, Joseph R. (penyunting). Dictionary of the Middle Ages. 4. Charles Scribner's Sons. m/s. 136–148. ISBN 978-0-684-17024-4.
Howorth, H. H. (1870). "On the Westerly Drifting of Nomades, from the Fifth to the Nineteenth Century. Part IV. The Circassians and White Khazars". The Journal of the Ethnological Society of London. 2 (2): 182–192. doi:10.2307/3014425. JSTOR 3014425.
Inaba, Minoru; Balogh, Dániel (2020). "The legend of Xinnie in the seventh and eighth centuries". Dalam Balogh, Dániel (penyunting). Hunnic Peoples in Central and South Asia: Sources for their Origin and History. Barkhuis. m/s. 103–107. ISBN 978-9-493-19401-4 – melalui Google Books.
Kaegi, Walter Emil (2003). Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium (ed. 2nd). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81459-1 – melalui Google Books.
"Khazar". Encyclopedia Britannica. 29 March 2020.
Kim, Hyun Jin (2016). The Huns. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-34090-4 – melalui Google Books.
Kizilov, Mikhail (2009). The Karaites of Galicia: An Ethnoreligious Minority Among the Ashkenazim, the Turks, and the Slavs, 1772–1945. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-16602-8 – melalui Google Books.
Kizilov, Mikhail (2014). "National Inventions: The Imperial Emancipation of the Karaites from Jewishness". Dalam Cvetkovski, Roland; Hofmeister, Alexis (penyunting). An Empire of Others: Creating Ethnographic Knowledge in Imperial Russia and the USSR. Central European University Press. m/s. 369–393. ISBN 978-6-155-22576-5 – melalui Google Books.
Koestler, Arthur (1977) [First published 1976]. The Thirteenth Tribe: The Khazar Empire and Its Heritage. London: Pan Books. ISBN 978-0-09-125550-3 – melalui Google Books.^{[pautan mati kekal]}
Kohen, Elli (2007). History of the Byzantine Jews: A Microcosmos in the Thousand Year Empire. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-3623-0 – melalui Google Books.
Kolditz, Sebastian (2017). "Barbarian Emperors? Aspects of the Byzantine Perception of the qaghan (chaganos) in the Earlier Middle Ages". Dalam Scholl, Christian; Gebhardt, Torben R.; Clauß, Jan (penyunting). Transcultural Approaches to the Concept of Imperial Rule in the Middle Ages. Peter Lang. m/s. 41–76. ISBN 978-3-631-70624-4.
Kordosis, Stefanos (2017). "The Tibetan Title Dru gu Gesar (Turk Caesar / Caesar of the Turks) in the Northern Branch of the Silk Route and the Role of the Khazars". ΘΗΣΑΥΡΙΣΜΑΤΑ (47): 183–192.
Kornienko, I. V.; Faleeva, T. G.; Schurr, T. G.; Aramova, O. Yu; Ochir-Goryaeva, M. A.; Batieva, E. F.; Vdovchenkov, E. V.; Moshkov, N. E.; Kukanova, V. V.; Ivanov, I. N.; Sidorenko, Yu S. (1 April 2021). "Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Diversity in Khazar Burials from Southern Russia". Russian Journal of Genetics. 57 (4): 477–488. doi:10.1134/S1022795421040049. ISSN 1608-3369. S2CID 233479468 – melalui ResearchGate.
Kovalev, R.K. (2005). "Creating Khazar Identity through Coins: the Special Issue Dirhams of 837/838". Dalam Curta, Florin (penyunting). East Central and Eastern Europe in the Early Middle Ages. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. m/s. 220–251. ISBN 978-0-472-11498-6.
von Kutschera, Hugo (1909). Die Chasaren; historische Studie [Those Khazars; historical Study] (dalam bahasa Jerman). A. Holzhauen. ISBN 978-0-274-47307-6 – melalui Google Books.
Lee, Joo-Yup (2016). "The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia". Central Asiatic Journal. 59 (1–2): 101–132. doi:10.13173/centasiaj.59.1-2.0101.
Leviant, Curt (2008) [First published 1969]. Masterpieces of Hebrew Literature: Selections from 2000 Years of Jewish Creativity. Jewish Publication Society. ISBN 978-0-8276-0954-9 – melalui Google Books.
Lewis, Bernard (1987) [First published 1986]. Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry Into Conflict and Prejudice. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-30420-6 – melalui Internet Archive.
Lewis, Bernard (2013). The Jews of Islam. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-03021-6 – melalui Google Books.
Litman, Jacob (1984). The Economic Role of Jews in Medieval Poland: The Contribution of Yitzhak Schipper. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-8191-4244-3 – melalui Google Books.
Lobel, Diana (2000). Between Mysticism and Philosophy: Sufi Language of Religious Experience in Experience in Judah Ha-Levi's Kuzari. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4451-1 – melalui Google Books.
Logan, F. Donald (1992) [First published 1983]. The Vikings in History (ed. 2nd). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08396-6 – melalui Google Books.
Luttwak, Edward N. (2009). The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03519-5 – melalui Google Books.
"Magyars". WebChron: The Web Chronology Project. Dicapai pada 22 August 2013.
Makkai, László (1994). "The Hungarians' Prehistory, Their Conquest of Hungary and their raids to the West". Dalam Sugar, Peter F.; Hanák, Péter; Frank, Tibor (penyunting). A History of Hungary. Indiana University Press. m/s. 11. ISBN 0-253-35578-8 – melalui Google Books.
Mako, Gerald (2010). "The Possible Reasons for the Arab-Khazar Wars". Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi. 17: 45–57.
Malkiel, David (2008). Reconstructing Ashkenaz: The Human Face of Franco-German Jewry, 1000–1250. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-8684-3 – melalui Google Books.
Mango, Cyril, penyunting (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814098-6.
Mariner, Rodney (1999). "Conversion to Judaism: a tale of the good, the bad and the ungrateful". Dalam Lamb, Christopher; Bryant, M. Darroll (penyunting). Religious Conversion: Contemporary Practices and Controversies. A&C Black. m/s. 89–101. ISBN 978-0-826-43713-6 – melalui Google Books.
Maroney, Eric (2010). The Other Zions: The Lost Histories of Jewish Nations. Rowman & Littlefield. m/s. 55. ISBN 978-1-4422-0045-6 – melalui Internet Archive.
Meduza (8 July 2022). Мы хотим убивать "Медуза" рассказывает, как (и зачем) неонацисты из России отправились "денацифицировать" Украину [We want to kill "Meduza" tells how (and why) neo-Nazis from Russia set out to "denazify" Ukraine]. Meduza (dalam bahasa Rusia). Dicapai pada 26 August 2023.
Melamed, Avraham (2003). Goodman, Lenn Evan (penyunting). The Philosopher-King in Medieval and Renaissance Jewish Political Thought. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-8770-9 – melalui Google Books.
Meserve, Margaret (2009). Empires of Islam in Renaissance Historical Thought. Harvard Historical Series. 158. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02656-8 – melalui Google Books.
Mikheyev, Alexander S.; Qiu, Lijun; Zarubin, Alexei; Moshkov, Nikita; Orlov, Yuri; Chartier, Duane R.; Kornienko, Igor V.; Faleeva, Tatyana G.; Klyuchnikov, Vladimir; Batieva, Elena F.; Tatarinova, Tatiana V. (16 December 2019). "Diverse genetic origins of medieval steppe nomad conquerors". bioRxiv 10.1101/2019.12.15.876912.
Miller, Philip E. (1993). Karaite Separatism in Nineteenth-Century Russia: Joseph Solomon Lutski's Epistle of Israel's Deliverance. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College Press. ISBN 978-0-878-20137-2 – melalui Google Books.
Morris, Benny (2003) [First published 2002]. The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-989-9 – melalui Google Books.
Moss, Walter (2002) [First published 1997]. A History of Russia: To 1917. Anthem Russian and Slavonic studies. 1. Anthem Press. ISBN 978-0-85728-752-6 – melalui Google Books.
Nebel, Almut; Filon, Dvora; Brinkmann, B (2001). "The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East". American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (5): 1095–1112. doi:10.1086/324070. PMC 1274378. PMID 11573163.
Nebel, Almut; Filon, Dvora; Faerman, Marina (March 2005). "Y chromosome evidence for a founder effect in Ashkenazi Jews". European Journal of Human Genetics. 13 (3): 388–391. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201319. PMID 15523495. S2CID 1466556.
Noonan, Thomas S. (1999). "European Russia c500-c1050". Dalam Reuter, Timothy; McKitterick, Rosamond (penyunting). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, C.900-c.1024. 3. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 485–534. ISBN 978-0-521-36447-8 – melalui Google Books.
Noonan, Thomas S. (2001). "The Khazar Qaghanate and its impact on the early Rus' state: the Translatio Imperii from Itil to Kiev". Dalam Khazanov, Anatoly M.; Wink, André (penyunting). Nomads in the Sedentary World. Curzon-IIAS Asian studies series. Routledge. m/s. 76–102. ISBN 978-0-7007-1369-1 – melalui Google Books.
Noonan, Thomas S. (2007). "The Economy of the Khazar Khaganate". Dalam Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (penyunting). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies. 17. Brill. m/s. 207–244. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2 – melalui Google Books.
Olsson, Joshua T. (2013). "Coup d'état, Coronation and Conversion: Some Reflections on the Adoption of Judaism by the Khazar Khaganate". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 23 (4): 495–526. doi:10.1017/S1356186313000266. S2CID 161833156.
Oppenheim, Samuel A (1994). "Jews". Dalam Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Charles (penyunting). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Publishing Group. m/s. 305–328. ISBN 978-0-313-27497-8 – melalui Google Books.
Ostrer, Harry (2012). Legacy: A Genetic History of the Jewish People. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-997638-6 – melalui Google Books.
Ostrogorski, George (1969). History of the Byzantine State. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-0599-2 – melalui Internet Archive.
Patai, Raphael; Patai, Jennifer (1989) [First published 1975]. The Myth of the Jewish Race. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-1948-2 – melalui Google Books.
Peacock, Andrew C.S. (2010). Early Seljūq History: A New Interpretation. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-54853-3 – melalui Google Books.
Petrukhin, Vladimir (2007). "Khazaria and Rus': An Examination of their Historical Relations". Dalam Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (penyunting). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies. 17. BRILL. m/s. 245–268. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2 – melalui Google Books.
Petrukhin, Vladimir; Flyorov, Valeriy (2010). "Iudaizm v Khazarii po dannym arkheologii" Иудаизм в Хазарии по данным археологии [Judaism in Khazaria according to Archaeological Data]. Dalam Bartal, Israel; Kulik, Alexander (penyunting). Istoriya yevreyskogo naroda v Rossii. Ot drevnosti do rannego Novogo vremeni История еврейского народа в России. От древности до раннего Нового времени [History of Jewish People in Russia. From Antiquity to the Early Modern Period] (dalam bahasa Rusia). 1. Moscow; Jerusalem: Bridges of Culture; Gerashim. m/s. 149–161. ISBN 978-5-457-51756-1.
Piltz, Elisabeth (2004) [First published 1997]. "Middle Byzantine Court Costume". Dalam Maguire, Henry (penyunting). Byzantine Court Culture from 829 To 1204. Dumbarton Oaks. m/s. 39–52. ISBN 978-0-88402-308-1 – melalui Google Books.
Poliakov, Léon (2005) [1955/1975]. The History of Anti-semitism: From the time of Christ to the court Jews. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1863-3 – melalui Google Books.
Polonsky, Antony; Basista, Jakub; Link-Lenczowski, Andrzej, penyunting (1993). The Jews in Old Poland: 1000–1795. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-85043-342-2 – melalui Google Books.
Pritsak, Omeljan (September 1978). "The Khazar Kingdom's Conversion to Judaism" (PDF). Harvard Ukrainian Studies. II (3): 261–281.
Reuter, Timothy, penyunting (1999). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, c.900–c.1024. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521364478. ISBN 978-1-13905572-7.
Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-474-40031-2 – melalui Google Books.
Róna-Tas, András (1999). Hungarians & Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-9116-48-1 – melalui Google Books.
Rossman, Vadim Joseph (2002). Russian Intellectual Antisemitism in the Post-Communist Era. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-3948-7 – melalui Google Books.
Rossman, Vadim Joseph (2007). "Anti-Semitism in Eurasian Historiography: The Caser of Lev Gumilev". Dalam Shlapentokh, Dmitry (penyunting). Russia Between East and West: Scholarly Debates on Eurasianism. International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology. 102. BRILL. m/s. 121–188. ISBN 978-90-04-15415-5 – melalui Google Books.
Rubin, Rita (7 May 2013). "'Jews a Race' Genetic Theory Comes Under Fierce Attack by DNA Expert". The Forward. Dicapai pada 9 June 2014.
Russell, Josiah C. (1972). "The Population in Europe". Dalam Cipolla, Carlo M. (penyunting). The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Middle Ages. 1. Collins/Fontana. m/s. 25–71. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 29 October 2014.
Sand, Shlomo (2010) [First published 2009]. The Invention of the Jewish People. London: Verso Books. ISBN 978-1-84467-623-1 – melalui Internet Archive.
Schama, Simon (2013). The Story of the Jews: Finding the Words (1000 BCE – 1492). Random House. ISBN 978-1-409-04004-0 – melalui Google Books.
Schwartzwald, Jack L. (2015). The Collapse and Recovery of Europe, AD 476-1648. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-476-66230-5 – melalui Google Books.
Schweid, Eliezer (2007). "The Khazar motif in Judah Halevi's Sefer ha-Kuzari". Dalam Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (penyunting). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies. 17. Brill. m/s. 279–290. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2 – melalui Google Books.
Serrano, Miguel (2011) [First published 1984]. Adolf Hitler, the Ultimate Avatar. m/s. 79, 295 – melalui Internet Archive.
Shapira, Dan D. Y. (2009). "Jews in Khazaria". Dalam Ehrlich, Mark Avrum (penyunting). Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. 3: (Countries, Regions, and Communities). ABC-CLIO. m/s. 1097–1104. ISBN 978-1-85109-873-6 – melalui Google Books.
Shapira, Dan D.Y. (2006). "Remarks on Avraham Firkovicz and the Hebrew Mejelis "Document"". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 59 (2): 131–180. doi:10.1556/AOrient.59.2006.2.1.
Shapira, Dan D.Y. (2007a). "Iranian Sources on the Khazars". Dalam Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (penyunting). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. 17. Brill. m/s. 291–305. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2. Dicapai pada 13 February 2013 – melalui Google Books.
Shapira, Dan D.Y. (2007b). "Armenian and Georgian Sources on the Khazars – A Re-Evaluation". Dalam Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (penyunting). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbook of Oriental Studies. 17. Brill. m/s. 307–351. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2. Dicapai pada 13 February 2013 – melalui Google Books.
Shepard, Jonathan (2006). "Closer Encounters with the Byzantine World: The Rus at the Straits of Kerch". Dalam Reyerson, Kathryn Von; Stavrou, Theofanis George; Tracy, James Donald (penyunting). Pre-modern Russia and its world: Essays in Honour of Thomas S. Noonan. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. m/s. 15–77. ISBN 978-3-447-05425-6 – melalui Google Books.
Shingiray, Irina Lita (2012). "Ethos, Materiality and Paradigms of Political Action in Early Medieval Communities of the Northwestern Caspian Region". Dalam Hartley, Charles W.; Yazicioğlu, G. Bike; Smith, Adam T. (penyunting). The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 188–216. ISBN 978-1-107-01652-1 – melalui Google Books.
Shirota, Shun (城田俊) (2005). Woods, John E.; Pfeiffer, Judith; Tucker, Ernest (penyunting). "The Chinese Chroniclers of the Khazars: Notes on Khazaria in Tang Period Texts". Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi. 14: 231–261.
Shnirelman, Victor A (2007). "The Story of an Euphemism: The Khazars in Russian Nationalist Literature". Dalam Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (penyunting). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies. 17. Brill. m/s. 353–372. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2 – melalui Google Books.
Sima Guang; dll. vol. 196. Chinese Text Project.
Singerman, Robert (2004). "Contemporary Racist and Judeophobic Ideology Discovers the Khazars, or, Who Really Are the Jews?" (PDF). Rosaline and Myer Feinstein Lecture Series. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 5 March 2014. Dicapai pada 1 March 2014.
Sneath, David (2007). The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, and Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-51167-4 – melalui Google Books.
Somogyi, Péter (2008). "New remarks on the flow of Byzantine coins in Avaria and Walachia during the second half of the seventh century". Dalam Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman (penyunting). The "Other" Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450. 2. Brill. m/s. 83–149. ISBN 978-90-04-16389-8 – melalui Google Books.
Spinei, Victor (2009). The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-17536-5 – melalui Google Books.
Spolsky, Bernard (2014). The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-05544-5 – melalui Google Books.
Stampfer, Shaul (2013). "Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism?" (PDF). Jewish Social Studies. 19 (3): 1–72. doi:10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1. S2CID 161320785 – melalui Project MUSE.
Stampfer, Shaul (2014). "Are We All Khazars Now?". Jewish Review of Books. m/s. 1–72.
Szádeczky-Kardoss, Samuel (1994) [First published 1990]. "The Avars". Dalam Sinor, Denis (penyunting). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Handbook of Oriental Studies. 1. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 206–228. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9. Dicapai pada 13 February 2013 – melalui Google Books.
Szpiech, Ryan (2012). Conversion and Narrative: Reading and Religious Authority in Medieval Polemic. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0761-3 – melalui Google Books.
Szyszman, Simon (1980). Le karaïsme: ses doctrines et son histoire [Karaism: its doctrines and its history] (dalam bahasa Perancis). Éditions L'Âge d'Homme. ISBN 978-2-8251-3088-9 – melalui Google Books.
Taagepera, Rein (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 496. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.
Tangshu, Jiu; Jiu Tangshu. Vol. 199b Tiele (dalam bahasa Cina).
Toch, Michael (2012). The Economic History of European Jews: Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages. Études sur le Judaïsme Médiéval. 56. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-23534-2 – melalui Google Books.
Toynbee, Arnold (1962) [1934–1961]. A Study of History. 1–12. Oxford University Press.
Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X.
Vogt, Judith (1975). "Left-wing 'anti-Zionism' in Norway". Patterns of Prejudice. 9 (6): 15–q8. doi:10.1080/0031322X.1975.9969275.
Wachtel, Andrew (1998). Making a Nation, Breaking a Nation: Literature and Cultural Politics in Yugoslavia. Stanford University Press. m/s. 210–215. ISBN 978-0-8047-3181-2 – melalui Google Books.
Wang, Pu; dll. Tang Huiyao (dalam bahasa Cina). 98.
Wang, Pu; dll. Tang Huiyao (dalam bahasa Cina). 72.
Wasserstein, David (2007). "The Khazars and the World of Islam". Dalam Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (penyunting). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies. 17. Brill. m/s. 373–386. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2 – melalui Google Books.
Wei, Zheng; dll. "vol. 84". Book of Sui (dalam bahasa Cina).
Weinryb, Bernard Dov (1973a). The Jews of Poland: A Social and Economic History of the Jewish Community in Poland from 1100 to 1800. Jewish Publication Society. m/s. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-8276-0016-4 – melalui Google Books.
Weinryb, Bernard Dov (1973b). The Jews of Poland: A Social and Economic History of the Jewish Community in Poland from 1100 to 1800 he non-Jewish origins of the Sephardic Jews. Jewish Publication Society. ISBN 978-0-8276-0016-4 – melalui Google Books.
Wells, H. G. (1920). The Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind. 1. Macmillan.
Wexler, Paul (1987). Explorations in Judeo-Slavic Linguistics. Contributions to the sociology of Jewish languages. 2. Brill Archive. ISBN 978-90-04-07656-3 – melalui Google Books.
Wexler, Paul (1996). The non-Jewish origins of the Sephardic Jews. SUNY. ISBN 978-1-4384-2393-7 – melalui Google Books.
Wexler, Paul (2002). Two-Tiered Relexification in Yiddish: Jews, Sorbs, Khazars and the Kiev-Polessian Dialect. Trends in linguistics / Studies and monographs: Studies and monographs. 136. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017258-4 – melalui Google Books.
Wexler, Paul (2007). "Yiddish Evidence for the Khazar Component in the Ashkenazic ethnogenesis". Dalam Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (penyunting). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies. 17. Brill. m/s. 387–398. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2 – melalui Google Books.
Whittow, David (1996). The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20496-6 – melalui Google Books.
Xin, Tangshu. New Book of Tang (dalam bahasa Cina). 217a Huihe.
Zhivkov, Boris (2015). Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-29448-6 – melalui Google Books.
Zimonyi, István (1990). Szõnyi-Sándor, Klára (penyunting). The Origins of the Volga Bulghars. Studia Uralo-Altaica, 32. ISBN 978-963-481-839-7.
Zuckerman, Constantine (1995). "On the date of the Khazars' Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus' Oleg and Igor". Revue des études byzantines. 53: 237–270. doi:10.3406/rebyz.1995.1906.
Zuckerman, Constantine (2007). "The Khazars and Byzantium –The First Encounter". Dalam Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai, Haggai; Róna-Tas, András (penyunting). The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbuch der Orientalistik: Handbook of Uralic studies. 17. Brill. m/s. 399–431. ISBN 978-90-04-16042-2 – melalui Google Books.
"КАСПИЙСКОЕ МОРЕ перевод [CASPIAN SEA translation]". Русско-крымскотатарский словарь (кириллица) [Russian-Crimean Tatar Dictionary (Cyrillic)] (dalam bahasa Rusia).

Pautan luar

[8] "Orang 'Gazari ini mungkin orang Khazar, tetapi nama ini ataupun Kozary daripada 'Vita Constantini yang hidup hampir sezaman dengan mereka ... mungkin merujuk kepada mana-mana kaum orang di dalam Khazaria." (Golden 2007b, p. 139)

[9] "Namun, agak kemudian dalam surat kepada Maharaja Byzantium Basil I, dari tahun 871, Louis dari Jerman jelas tidak bersetuju dengan penggunaan nama itu oleh orang Byzantium, mengisytiharkan bahawa 'kami tidak mendapati bahawa pemimpin Avar, atau Khazar (Gasanorum)'..." (Golden 2001a, p. 33)

[12] Yunani: Χάζαροιcode: el is deprecated Kházaroi; Ibrani: כּוּזָרִים, rumi: Kūzārīmcode: he is deprecated ;^[6] Latin: Gazaricode: la is deprecated ,^[7]^[a] or Gasanicode: la is deprecated ;^[b]^[8] Cina: 突厥曷薩 Tūjué Hésàcode: zh is deprecated ; 突厥可薩 Tūjué Kěsà, har. Türk Khazar^[9]

[FOOTNOTEGolden200691-1] Golden 2006, m/s. 91.

[FOOTNOTEWexler199650-2] Wexler 1996, m/s. 50.

[FOOTNOTEBrook2010107-3] Brook 2010, m/s. 107.

[FOOTNOTETurchinAdamsHall2006222-4] Turchin, Adams & Hall 2006, m/s. 222.

[FOOTNOTETaagepera1997496-5] Taagepera 1997, m/s. 496.

[FOOTNOTELuttwak2009152-6] Luttwak 2009, m/s. 152.

[FOOTNOTEMeserve2009294,_n._164-7] Meserve 2009, m/s. 294, n. 164.

[FOOTNOTEPetrukhin2007255-10] Petrukhin 2007, m/s. 255.

[FOOTNOTEGolden2018294-11] Golden 2018, m/s. 294.

[FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica:_Khazar2020-13] Encyclopedia Britannica: Khazar 2020.

[FOOTNOTESneath2007-14] Sneath 2007.

[FOOTNOTENoonan1999-15] Noonan 1999.

[FOOTNOTEGolden2011a-16] Golden 2011a.

[FOOTNOTEGolden2007a-17] Golden 2007a.

[FOOTNOTEBeharMetspaluBaranKopelman2013-18] Behar dll. 2013.

[FOOTNOTEKizilov2009-19] Kizilov 2009.

[FOOTNOTEPataiPatai1989-20] Patai & Patai 1989.

[FOOTNOTEWexler1987-21] Wexler 1987.

[FOOTNOTEWexler2002-22] Wexler 2002.

[FOOTNOTEDavies1992-23] Davies 1992.

[FOOTNOTEVogt1975-24] Vogt 1975.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[c]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[6]

[7]

[a]

[b]

[8]

[9]