Kongres Poland
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Kerajaan Beraja Poland Królestwo Polskie (Polonès) Царство Польское (Rusia) Tsarstvo Polskoye | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1815–1867 atau 1915[a] | |||||||||
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| Cogan kata: Z nami Bóg! "Tuhan bersama kita!" | |||||||||
| Lagu kebangsaan: Pieśń narodowa za pomyślność króla "National Song to the King's Well-being" | |||||||||
 Peta Kongres Poland, sekitar 1815, berikutan perjanjian dalam Kongres Vienna. Empayar Rusia ditunjukkan dalam warna hijau muda. | |||||||||
| Status |
| ||||||||
| Ibu negara | Warsaw | ||||||||
| Bahasa yang umum digunakan | Poland, Rusia | ||||||||
| Agama | Katolik Rom | ||||||||
| Kerajaan | Raja berperlembagaan | ||||||||
| Raja | |||||||||
• 1815–1825 | Alexander I | ||||||||
• 1825–1855 | Nicholas I | ||||||||
• 1855–1881 | Alexander II | ||||||||
• 1881–1894 | Alexander III | ||||||||
• 1894–1915 | Nicholas II | ||||||||
| Namiestnik-Wizurai | |||||||||
• 1815–1826 | Józef Zajączek (pertama) | ||||||||
• 1914–1915 | Pavel Yengalychev (akhir) | ||||||||
| Badan perundangan | Sejm | ||||||||
| Senat | |||||||||
| Dewan Timbalan | |||||||||
| Sejarah | |||||||||
| 9 Jun 1815 | |||||||||
| 27 November 1815 | |||||||||
| 29 November 1830 | |||||||||
| 23 Januari 1863 | |||||||||
• Runtuh | 1867 atau 1915[a] | ||||||||
| Keluasan | |||||||||
| 1815 | 128,500 km2 (49,600 bt2) | ||||||||
| Populasi | |||||||||
• 1815 | 3200000 | ||||||||
• 1897 | 9402253 | ||||||||
| Mata wang |
| ||||||||
| Kod ISO 3166 | PL | ||||||||
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Kerajaan Beraja Poland,[1] tidak rasminya dikenali sebagai Kongres Poland[2] atau Poland Rusia, telah diasaskan pada tahun 1815 semasa Kongres Vienna sebagai sebuah negara berdaulat daripada bahagian wilayah Rusia di Poland melalui kesatuan peribadi dengan Empayar Rusia di bawah Perlembagaan Kerajaan Beraja Poland sehingga tahun 1832. Kemudian, kongres ini perlahan-lahan diintegrasikan secara politik ke dalam Rusia sepanjang kurun ke-19, menjadikannya sebahagian daripada Empayar Rusia pada tahun 1867, dan akhirnya digantikan semasa Perang Besar oleh Kuasa Paksi pada tahun 1915 dengan Kerajaan Beraja Mahkota Poland.[a]
Lihat juga
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Grand Duchy Posen
- Sejarah Poland (1795–1918)
- Grand Duchy Finland (1809–1917)
- Penyelesaian Pale
- Pengunduran Besar – pengunduran tentera Rusia daripada Poland pada tahun 1915
Nota
[sunting | sunting sumber]a ^ Sources agree that after the fall of the January Uprising in 1864, the autonomy of Congress Poland was drastically reduced. They disagree however on whether the Kingdom of Poland, colloquially known as Congress Poland, as a state, was officially replaced by Vistula Land (Privislinsky Krai), a province of the Russian Empire, as many sources still use the term Congress Poland for the post-1864 period. The sources are also unclear as to when Congress Poland (or Vistula land) officially ended; some argue it ended when the German and Austro-Hungarian occupying authorities assumed control; others, that it ended with the creation of the Kingdom of Poland in 1916; finally, some argue that it occurred only with the creation of the independent Republic of Poland in 1918. Examples:
- Ludność Polski w XX Wieku = The Population of Poland in the 20th Century / Andrzej Gawryszewski. Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk, Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodorowania im. Stanisława Leszczyckiego, 2005 (Monografie; 5), p 539, [1]
- (Polonès) Mimo wprowadzenia oficjalnej nazwy Kraj Przywiślański terminy Królestwo Polskie, Królestwo Kongresowe lub w skrócie Kongresówka były nadal używane, zarówno w języku potocznym jak i w niektórych publikacjach.
- Despite the official name Kraj Przywiślański terms such as, Kingdom of Poland, Congress Poland, or in short Kongresówka were still in use, both in everyday language and in some publications.
- POWSTANIE STYCZNIOWE, Encyklopedia Interia:
- (Polonès) po upadku powstania zlikwidowano ostatnie elementy autonomii Królestwa Pol. (łącznie z nazwą), przekształcając je w "Kraj Przywiślański";
- after the fall of the uprising last elements of autonomy of the Kingdom of Poland (including the name) were abolished, transforming it into the "Vistula land;"
- Królestwo Polskie Diarkibkan 2017-04-24 di Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia WIEM:
- (Polonès) Królestwo Polskie po powstaniu styczniowym: Nazwę Królestwa Polskiego zastąpiła, w urzędowej terminologii, nazwa Kraj Przywiślański. Jednakże w artykule jest także: Po rewolucji 1905-1907 w Królestwie Polskim... i W latach 1914-1916 Królestwo Polskie stało się....
- Kingdom of Poland after the January Uprising: the name Kingdom of Poland was replaced, in official documents, by the name of Vistula land. However the same article also states: After the revolution 1905-1907 in the Kingdom of Poland and In the years 1914-1916 the Kingdom of Poland became....
- Królestwo Polskie, Królestwo Kongresowe Diarkibkan 2011-06-07 di Wayback Machine, Encyklopedia PWN:
- (Polonès) 1915–18 pod okupacją niem. i austro-węgierską; K.P. przestało istnieć po powstaniu II RP (XI 1918).
- [Congress Poland was] under German and Austro-Hungarian occupation from 1915 to 1918; it was finally abolished after the creation of the Second Polish Republic in November 1918
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Poland: Królestwo Polskie [kruˈlɛstfɔ ˈpɔlskʲɛ]; Rusia: Царство Польское, Tsarstvo Polskoye, Sebutan bahasa Rusia: [kərɐˈlʲɛfstvə ˈpolʲskəje, ˈtsarstvə ˈpolʲskəje], Poland: Carstwo Polskie, translasi: Tsardom Poland
- ^ terjemahannya|Królestwo Kongresowe}} [kruˈlʲɛstfɔ kɔnɡrɛˈsɔvɛ]; Rusia: Конгрессовая Польша
Bacaan lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Davies, Norman. God's Playground. A History of Poland. Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present (Oxford University Press, 1982) pp 306–33
- Getka-Kenig, Mikolaj. "The Genesis of the Aristocracy in Congress Poland," Acta Poloniae Historica (2009), Issue 100, pp 79–112; covers the transition from feudalism to capitalism; the adjustment of the aristocracy's power and privilege from a legal basis to one of only social significance; the political changes instigated by the jurisdictional partitions and reorganizations of the state.
- Leslie, R. F. (1956). Polish politics and the Revolution of November 1830. Greenwood Press.
- Leslie, R. F. "Politics and economics in Congress Poland," Past and Present (1955), 8#1, pp. 43–63 in JSTOR
Pautan luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]Kategori berkenaan Kongres Poland di Wikimedia Commons
