[go: up one dir, main page]
Pergi ke kandungan

Daya kreatif

Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.

Daya kreatif merupakan proses membabitkan carian idea atau konsep baru, atau kaitan baru antara konsep atau idea sedia ada, didorong oleh proses sama ada secara sedar atau luar sedar.

Dari sudut pandangan saintifik, hasil pemikiran kreatif (kadang kala dirujuk sebagai pemikiran mencapah (divergent thought), biasanya dianggap sebagai memiliki keaslian dan kesesuaian.

Sungguhpun secara intuitif fenomenanya mudah, ia sebenarnya amat rumit. Ia telah dikaji dari segi psikologi kelakuan, psikologi sosial, psikometrik, sains kognitif, kecerdasan buatan, falsafah, estetik, sejarah, ekonomi, kajian reka-bentuk, perniagaan, dan pengurusan antaranya. Kajian-kajian ini meliputi kreativiti harian, kreativiti luar biasa dan malah kreativiti buatan. Tidak seperti banyak fenomena dalam sains, tidak terdapat satu perspektif berwibawa tunggal atau takrifan daya kreatif. Dan tidak seperti banyak fenomena dalam psikologi, tidak terdapat satu pun teknik pengukuran yang terpiawai.

Membezakan antara kreatif dan inovasi

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Ia sering kali berguna untuk membezakan antara kreatif dan inovasi.

Kreatif biasanya digunakan bagi merujuk kepada tindakan menghasilkan idea baru, pendekatan atau tindakan, sementara inovasi merupakan proses menghasilkan dan menggunakan kreatif sebegitu dalam bentuk tertentu.

Dalam konteks organisasi, istilah inovasi sering kali digunakan bagi merujuk keseluruhan proses di mana organisasi menghasilkan idea kreatif baru dan menukarkannya menjadi barangan, perkhidmatan, dan amalan perniagaan yang berlainan, berguna dan memiliki daya komersial, sementara istilah kreatif dikhususkan bagi kegunaan khusus dalam proses penghasilan idea berlainan oleh individual atau kumpulan, sebagai langkah perlu dalam proses inovasi.

Sebagai contoh, Amabile et al. (1996) mencadangkan bahawa inovasi "bermula dengan idea kreatif,"

"...creativity by individuals and teams is a starting point for innovation; the first is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the second."[1]

Sungguhpun kedua perkataan adalah berlainan, ia adalah seriring. Untuk berinovasi, pekerja perlu menjadi kreatif untuk kekal bersaing.

Lagi satu konsep penting dalam perbincangan istilah kreatif dan inovasi merupakan idea "novel" atau baru. pemikiran atau perlakuan yang bersifat kreatif dan seterusnya menjadikan ia berunsur inovatif mestilah mempunyai sifat "novelty" atau baharu - Tidak pernah dilakukan sebelumnya atau tidak yang biasa diketahui umum sebelumnya.

Nota

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  1. ^ Amabile, T. M., R. Conti, H. Coon; dll. (1996). "Assessing the work environment for creativity". Academy of Management Review. 39 (5): 1154–1184. doi:10.2307/256995. Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Rujukan

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  • Albert, R.S. & Runce, M.A. (1999). "A History of Research on Creativity". Dalam ed. Sternberg, R.J. (penyunting). Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge University Press.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link)
  • Amabile, Teresa M; Barsade, Sigal G; Mueller, Jennifer S; Staw, Barry M., "Affect and creativity at work," Administrative Science Quarterly, 2005, vol. 50, pp. 367–403.
  • Amabile, T.M. (1998). "How to kill creativity". Harvard Business Review. 76 (5).
  • Amabile, T.M. (1996). Creativity in context. Westview Press.
  • Anderson, J.R. (2000). Cognitive psychology and its implications. Worth Publishers. ISBN 0716716860.
  • Ayan, Jordan (1997). Aha! - 10 Ways To Free Your Creative Spirit and Find Your Great Ideas. Random House. ISBN 0517884003.
  • Balzac, Fred (2006). "Exploring the Brain's Role in Creativity". NeuroPsychiatry Reviews. 7 (5): 1, 19–20. External link in |title= (bantuan)
  • BCA (2006). New Concepts in Innovation: The Keys to a Growing Australia. Business Council of Australia. External link in |publisher= (bantuan)
  • Brian, Denis, Einstein: A Life (John Wiley and Sons, 1996) ISBN 0-471-11459-6
  • Boden, M.A. (2004). The Creative Mind: Myths And Mechanisms. Routledge. ISBN 0297820699.
  • Carson, S.H. (2005). "Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure of the Creative Achievement Questionnaire". Creativity Research Journal. 17 (1): 37–50. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1701_4. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (bantuan)
  • Craft, A. (2005). Creativity in Schools: tensions and dilemmas. Routledge. ISBN 0415324149.
  • Dorst, K. (2001). "Creativity in the design process: co-evolution of problem–solution". Design Studies. 22 (5): 425–437. doi:10.1016/S0142-694X(01)00009-6. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (bantuan)
  • Feldman, D.H. (1999). "The Development of Creativity". Dalam ed. Sternberg, R.J. (penyunting). Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge University Press.CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link)
  • Finke, R. (1992). Creative cognition: Theory, research, and applications. MIT Press. ISBN 0262061503. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (bantuan)
  • Flaherty, A.W, (2005). "Frontotemporal and dopaminergic control of idea generation and creative drive". Journal of Comparative Neurology. 493 (1): 147–153. doi:10.1002/cne.20768. PMC 2571074. PMID 16254989.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Florida, R. (2002). The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life. Basic Books. ISBN 0465024769.
  • Fredrickson, B.L., "The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions," American Psychologist, vol. 56 (2001), pp. 218–26.
  • Guilford, J.P. (1967). The Nature of Human Intelligence.
  • Hadamard, Jacques, The Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field (Dover, 1954) ISBN 0-486-20107-4
  • Helmholtz, H. v. L. (1896). Vorträge und Reden (5th edition). Friederich Vieweg und Sohn.
  • Isen A.M., Daubman K.A. & Nowicki G.P., "Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 52 (1987), pp. 1122–31.
  • Jeffery. G. (2005). The Creative College: building a successful learning culture in the arts. Trentham Books.
  • Johnson, D.M. (1972). Systematic introduction to the psychology of thinking. Harper & Row.
  • Jullien, F.; Paula M. Varsano (Translator) (2004). In Praise of Blandness: Proceeding from Chinese Thought and Aesthetics. Zone Books,U.S.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ISBN 1-890951-41-2; ISBN 978-1-890951-41-2
  • Jung, C. G., The Collected Works of C. G. Jung. Volume 8. The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche. (Princeton, 1981) ISBN 0-691-09774-7
  • Kanigel, Robert, The Man Who Knew Infinity: A Life of the Genius Ramanujan (Washington Square Press, 1992) ISBN 0-671-75061-5
  • Kraft, U. (2005). "Unleashing Creativity". Scientific American Mind. 4: 16–23.
  • Koestler, A. (1964). The Act of Creation. London: Pan Books. ISBN 0330731165.
  • Kolp, P., Lammé, A., Regnard, Fr., Rens, J.-M. (ed.) (2009). "Musique et créativité". Orphée Apprenti. Conseil de la Musique (1): 9–119.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) D/2009/11848/5
  • McLaren, R.B. (1999). "Dark Side of Creativity". Dalam ed. Runco, M.A. & Pritzker, S.R. (penyunting). Encyclopedia of Creativity. Academic Press.CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link)
  • McCrae, R.R. (1987). "Creativity, Divergent Thinking, and Openness to Experience". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 52 (6): 1258–1265. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1258.
  • Michalko, M. (1998). Cracking Creativity: The Secrets of Creative Genius. Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 089815913X.
  • Nachmanovitch, Stephen (1990). Free Play: Improvisation in Life and Art. Penguin-Putnam. ISBN 0874775787.
  • National Academy of Engineering (2005). Educating the engineer of 2020 : adapting engineering education to the new century. National Academies Press. ISBN 0309096499.
  • Nickerson, R.S. (1999). "Enhancing Creativity". Dalam ed. Sternberg, R.J. (penyunting). Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge University Press.CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link)
  • Nonaka, I. (1991). "The Knowledge-Creating Company". Harvard Business Review. 69 (6): 96–104.
  • O'Hara, L.A. & Sternberg, R.J. (1999). "Creativity and Intelligence". Dalam ed. Sternberg, R.J. (penyunting). Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge University Press.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link)
  • Pink, D.H. (2005). A Whole New Mind: Moving from the information age into the conceptual age. Allen & Unwin.
  • Plucker, J.A. & Renzulli, J.S. (1999). "Psychometric Approaches to the Study of Human Creativity". Dalam ed. Sternberg, R.J. (penyunting). Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge University Press.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link)
  • Poincaré, H. (1908/1952). "Mathematical creation". Dalam ed. Ghiselin, B. (penyunting). The Creative Process: A Symposium. Mentor. Check date values in: |year= (bantuan)CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link)
  • Rhodes, M. (1961). "An analysis of creativity". Phi Delta Kappan. 42: 305–311.
  • Rushton, J.P. (1990). "Creativity, intelligence, and psychoticism". Personality and Individual Differences. 11: 1291–1298. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90156-L.
  • Runco, M.A. (2004). "Creativity". Annual Review of Psychology. 55: 657–687. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141502. PMID 14744230.
  • Simonton, D.K. (1999). Origins of genius: Darwinian perspectives on creativity. Oxford University Press.
  • Smith, S.M. & Blakenship, S.E., S. M. (1 April 1991). "Incubation and the persistence of fixation in problem solving". American Journal of Psychology. 104 (1): 61–87. doi:10.2307/1422851. ISSN 0002-9556. |first2= missing |last2= (bantuan)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Sternberg, R.J. (1999). "The Concept of Creativity: Prospects and Paradigms". Dalam ed. Sternberg, R.J. (penyunting). Handbook of Creativity. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521572851. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (bantuan)CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link)
  • Tatarkiewicz, Władysław (1980). A History of Six Ideas: an Essay in Aesthetics. Translated from the Polish by Christopher Kasparek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
  • Taylor, C.W. (1988). "Various approaches to and definitions of creativity". Dalam ed. Sternberg, R.J. (penyunting). The nature of creativity: Contemporary psychological perspectives. Cambridge University Press.CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link)
  • Torrance, E.P. (1974). Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Personnel Press.
  • von Franz, Marie-Louise, Psyche and Matter (Shambhala, 1992) ISBN 0-87773-902-1
  • Wallas, G. (1926). Art of Thought.
  • Weisberg, R.W. (1993). Creativity: Beyond the myth of genius. Freeman. ISBN 0716721198.
  • Ward, T. (2003). "Creativity". Dalam ed. Nagel, L. (penyunting). Encyclopaedia of Cognition. New York: Macmillan.CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link)
  • Andersen, B., Korbo, L., & Pakkenberg, B. (1992). A quantitative study of the human cerebellum with unbiased stereological techniques. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 326, 549-560.
  • Imamizu, H., Kuroda, T., Miyauchi, S., Yoshioka, T., & Kawato, M. (2003). Modular organization of internal models of tools in the cerebellum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 100, (9), 5461-5466.
  • Jung-Beeman, M., Bowden, E., Haberman, J., Frymiare, J., Arambel-Liu, S., Greenblatt, R., Reber, P., & Kounios, J. (2004). Neural activity when people solve verbal problems with insight. PLOS Biology, 2, 500-510.
  • Miller, E., & Cohen, J. (2001). An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 24, 167-202.
  • Miyake, A., & Shah, P. (Eds.). (1999). Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Schmahmann, J. (Ed.). (1997). The cerebellum and cognition. New York: Academic Press.
  • Schmahmann, J. (2004). Disorders of the cerebellum: Ataxia, dysmetria of thought, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 16, 367-378.
  • Sullivan, Ceri and Graeme Harper, ed., The Creative Environment: Authors at Work (Cambridge: English Association/Boydell and Brewer, 2009)
  • Vandervert, L. (2003a). How working memory and cognitive modeling functions of the cerebellum contribute to discoveries in mathematics. New Ideas in Psychology, 21, 159-175.
  • Vandervert, L. (2003b). The neurophysiological basis of innovation. In L. V. Shavinina (Ed.) The international handbook on innovation (pp. 17–30). Oxford, England: Elsevier Science.
  • Vandervert, L., Schimpf, P., & Liu, H. (2007). How working memory and the cerebellum collaborate to produce creativity and innovation [Special Issue]. Creativity Research Journal, 19(1), 1-19.
  • DeGraff, J.; Lawrence, K. (2002). Creativity at Work. Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0787957259.

Pautan luar

[sunting | sunting sumber]
Diambil daripada "https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daya_kreatif&oldid=5396630"