Lihat sumber bagi Hamas

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{{Sedang disunting}}
{{Infobox political party
| country          = Palestin
| name             = Gerakan Perjuangan Islam
| native_name      = {{script|Arab|حركة المقاومة الإسلامية}}
| colorcode        = {{party color|Hamas}}
| logo             = Emblem of Hamas Vector Graphic.svg
| leader1_title    = Pengerusi
| leader1_name     = [[Ismail Haniyeh]]
| leader2_title    = Naib Pengerusi
| leader2_name     = [[Saleh al-Aruri]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-appoints-alleged-west-bank-terror-chief-as-deputy-leader/|title=Hamas appoints West Bank terror chief as its deputy leader|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=October 25, 2017}}</ref>
| spokesperson     = 
| wing1_title      = Sayap Ketenteraan
| wing1            = [[Briged Izzuddin Al-Qassam]]
| foundation       = {{start date and age|1987|12|10}}
| founder          = {{unbulleted list|[[Ahmed Yassin]]|[[Abdul Aziz al-Rantisi]]}}
{{Collapsible list
 | title = {{nobold|...{{nbsp}}''dan lain-lain''}}
 | [[Mahmoud al-Zahar]]
 | [[Mohammad Taha (Hamas)|Mohammad Taha]]
 | [[Abdul Fatah Dukhan]]{{sfn|Abdelal|2016|p=122}}
 | [[Ibrahim Fares Al-Yazuri]]{{sfn|Dalloul|2017}}
 | [[Ali Isa al-Nasyar]]{{sfn|Abu-Amr|1993|p=10}}
 | Ibrahim Quqa{{sfn|Litvak|1998|p=151}}
 | Mohammed Hassan Shama'a{{sfn|Barzak|2011}}
 | [[Hassan Yousef (Hamas)|Hassan Yousef]]{{sfn|AFP|2019}}
}}
| ideology         = {{ubl|class=nowrap|
 |[[Nasionalisme Palestin]]{{sfn|Dalacoura|2012|pp=66–67}}
 |[[Islamisme]]{{sfn|Dalacoura|2012|pp=66–67}}{{sfn|Dunning|2016|p=270}}
 |[[Nasionalisme Islam]]{{sfn|Dalacoura|2012|pp=66–67}}{{sfn|Stepanova|2008|p=113}}{{efn|"Hamas menganggap [[Negeri Palestin|Palestin]] sebagai barisan hadapan utama 'jihad', dan melihat pemberontakan sebagai cara Islam memerangi Penjajahan. Pemimpin pertubuhan itu berhujah bahawa Islam memberi rakyat Palestin kuasa untuk berhadapan dengan Israel, dan menyifatkan Intifadah sebagai kembalinya orang ramai kepada Islam. Sejak penubuhannya, Hamas telah cuba mendamaikan nasionalisme dan Islam. [...] Hamas menyatakan dirinya sebagai gerakan nasionalis."{{sfn|Cheema|2008|p=465}}}}{{efn|"Hamas secara utamanya ialah gerakan kegamaan di mana pandangan nasionalis mereka dibentuk oleh tetapan keagamaan mereka."{{sfn|Litvak|2004|pp=156–57}}}}
 |[[Anti-Zionisme]]
 |[[Antisemitisme]]{{sfn|Litvak|1998|loc=hlm. 151–52: "Pendirian anti-Yahudi kuat  membezakan Hamas daripada pertubuhan PLO"}}<ref name=hoffman>{{cite news |last1=Hoffman |first1=Bruce |title=Understanding Hamas’s Genocidal Ideology |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2023/10/hamas-covenant-israel-attack-war-genocide/675602/ |access-date=11 Oktober 2023 |work=The Atlantic |date=10 Oktober 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
 |{{sfn|Filiu|2012|pp=55,64–67}}
}}
| position         =Haluan Kiri 
| religion         = [[Sunni Islam]]
| split            = [[Ikhwan Muslimin]]
| headquarters     = [[Gaza]], [[Semenanjung Gaza]]
| affiliation1_title = Perikatan politik
| affiliation1     = [[Perikatan Angkatan Palestin]]<br>[[Angkatan Islam dan Kebangsaan Palestin]]
| colours          = {{color box|{{party color|Hamas}}|border=darkgray}} Hijau
| seats1_title     = Kedudukan terbanyak dalam [[Majlis Perundangan Palestin]] ({{circa}} 2006)
| seats1           = {{composition bar|74|132|hex={{party color|Hamas}}}}
| website          = {{url|https://hamas.ps/en/|hamas.ps}}
| flag             = [[File:Flag of Hamas.svg|border|200px]]
|party_name=HAMAS
}}
{{Infobox militant organization
| name             =Hamas 
| ideology         = 
| size             = 
| allies           = '''Sekutu negara:'''
* {{flag|Afghanistan}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 7, 2023 |title=Pakistan, Afghanistan show support to Palestine, calls for "cessation of hostilities" |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-afghanistan-show-support-to-palestine-calls-for-cessation-of-hostilities/articleshow/104245296.cms?from=mdr%5C |access-date=October 7, 2023 |archive-date=October 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007183550/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-afghanistan-show-support-to-palestine-calls-for-cessation-of-hostilities/articleshow/104245296.cms?from=mdr%5C |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Algeria}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 7, 2023 |title=الجزائر تدين الاعتداءات الإسرائيلية على قطاع غزة |url=https://www.alghad.tv/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1-%d8%aa%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%a1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%8a%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9/ |access-date=October 7, 2023 |publisher=قناة الغد |language=ar |archive-date=October 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007164731/https://www.alghad.tv/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Iran}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Adviser to Iran's Khamenei expresses support for Palestinian attacks: Report |publisher=AFP|via=al-Aribaya|date=October 7, 2023|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/07/Adviser-to-Iran-s-Khamenei-expresses-support-for-Palestinian-attacks-Report |website=Al Arabiya}}</ref>
* {{flag|Turki}}<ref name="times">{{cite news|url= https://www.timesofisrael.com/turkeys-erdogan-hamas-arent-terrorists-theyre-mujahideen-defending-homeland/amp/|title= Turkey’s Erdogan: Hamas aren’t terrorists, they’re mujahideen defending homeland:Report|author=LAZAR BERMAN|newspaper=Times |date=November 7, 2023}}</ref>
* {{flag|Qatar}}<ref name="allies">{{cite news |url=https://amp.dw.com/en/who-is-hamas/a-57537872|title=What is Hamas and who supports it?|author=Ehl, David|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=May 15, 2021}}</ref>
* {{flag|South Africa}} (menafikan)<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff |title=South Africa says it discussed aid with Hamas leader, denies reports of support |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-says-it-discussed-aid-with-hamas-leader-denies-reports-support-2023-10-18/ |date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=October 18, 2023}}</ref>
* {{flag|Sudan}} ([[Kudeta di Sudan 2019|semenjak 2019]], sesekali sejak 2023)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abdelaziz |first1=Khalid |last2=Eltahir |first2=Nafisa |last3=Irish |first3=John |title=Sudan closes door on support for Hamas |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/after-fall-bashir-sudan-closes-door-support-hamas-2021-09-23/ |publisher=Reuters |date=September 23, 2021 |access-date=October 18, 2023}}</ref><ref name="allies"/><ref name="auto3"/>
* {{flag|Syria}} (semenjak 2011, sesekali sejak 2022)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/experts-weigh-in-on-regional-impact-of-syria-hamas-rapprochement-teaser-/6798449.html|title=Experts Weigh in on Regional Impact of Syria-Hamas Rapprochement|date=October 20, 2022|access-date=October 8, 2023|publisher=VOA News}}</ref><ref name="time">{{cite news |url=https://time.com/3033681/hamas-gaza-palestine-israel-egypt/|title=Hamad Still Has Some Friends Left|author=Gidda, Mirren|newspaper=Time|date=July 25, 2014}}</ref>
*{{flag|Malaysia}}<ref>{{cite news|title= Don't label Hamas as 'militants', PM tells media: Report|publisher=NSTTV|via= New Straits Times|date=November 7, 2023|url=https://www.nst.com.my/amp/news/nation/2023/11/975701/dont-label-hamas-militants-pm-tells-media-nsttv|website= nst.com.my}}</ref>
*{{flag|North Korea}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-north-korea-weapons-703e33663ea299f920d0d14039adfbb8|title=Evidence shows Hamas militants likely used some North Korean weapons in attack on Israel|website=Associated Press|date=October 19, 2023}}</ref>
* {{flag|Venezuela}}<ref name=PAL>{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190125-hamas-plo-slam-slam-blatant-us-interference-in-venezuela-affairs/|title=Hamas, PLO slam 'blatant US interference' in Venezuela affairs|date=25 January 2019|website=Middle East Monitor}}</ref>

'''Sekutu bukan negara:'''
* {{flag|Hizbullah}}
* {{flagicon image|Houthis Logo.png}} [[Gerakan Houthi|Houthi]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/01/yemen-houthis-release-saudi-palestinian-hamas-prisoners.html|title=Houthis, Hamas merge diplomacy around prisoner releases – Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=5 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jns.org/hamas-awards-shield-of-honor-to-houthi-representative-in-yemen-sparking-outrage-in-saudi-arabia/ |title=Hamas awards 'Shield of Honor' to Houthi representative in Yemen, sparking outrage in Saudi Arabia |website=JNS.org |date=16 June 2021}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine.svg}} [[Jihad Islam Palestin]]<ref name="toi9oct">{{cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=Officer, 2 soldiers killed in clash with terrorists on Lebanon border; mortars fired|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/mortars-fired-from-lebanon-infiltrators-killed-as-6-israelis-hurt-in-gunfight/ |access-date=9 October 2023 |website=The Times of Israel |language=en-US |archive-date=9 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009170223/https://www.timesofisrael.com/mortars-fired-from-lebanon-infiltrators-killed-as-6-israelis-hurt-in-gunfight/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|PFLP Infobox Flag.svg}} [[Barisan Rakyat untuk Pembebasan Palestin]] (PFLP)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.alahednews.com.lb/fastnewsdetails.php?fstid=217239 |title=الجبهة الشعبية: قرار الإدارة الأمريكية بتوفير الدعم للكيان هدفه تطويق النتائج الاستراتيجية لمعركة طوفان الأقصى |language=ar |trans-title= |website=alahednews.com.lb |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009000624/https://www.alahednews.com.lb/fastnewsdetails.php?fstid=217239 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine.svg}} [[Barisan Demokratik untuk Pembebasan Palestin]]   (DFLP)<ref name="auto9">{{cite news |url=https://english.almayadeen.net/news/politics/al-qassam-fighters-engage-iof-on-seven-fronts-outside-gaza: |title=Al-Qassam fighters engage IOF on seven fronts outside Gaza: Statement |date=8 October 2023 |website=Al Mayadeen English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008121355/https://english.almayadeen.net/news/politics/al-qassam-fighters-engage-iof-on-seven-fronts-outside-gaza: |access-date=8 October 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023}}</ref>
* [[Jerumun Singa]]<ref name="roya">{{cite news |title=Qassam Brigades announces control of 'Erez Crossing' |url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/44975/2023-10-07|work=Roya News |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007102147/https://en.royanews.tv/news/44975/2023-10-07 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[Briged Syuhada al-Aqsa]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=Iran Update, October 17, 2023 |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-update-october-17-2023 |publisher=[[Institute for the Study of War]]}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Al-Nasser_Salah_al-Deen_Brigades.svg}}/{{flagicon image|Logoprc.jpg|26px }} [[Jawatankuasa Penentangan Rakyat]] (PRC)<ref>{{cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=IDF says it killed head of military wing of Gaza's Popular Resistance Committees |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=19 October 2023 |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-it-killed-head-of-military-wing-of-gazas-popular-resistance-committees/ |access-date=19 October 2023}}</ref>
| opponents        = '''Lawan negara:'''
* {{flag|Mesir}}
* {{flag|Amerika Syarikat}}
* {{flag|Jordan}}<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-716243 |title=Is Jordan planning to restore ties with Hamas? |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref>
* {{flag|Bahrain}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09 |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs stresses importance of providing full protection to citizens, ending battle between Hamas, Israeli Forces |url=http://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=7824&language=en-US&ItemId=22667 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website= |publisher=Bahrain Ministry of Foreign Affairs |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010232441/https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=7824&language=en-US&ItemId=22667 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09 |title=Bahrain denounces Hamas kidnappings |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/bahrain-denounces-hamas-kidnappings/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010232440/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/bahrain-denounces-hamas-kidnappings/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|Emiriah Arab Bersatu}}<ref name="time"/>
'''Lawan bukan negara:'''
* {{flagicon image|Fateh-logo.jpg|size=22px|border}} [[Fatah]]<br>([[Proses Perdamaian Fatah-Hamas|Dalam proses damai]])</br>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant.svg}} [[Negara Islam Iraq dan Syam]] </br><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/isis-affiliated-group-in-gaza-claims-rocket-attack-on-israel-419960|title= ISIS affiliated group in Gaza claims rocket attack on Israel|date=October 5, 2015 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the People's Mujahedin of Iran.svg|size=20px}} [[Mujahidin Rakyat Iran]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.mojahedin.org/newsen/61627/Beware-Iran%27s-%27Axis-of-Resistance%27 |title=Beware Iran's 'Axis of Resistance' &#124; People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran (PMOI/MEK) |access-date=January 16, 2020 |archive-date=October 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031201920/https://english.mojahedin.org/newsen/61627/Beware-Iran%27s-%27Axis-of-Resistance%27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| designated_as_terror_group_by = 
* {{flag|Amerika Syarikat}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/foreign-palestine-organizations/|title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations}}</ref>
* {{flag|Australia}}<ref name="auto2">{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-17/hamas-palestinian-listed-as-terrorist-group-australia-government/100839262 |title=Entirety of Hamas to be listed as a Islamic organisation |publisher=ABC News |date=February 17, 2022}}</ref>
* {{flag|Jepun}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.npa.go.jp/bureau/security/terrorism/031029/031029.pdf |title=National Police Agency |access-date=November 26, 2022 |archive-date=March 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328223242/https://www.npa.go.jp/bureau/security/terrorism/031029/031029.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2005/ch3-a.pdf|title=Japan's Foreign Policy in Major Diplomatic Fields}}</ref>
* {{flag|Kanada}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx |title=Currently listed entities |date=December 21, 2018}}</ref>
* {{flag|Kesatuan Eropah}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/26/eu-court-upholds-hamas-terror-listing |title=EU court upholds Hamas terror listing |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=July 26, 2017}}</ref>
* {{flag|Paraguay}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190820-paraguay-adds-hamas-hezbollah-to-terrorism-list/ |title=Paraguay adds Hamas, Hezbollah to terrorism list |date=August 20, 2019}}</ref>
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2/proscribed-terrorist-groups-or-organisations-accessible-version|title=Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations|website=GOV.UK}}</ref>
| battles          = {{plainlist|
* [[Konflik Israel–Palestin]]
* [[Konflik Israel–Gaza]]
* [[Konflik Fatah–Hamas]]
* [[Konflik Israel–Lubnan]]
}}
|area={{flag|Palestin}}
|leader=Hamas}}

'''Gerakan Perjuangan Islam''' ({{lang-ar|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|حركة المقاومة الاسلامية}}}}|Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah}}, "Gerakan Perjuangan Islam" disingkatkan kepada {{lang-ar|{{script|Arab|حماس}}|'''Ḥamās'''}}<ref name="MERIP 1989222">{{cite magazine|last=Taraki|first=Lisa|date=January–February 1989|title=The Islamic Resistance Movement in the Palestinian Uprising|url=https://merip.org/1989/01/the-islamic-resistance-movement-in-the-palestinian-uprising/|magazine=[[Middle East Report]]|location=Tacoma, WA|publisher=[[Middle East Research and Information Project|MERIP]]|issue=156|pages=30–32|doi=10.2307/3012813|issn=0899-2851|jstor=3012813|oclc=615545050|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201212246/https://merip.org/1989/01/the-islamic-resistance-movement-in-the-palestinian-uprising/|archive-date=February 1, 2022|access-date=February 1, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/hamas_n|title=Hamas, n. meanings, etymology and more|website=Oxford English Dictionary}}</ref>) adalah sebuah pertubuhan politik dan [[ketenteraan]] Islam beraliran [[Ahli Sunah Waljamaah|Ahlu al-Sunnah]]<ref name=":1">{{cite book|title=The Handbook of Collective Violence: Current Developments and Understanding|last1=Lopez|first1=Anthony|last2=Ireland|first2=Carol|last3=Ireland|first3=Jane|last4=Lewis|first4=Michael|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2020|isbn=9780429588952|pages=239|quote=The most successful radical Sunni Islamist group has been Hamas, which began as a branch of the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine in the early 1980s. It used terrorist attacks against civilians - particularly suicide bombings – to help build a larger movement, going so far as to emerge as the recognized government of the Gaza Strip in the Palestine Authority.}}</ref> yang mentadbir [[Genting Gaza]] terangkum dalam [[Palestin (wilayah)|wilayah Palestin]] [[Kawasan diduduki Israel|taklukan]] entiti Israel.{{sfn|Militer|Negara Palestin |p=PLO}} Ia beribu pejabat di [[Bandar Gaza]] dan juga di [[Tebing Barat]]. Bahkan, ibu pejabat di [[Tebing Barat]] lebih besar tetapi wilayah pengaruh lebih dikuasai pesaingnya, [[Fatah]].

Ia ditubuhkan oleh [[Imam|pemimpin]] dan aktivis Palestin, Syeikh [[Ahmed Yassin]] pada 1987 selepas meletusnya [[Intifadah Pertama]] menentang Israel bersinambungan dari pertubuhan [[Majlis Islam]] ({{Lang-ar|المجمع الإسلامي|translit=al-Mujamma' al-Islami}}) yang ditubuhkan dan diterajui Syeikh Ahmad di [[Gaza]] pada 1973 sebagai sebuah pertubuhan kebajikan Islam yang terlibat dengan [[Ikhwan Muslimin]] di [[Mesir]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123275572295011847|title=Hamas|last=Higgins|first=Andrew|date=January 24, 2009|access-date=January 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926212507/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123275572295011847.html|archive-date=September 26, 2009|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|quote=When Israel first encountered Islamists in Gaza in the 1970s and '80s, they seemed focused on studying the Quran, not on confrontation with Israel. The Israeli government officially recognized a precursor to Hamas called Mujama Al-Islamiya, registering the group as a charity. It allowed Mujama members to set up an Islamic university and build mosques, clubs and schools. Crucially, Israel often stood aside when the Islamists and their secular left-wing Palestinian rivals battled, sometimes violently, for influence in both Gaza and the West Bank. "When I look back at the chain of events I think we made a mistake," says David Hacham, who worked in Gaza in the late 1980s and early '90s as an Arab-affairs expert in the Israeli military. "But at the time nobody thought about the possible results." Israeli officials who served in Gaza disagree on how much their own actions may have contributed to the rise of Hamas. They blame the group's recent ascent on outsiders, primarily Iran. This view is shared by the Israeli government. "Hamas in Gaza was built by Iran as a foundation for power, and is backed through funding, through training and through the provision of advanced weapons," Mr. Olmert said last Saturday. Hamas has denied receiving military assistance from Iran.|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Hamas menjadi semakin naik apabila terlibat dalam [[konflik Israel–Palestin]] lewat tahun 1990-an;<ref name="barel">[http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/afghanistan-in-palestine-1.165006 "Afghanistan in Palestine"], by Zvi Bar'el, ''[[Haaretz]]'', July 26, 2005</ref> ia menentan [[Surat-surat pengiktirafan Israel–Pertubuhan Pembebasan Palestin|Surat Pengiktirafan Bersama Israel–PLO]] juga [[Perjanjian Oslo]], yang menyaksikan Fatah menolak "penggunaan tindakan pelampau dan tindakan kekerasan lain" dan mengiktiraf Palestin dalam mencapai penyelesaian dua negara. Hamas terus menganjurkan penentangan bersenjata, menang dalam [[pilihan raya perundangan Palestin 2006]],{{sfn|Charrett|2020|pp=129–37}} memperoleh majoriti dalam [[Majlis Perundangan Palestin]],<ref name="SMF22">{{cite news|url=http://www.stockholmsfria.nu/artikel/6296|title=Islamistisk politik vinner mark|author=Madelene Axelsson|date=January 27, 2006|access-date=April 10, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927034525/http://www.stockholmsfria.nu/artikel/6296|archive-date=September 27, 2007|publisher=[[Stockholms Fria Tidning]]|language=sv}}</ref> dan memegang kawalan [[Pentadbiran Genting Gaza oleh Hamas|pentadbiran Genting Gaza]] daripada Fatah diikuti perang dalaman pada 2007.{{sfn|Davis|2016|pp=67–69}}{{sfn|Mukhimer|2012|pp=vii, 58}} Sejak itu, Hamas mentadbir Gaza di bawah [[Autokrasi|pemerintahan]] ''[[de facto]]'' dan [[Negara satu parti|wilayah satu parti]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2023/10/10/how-powerful-is-hamas|title=How powerful is Hamas?|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=October 17, 2023|issn=0013-0613|quote=In 2006, a year after Israel withdrew from Gaza, Hamas won a majority of seats in a Palestinian election and later formed a new unity government with Fatah, its nationalist rival. In June 2007, after a brief civil war, it assumed sole control of Gaza, leaving Fatah to run the Palestinian Authority (pa) in the West Bank. In response Israel and Egypt imposed a suffocating blockade on the coastal strip in 2007, strangling its economy and in effect confining its people in an open-air prison. There have been no elections since. Hamas has run Gaza as an oppressive one-party state, leaving some Palestinians there disenchanted with its leadership. Nevertheless, Palestinians widely consider it to be more competent than the ailing, corrupt pa.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/gaza-strip/freedom-world/2020|title=Gaza Strip: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report|website=Freedom House|access-date=October 17, 2023|quote=Since 2007, Gaza has functioned as a de facto one-party state under Hamas rule}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Burton|first=Guy|date=2012|title=Hamas and its Vision of Development|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41507185|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=33|issue=3|pages=525–540|doi=10.1080/01436597.2012.657491|issn=0143-6597|jstor=41507185|quote=The joint Hamas-Fatah government did not last long. Within months the two sides were fighting again, eventually leading to a political split of the occupied territory, with Fatah controlling the West Bank and Hamas establishing a virtual one-party state in Gaza|s2cid=144037453}}</ref>

Walaupun secara sejarahnya, mencari sebuah [[Negara Palestin|negara]] Islam Palestin dengan menggabungkan wilayah  [[Tebing Barat]] dan [[Genting Gaza]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/world/middleeast/hamas-military-gaza-explained.html|title=A Quick Look at Hamas|last=May|first=Tiffany|date=October 8, 2023|access-date=October 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014102435/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/world/middleeast/hamas-military-gaza-explained.html|archive-date=October 14, 2023|work=[[The New York Times]]|issn=|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/two-state-solution|title=Palestinian history|last=Staff|first=The|date=October 9, 2023|website=[[Ensiklopedia]]|url-status=live|access-date=October 9, 2023}}</ref> Hamas mula menerima cadangan sempadan tahun 1967 dalam persetujuan yang ditandatangani dengan Fatah pada [[Pengisytiharan Kaherah Palestin|2005]], [[Dokumen Tahanan Palestin|2006]] dan [[Persetujuan Mekah Fatah–Hamas|2007]].<ref name="seurat1719">{{harvnb|Seurat|2019|p=17-19}}</ref>  Pada 2017, Hamas menerbitkan piagam baharu menyokong [[negara Palestin]] dengan mengikut pada sempadan tahun 1967 tanpa mengiktiraf Israel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/newspaper/2023/10/9/what-does-palestine-declaration-of-war-mean-for-palestinians-in-gaza|title=Palestinians in Gaza?|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-760004|title=Palestinian|quote=Even Hamas in 2017 said it was ready to accept a Palestinian state with 1967 borders if it is clear this is the consensus of the Palestinians.}}</ref><ref name="Jazeera,2May2017">{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/5/2/hamas-accepts-palestinian-state-with-1967-borders|title=Hamas accepts Palestinian state with 1967 borders: Khaled Meshaal presents a new document in which Hamas accepts 1967 borders without recognising state of Palestine|date=2 May 2017|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name="borders1967">Sources that believe that Hamas' 2017 charter accepted the 1967 borders:

*{{cite book|title=Gaza Under Hamas|author=Bjorn Brenner|publisher=[[I. B. Tauris]]|page=206}}
*{{cite book|title=The Many Faces of Political Islam, Second Edition|author=[[Mohammed Ayoob]]|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|page=133}}
*{{cite book|title=Diaspora Entrepreneurs and Contested States|author=Maria Koinova|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=150}}
*{{harvnb|Zartman|2021|p=230}}
*{{cite book|title=Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict|editor=Asaf Siniver}}
*{{harvnb|Seurat|2019|p=61-62}}</ref> Tindakan Hamas mengulangi tawaran [[Hudna|gencatan senjata]] mereka (untuk tempoh 10–100 tahun) berdasarkan pada sempadan 1967 dilihat orang lain sebagai sejajar dengan penyelesaian dua negara,<ref>{{cite book|title=Reconstructing Jihad Amid Competing International Norms|author=[[Halim Rane]]|year=2009|page=34|quote=Asher Susser, director of the Dayan Centre at Tel Aviv University, conveyed to me in an interview that “Hamas’ ‘hudna' is not significantly different from Sharon’s ‘long-term interim agreement.” Similarly, Daniel Levy, a senior Israeli official for the Geneva Initiative (GI), informed me that certain Hamas officials find the GI acceptable, but due to the concerns about their Islamically oriented constituency and their own Islamic identity, they would “have to express the final result in terms of a “hudna,” or “indefinite" ceasefire,” rather than a formal peace agreement.”}}</ref>{{sfn|Baconi|2018|p=108|ps=Hamas’s finance minister in Gaza stated that “a long-term ceasefire as understood by Hamas and a two-state settlement are the same. It’s just a question of vocabulary.”}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Palestinian Chicago|author=Loren D. Lybarger|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2020|page=199|quote=Hamas too would signal a willingness to accept a long-term "hudna" (cessation of hostilities, truce) along the armistice lines of 1948 (an effective acceptance of the two-state formula).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hamas, Jihad and Popular Legitimacy|author=Tristan Dunning|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2016|page=179-180}}</ref> manakala dalam keadaan lain, Hamas mengekalkan matlamat jangka panjang untuk menubuhkan [[satu negara]] sebagaimana [[Palestin Bermandat]].<ref name="Alsoos">{{cite journal|last1=Alsoos|first1=Imad|date=2021|title=From jihad to resistance: the evolution of Hamas's discourse in the framework of mobilization|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=57|issue=5|pages=833–856|doi=10.1080/00263206.2021.1897006|s2cid=234860010}}</ref><ref name="Faeq">{{cite journal|last1=Faeq|first1=Nasir|last2=Jahnata|first2=Diego|date=2020|title=The Historical Antecedents of Hamas|journal=International Journal of Social Science Research and Review|volume=3|issue=3|page=33|doi=10.47814/ijssrr.v3i3.49|s2cid=234607095}}</ref> Di bawah prinsip ideologi [[Islamisme]], Hamas menggalakkan [[Nasionalisme Palestin|semangat kebangsaan Palestin]] dalam [[Nasionalisme beragama|acuan Islam]]; ia  telah menjalankan dasar ''[[jihad]]'' (perjuangan bersenjata) menentang dasar penjajahan Aparteid Israel.{{efn|"Hamas is a radical Islamic fundamentalist organization that has stated that its highest priority is a Jihad (holy war) for the liberation of Palestine."{{sfn|Cordesman|2002|p=243}}}} Hamas juga mempunyai sayap ketenteraan yang juga bertindak sebagai pemberi khidmat dan da'wah kepada masyarakat yang dinamakan [[Briged Izzuddin Al-Qassam|Briged Izzuddin al-Qassam]].{{efn|"In politics everything is possible. Iraq, for instance, has the [[Badr Organization|Badr Brigade]], which is a military arm of the [[Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq|Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution]] in Iraq and has joined the political process in the country. Members of the Badr Brigade have joined the security service in Iraq. In Iraq the USA has been trying to tackle the insurgent issue through negotiations. Hizbullah in Lebanon is a political party, and it also has its militant organisations. The [[Mujahideen]], who were the leading militants in Afghanistan, have joined the political process in their country after more than 20 years of war. Being a militant and joining the political platform is not a sin. If we leave the Middle East and look at Sinn Fein, for example, in Northern Ireland, this group was fighting the British government and then, through engagement and direct negotiation, extremist influence was marginalised, and Sinn Fein found an opportunity to moderate itself."{{sfn|Zweiri|2006|p=681}}}}{{efn|"The idea of a militant movement like Hamas possessing both political and military personas simultaneously is not especially new, with the [[Irish Republican Army|IRA]]/[[Sinn Féin]] and the Lebanese movement [[Hezbollah]] being two often cited examples. However, this study argues that given the role that resistance plays in the Palestinian narrative, Hamas's dual resistance is a more comprehensive and integrated strategy than that possessed by other so-called hybrid or dual-status movements. This is because Hamas has managed to synergise its political and armed resistance efforts, and it does this to further its self-determination agendas."{{sfn|Kear|2018|p=7}}}} Sejak pertengahan 1990-an,<ref name=":0" /> Hamas memperoleh liputan meluas dalam kalangan masyarakat Palestin dengan [[Anti-Zionisme|pendirian anti-Israel]] mereka.<ref name=":222">{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/hamas-middle-east-science-32095d8e1323fc1cad819c34da08fd87|title=Poll finds dramatic rise in Palestinian support for Hamas|last=Krauss|first=Joseph|date=June 15, 2021|publisher=AP News|access-date=October 9, 2023}}</ref>{{sfn|Phillips|2011|p=75}}

Genting Gaza kini di bawah [[Sekatan Genting Gaza|sekatan]], dikenakan oleh Israel dan [[Mesir]]. Israel dan Hamas berlawan dalam siri peperangan yang banyak, termasuk pada [[Konflik Israel–Gaza 2008–2009|2008–09]], [[Serangan Israel ke atas Gaza 2012|2012]], [[Konflik Israel–Gaza 2014|2014]] dan terkini pada [[Perang Israel−Palestin 2023|2023]].

== Penamaan ==
''Hamas'' ialah sebuah [[Singkatan kata|singkatan]] perkataan [[Bahasa Arab|Arab]] {{lang|ar|حركة المقاومة الإسلامية}} atau {{transliteration|ar|Ḥarakah al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah}}, bermaksud "Gerakan Perjuangan Islam". Kependekannya, HMS, kemudiannya dimeterai dalam [[Piagam Hamas]] kepada perkataan Arab {{transliteration|ar|ḥamās}} ({{lang|ar|حماس}}) yang mana membawa maksud "semangat berkobar-kobar", "kekuatan", atau "keberanian".{{sfn|Herzog|2006|p=84}}

== Sejarah ==

=== Asal usul ===
Apabila Israel [[Wilayah yang diduduki Israel|menjajah wilayah Palestin]] pada 1967, anggota Ikhwan Muslimin di sana tidak mengambil bahagian secara aktif terhadap penentangan, lebih menumpukan kepada pembaharuan sosioagama dan memelihara nilai Islam.{{sfn|Kabahā|2014|pp=322–23}} Pandangan ini berubah pada awal 1980-an, dan pertubuhan Islam menjadi lebih banyak terlibat dalam politik Palestin.{{sfn|Kabahā|2014|pp=323}} Usaha di sebalik perubahan ini dipacu [[Ahmed Yassin|Syeikh Ahmed Yassin]], seorang warga Palestin dari [[Al-Jura]].{{sfn|Kabahā|2014|pp=323}} Dengan latar belakang yang sederhana dan seorang yang lumpuh,{{sfn|Kabahā|2014|pp=323}} beliau menjadi salah seorang pemimpin Ikhwan Muslimin di Gaza. Keyakinan dan karisma beliau telah mewujudkan sebuah kumpulan pengikut yang setia, yang boleh membantu beliau untuk apa jua—daripada kelengkapan diri, pengangkuitan dari satu tempat ke satu tempat, menyebarkan strateginya kepada khalayak.{{sfn|Jefferis|2016|pp=50–51}} Pada 1973, Ahmad telah mengasaskan sebuah badan kebajikan sosioagama [[Mujama al-Islami]] ("Majlis Islam") di Gaza sebagai satu cabang kepada Ikhwan Muslimin.{{sfn|Abu Amr|1994|p=16}}{{sfn|Singh|2013|p=153}}

Pihak berkuasa Israel pada 1970-an dan 1980-an menunjukkan sikap acuh tak acuh terhadap Mujama al-Islami. Mereka melihat ia sebagai sebuah kumpulan agama yang kurang ganas menentang Israel lebih daripada Fatah dan [[Pertubuhan Pembebasan Palestin]] (PLO), ramai juga percaya bahawa pertembungan antara kumpulan-kumpulan pejuang Islam dan PLO akan membawa kepada kelemahan pertubuhan tersebut.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123275572295011847|title=How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas|last=Higgins|first=Andrew|date=January 24, 2009|access-date=January 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926212507/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123275572295011847.html|archive-date=September 26, 2009|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|quote=When Israel first encountered Islamists in Gaza in the 1970s and '80s, they seemed focused on studying the Quran, not on confrontation with Israel. The Israeli government officially recognized a precursor to Hamas called Mujama Al-Islamiya, registering the group as a charity. It allowed Mujama members to set up an Islamic university and build mosques, clubs and schools. Crucially, Israel often stood aside when the Islamists and their secular left-wing Palestinian rivals battled, sometimes violently, for influence in both Gaza and the West Bank. "When I look back at the chain of events I think we made a mistake," says David Hacham, who worked in Gaza in the late 1980s and early '90s as an Arab-affairs expert in the Israeli military. "But at the time nobody thought about the possible results." Israeli officials who served in Gaza disagree on how much their own actions may have contributed to the rise of Hamas. They blame the group's recent ascent on outsiders, primarily Iran. This view is shared by the Israeli government. "Hamas in Gaza was built by Iran as a foundation for power, and is backed through funding, through training and through the provision of advanced weapons," Mr. Olmert said last Saturday. Hamas has denied receiving military assistance from Iran.|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{sfn|Levitt|2006|p=24}}{{sfn|Mattar|2005|p=195}}{{sfn|Hassan|2014|p=80}}{{sfn|Abu Amr|1994|p=35}} Maka, pemerintah Israel tidak campur tangan dalam pergaduhan PLO dan kumpulan pejuang Islam.<ref name=":02" />

Pada 1984 Ahmad Yassin ditahan selepas pihak Israel menemui senjata kumpulannya,<ref name=":02" /> tetapi dibebaskan pada Mei 1985 sebagai sebahagian daripada [[Rundingan Jibril|pertukaran tahanan]].{{sfn|Levitt|2006|p=35}}{{sfn|Mannes|2004|p=114}} Beliau kemudiannya meluaskan capaian kebajikannya di Gaza.<ref name=":02" /> Susulan daripada pembebasan beliau, Ahmad Yassin menubuhkan ''Majd'' (singkatan kepada nama {{Lang-ar|المنظمة الجهاد والدعوة|lit=Pertubuhan Jihad dan Dakwah|translit=Munazamat al-Jihad wa al-Da'wa}}), diterajui oleh bekas pemimpin pelajar, [[Yahya Sinwar]] dan [[Ruhi Musytaha]], ditugaskan untuk menangani isu keselamatan dalaman dan memburu individu dikalangan rakyat tempatan yang memberi maklumat kepada perkhidmatan perisikan Israel ([[Shin Bet]]).
{{sfn|Mishal|Sela|2006|p=34}}{{sfn|Milton-Edwards|Farrell|2013|p=116}} <i>Shin Bet berbeza dengan [[Mossad]]. Ini kerana Mossad menjalankan kegiatan risikan diluar negara Israel.</i>
Pada masa yang sama, beliau mengarahkan bekas pemimpin pelajar, [[Solah Syahadah]] menubuhkan ''al-Mujahidun al-Filastiniun'' (pejuang Palestin), tetapi kumpulan bersenjata ini telah diketahui dengan cepat oleh Israel dan senjata mereka telah dirampas.{{sfn|Najib|Friedrich|2007|p=103}}{{efn|It is unclear whether these groups were set up in 1985 or 1986.}}

Idea mengenai Hamas bermula untuk dibentuk pada 10 Disember 1987, apabila beberapa anggota Ikhwan Muslimin{{efn|Abu Amr states the following people attended: Dr. 'Abd al-'Aziz al-Rantisi (40), a physician residing in [[Khan Yunis]]; Dr. Ibrahim al-Yazuri (45), a pharmacist residing in Gaza city; Shaykh Salih Shehada (40), a University instructor from [[Beit Hanoun]]; 'Isa al-Nashshar (35), an engineer in [[Rafah]]; Muhammad Sham'a (50), a teacher in [[Al-Shati Camp|al-Shati refugee camp]] and 'Abd al-Fattah Dukhan (50), a school principal at [[Nuseirat Camp|al-Nusayrat refugee camp]].{{sfn|Abu-Amr|1993|p=10}}}} bersidang sehari selepas berlaku sebuah peristiwa iaitu trak tentera Israel telah berlanggar dengan sebuah kereta di [[Titik semak Israel|titik pemeriksaan Gaza]] yang membunuh empat orang pekerja harian Palestin, mendorong kepada [[Intifadah Pertama]]. Kumpulan ini bertemu di rumah Ahmad Yassin untuk menyusun strategi bagaimana untuk memaksimumkan kesan peristiwa tersebut dalam menyebarkan sentimen pembebasan negara dan mencetuskan tunjuk rasa awam.{{sfn|Abu-Amr|1993|p=10}} Satu risalah diterbitkan pada pada 14 Disember menyeru kepada penentangan resistance yang boleh dianggap sebagai pendedahan pertama mereka kepada umum, walaupun nama Hamas itu sendiri tidak digunakan sehingga Januari 1988.{{sfn|Abu-Amr|1993|p=10}} Ahmad Yassin tidak berhubung secara terus dengan pertubuhan tetapi memberi restu kepada mereka.{{sfn|Hueston|Pierpaoli|Zahar|2014|p=67}} Hamas secara rasmi diiktiraf oleh Ikhwan Muslimin Jordan selepas sebuah mesyuarat penting diadakan di Amman pada Februari 1988.{{sfn|Hueston|Pierpaoli|Zahar|2014|p=67-68}} Kepada kebanyakan orang Palestin, Hamas muncul untuk melibatkan diri dengan lebih telus dengan semangat kebangsaan mereka, memandangkan ia hanya menyediakan versi Islamik terhadap matlamat PLO, perjuangan bersenjata untuk membebaskan keseluruhan Palestin, bukan kawasan yang dikompromi PLO—yang lebih kecil daripada kawasan [[Palestin Bermandat]].{{sfn|Mishal|Sela|2006|pp=14–15}}

Pada Ogos 1988, Hamas menerbitkan [[Piagam Hamas]], di mana ia menyatakan sendiri Hamas ialah sebahagian daripada Ikhwan Muslimin dan minatnya terhadap penubuhan "sebuah negara Islam seluruh Palestin".{{sfn|Kabahā|2014|p=324}}

==Pasca pembentukan Hamas==
=== Intifadah Pertama ===
{{Main|Intifadah Pertama}}
Pada tahun 1987, sewaktu [[ Intifadah Pertama]], Sheikh Ahmed Yassin dan enam ahli ''Mujama al-Islamiya'' telah menubuhkan gerakan yang dinamakan '''''Hamas''''', asalnya pertubuhan ini memanggilnya "sayap separa-ketenteraan" bagi [[Ikhwan Muslimin]] Palestin , dan Sheikh Ahmed Yassin menjadi  tokoh pemimpin agamawan ''Hamas''. Beliau juga telah bertanggungjawab bagi beberapa siri serangan berani mati yang menyasarkan wilayah pendudukan Israel. Ekoran kejadian tersebut, Hamas telah dicatatkan dalam senarai pertubuhan pengganas .<ref name="newsbbccouk22">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2001/israel_and_the_palestinians/profiles/1695470.stm|title=Sheikh Yassin: Spiritual figurehead|date=22 March 2004|accessdate=7 August 2007|work=[[BBC Online]]}}</ref> Pada waktu tersebut, Mujama al-Islamiya mengawal sekitar 40% anggaran bilangan masjid di Tebing Gaza. Israel juga mengesyaki Pertubuhan gerakan Mujama al-Islamiya mungkin menjadi kepentingan bagi aktiviti pejuang Hamas. Ini diyakini dengan mereka secara terus-menerus memberikan perlindungan dari segi sokongan, penggubahan dan pemindahan dana, memudahkan propaganda ''Hamas'' dan usaha perekrutan ,menyediakan pekerjaan bagi pengusahanya, dan berkhidmat sebagai rangkaian bantuan logistik .<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Hamas-Politics-Charity-Terrorism-Service/dp/0300122586 Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad] (2006) by Matthew Levitt. pp 23-25 {{ISBN|978-0300122589}}</ref>

===Intifadah Kedua===
{{Main|Intifadah Kedua}}
Pada 28 September 2000 – 8 Februari 2005</b> telah berlakunya  kebangkitan dalam penentangan rakyat Palestin terhadap pendudukan Israel yang didorong oleh kegagalan Sidang Kemuncak Kem David pada tahun 2000, yang dijangka mencapai persetujuan muktamad mengenai proses damai Israel-Palestin pada bulan Julai tahun 2000.
Ditambah pula dengan rombongan lawatan dari Israel oleh [[parti politik]] [[Likud]] melibatkan Perdana Menteri Israel [[Ariel Sharon]] di Temple Mount yang juga dikenali sebagai [[Masjid al-Aqsa]] kawasan suci bagi kedua-dua orang Yahudi dan Islam. Ariel Sharon dengan kenyataan kontroversi menyatakan bahawa : {{cquote|"Masjid al-Aqsa berada di tangan kita dan akan kekal di tangan kita. Ia adalah tapak paling suci dalam agama Yahudi dan adalah hak setiap orang Yahudi untuk melawat Masjid al-Aqsa."|cquote}}

Lawatan ini dilihat oleh rakyat Palestin sebagai sangat provokatif dan mewujudkan rasa ketidakpuasaan yang mengakibatkan berlakunya penunjuk perasaan dikalangan rakyat Palestin. Kejadian ini membuatkan rakyat Palestin membaling batu ke arah polis dan kemudian dibubarkan oleh [[Angkatan Tentera Israel|tentera Zionis Israel]] dengan menggunakan gas pemedih mata dan peluru getah. Rusuhan yang berlaku di kalangan penduduk Palestin dan rejim Zionis Israel, mengakibatkan berlaku insiden pertempuran antara tentera Zionis Israel dan orang ramai yang membantah. Susulan insiden yang terjadi, ramai yang tercedera dalam rusuhan tersebut. Kemudian, bermulalah [[Intifadah Kedua]] yang melibatkan antara kumpulan pembebasan Palestin dan tentera rejim Zionis.

=== Perjanjian Oslo 1993 ===
{{Main|Perjanjian Oslo}}
Perjanjian Oslo yang ditandatangani oleh [[Pihak Berkuasa Palestin]] (PLO) pada 13 September 1993, telah menimbulkan banyak ketidakpuasan hati dan penentangan dikalangan rakyat Palestin sendiri, dan juga kumpulan pembebasan Palestin seperti [[Hamas]], [[Jihad Islam Palestin]] dan kumpulan lain yang ada di Palestin.

=== Pilihan raya Palestin 2005–2006 ===
{{Main|Pilihan raya perundangan Palestin 2006}}
Pada pilihanraya yang berlangsung pada 25 Januari 2006 dan berakhir pada 29 Januari 2006 bagi pemilihan anggota Majlis Perundangan Palestin (PLC) dan badan perundangan bagi Pihak Berkuasa Palestin. Keputusannya memihak kepada Hamas, yang bertanding di bawah blok "Perubahan dan Pembaharuan", yang mana mereka menerima 44.45% undi keseluruhan dan memenangi 74 daripada 132 kerusi, sedangkan penyandang Fatah menerima 41.43% undi keseluruhan dan hanya memenangi 45 kerusi. Ekoran kemenangan pilihanraya keatas Hamas, perletakan jawatan [[Ahmed Qurei]] telah dilaksanakan dimana digantikan dengan  [[Ismail Haniyeh|Ismail Haniyah]] . Pada 2007, Hamas telah [[mengambil alih pentadbiran Gaza]].
===Konflik Fatah-Hamas===
{{Main|Konflik Fatah-Hamas}}
Pada Februari 2007, sewaktu ketegangan memuncak antara Fatah dan Hamas. Kumpulan bersenjata [[Fatah]] telah menggempur [[Universiti Islam Gaza]] (IUG). Universiti tersebut didakwa pihak Fatah dimana Hamas menjadikannya sebagai markas menyimpan puluhan pelancar bom tangan roket (RPG), roket-roket dan senapang tempur [[rifal]], serta beribu butir peluru yang berada didalam Universiti tersebut. Tuduhan yang dibuat telah dimuat naik oleh media [[New York Post]] di laman webnya.<ref name="nypost2">"IRAN'S GAZA GOONS CAUGHT AT HELM OF BOMB FACTORY," by ANDY SOLTIS with Post Wire Services, ''New York Post'', Feb. 3, 2007 [http://www.nypost.com/seven/02032007/news/worldnews/irans_gaza_goons_worldnews_andy_soltis_with_post_wire_services.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204104632/http://www.nypost.com/seven/02032007/news/worldnews/irans_gaza_goons_worldnews_andy_soltis_with_post_wire_services.htm|date=2008-12-04}}</ref>
=== Perang Gaza 2008 ===
{{Main|Konflik Israel–Gaza 2008–2009}}
Pada Desember 2008, Universiti Islam Gaza telah dibom dalam enam siri serangan udara yang dilakukan [[Tentera Udara Israel]] sewaktu [[Konflik Israel–Gaza 2008–2009|Konflik Israel-Gaza (2008-2009)]], dimana pihak Zionis Israel mereka-cerita bahwa fasiliti universiti tersebut digunakan oleh ''Hamas'' untuk membangunkan dan menyimpan senjata-senjata termasuk [[Roket Qassam]] yang digunakan bagi menyasarkan wilayah pendudukan Israel. Namun, Hamas menafikan dakwaan Israel yang dianggap mereka palsu semata yang bertujuan untuk membenarkan pembunuhan keatas rakyat Palestin. Universiti di Genting Gaza tersebut sekali lagi menjadi sasaran serangan udara rejim Zionis sewaktu  [[Konflik Israel–Gaza 2014]]. Rejim Zionis Israel membuat dakwaan dengan mengatakan serangan mereka menyasarkan gudang pembuatan senjata oleh Hamas yang berpusat di Universiti tersebut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/08/israel-strikes-university-gaza-city-20148283821707200.html|title=Israel strikes university in Gaza City|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=3 June 2015}}</ref>

== Kedudukan dasar ==

=== Piagam Hamas ===

=== Penyelesaian dua negara ===

=== Cadangan Hudna ===

=== Dasar agama ===

== Organisasi ==

=== Kepimpinan dan struktur ===

==== Biro Politik ====

=== Kewangan dan pendanaan ===

=== Khidmat masyarakat ===

=== Ketenteraan ===

=== Media ===

== Penerimaan ==

=== Penandaan kumpulan pengganas ===
Amerika Syarikat menandakan Hamas sebagai sebuah pertubuhan pengganas pada 1995, begitu juga Kanada pada November 2002,<ref name="AFPC-NA2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=9fQ3AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 ''The World Almanac of Islamism: 2014''], [[American Foreign Policy Council]]/[[Rowman & Littlefield]], 2014, p. 15.</ref> dan United Kingdom pada November 2021. [[Kesatuan Eropah]] menandakan sayap ketenteraan Hamas pada 2001 dan, di bawah tekanan AS,{{sfn|Gunning|2004|p=234}} menandakan Hamas pada 2003.{{sfn|Levitt|2006|pp=50–51}} Hamas mencabar keputusan tersebut,<ref>[http://eeas.europa.eu/statements-eeas/2015/150119_01_en.htm Statement by High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini on the decision to appeal the Judgment regarding Hamas], January 19, 2015</ref> yang mana kemudiannya membawa ke [[Mahkamah Keadilan Eropah]] pada Julai 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-palestinians-hamas-idUSKBN1AB0VE|title=EU court keeps Hamas on terrorism list, removes Tamil Tigers|date=July 26, 2017|publisher=[[Reuters]]|quote=The lower court had found that the listing was based on media and internet reports rather than decisions by a "competent authority". But the ECJ said such decisions were not required for groups to stay on the list, only for their initial listing.}}</ref> Jepun<ref>According to Michael Penn, ([https://books.google.com/books?id=ly8zBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA205 ''Japan and the War on Terror: Military Force and Political Pressure in the US-Japanese Alliance''], [[I.B. Tauris]] 2014 pp. 205–06), Japan initially welcomed the democratic character of the elections that brought Hamas to power, and only set conditions on its aid to Palestine, after intense pressure was exerted by the Bush Administration on Japan to alter its policy.</ref> dan New Zealand<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373|title=Lists associated with Resolution 1373|date=July 20, 2014|publisher=New Zealand Police}}</ref> menandakan sayap ketenteraan Hamas sebagai pertubuhan pengganas.<ref>David Sobek,[https://books.google.com/books?id=BiWsx7ClSpEC&pg=PT45 ''The Causes of War''], John Wiley & Sons, 2013 p. 45.</ref> Pertubuhan ini juga diharamkan di Jordan.{{sfn|Levitt|2006|p=49}}

Hamas tidak ditandakan sebagai pertubuhan pengganas oleh Afghanistan, Algeria, Iran,<ref name="books.google.com2">Alethia H. Cook, "The Subtle Impact of Iran on the Flotilla Incident", in Thomas E. Copeland (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=bsuYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 ''Drawing a Line in the Sea: The Gaza Flotilla Incident and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict''], Lexington Books, 2011 pp. 35–44 [36].</ref> Rusia,<ref>Robert O. Freedman, 'Russia,' in Joel Peters, David Newman (eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=kftqQdNNDWAC&pg=PA331 ''The Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict''], Routledge, 2013 pp. 325–33 [331]</ref> Norway,{{efn|"In 2006, Norway explicitly distanced itself from the EU proscription regime, claiming that it was causing problems for its role as a 'neutral facilitator.'"{{sfn|Haspeslagh|2016|p=199}}}} Turki, China,<ref>David J. Whittaker (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=SOhJQbP77h0C&pg=PA84 ''The Terrorism Reader''], Routledge (2001), 2012, p. 84.</ref> Mesir, Syria, dan Brazil.<ref name="Samuel Feldberg pp. 1872">Samuel Feldberg,'Israel and Brazil:An Emerging Power and its Quest for Influence in the Middle East,' in Colin Shindler (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=d7f2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA199 ''The World Powers:Diplomatic Alliances and International Relations Beyond the Middle East''], I.B. Tauris, 2014 pp. 187–99</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/11/21/9-questions-about-israel-gaza-you-were-too-embarrassed-to-ask/|title=9 questions about Israel-Gaza you were too embarrassed to ask|last=Fisher|first=Max|date=November 21, 2012|access-date=January 6, 2018|via=www.WashingtonPost.com}}</ref>{{sfn|Amossy|2017|p=273, n4}}

=== Sokongan awam ===

=== Sokongan antarabangsa ===
{{Main|Hubungan luar Hamas}}
Hamas sentiasa mengekalkan kepimpinan di luar negara. Gerakan ini sengaja dilakukan Hamas bagi memecah-mecahkannya supaya Israel tidak dapat membunuh pemimpin politik dan pegawai ketenteraan yang tertinggi.<ref name="theatlantic.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/06/how-hamas-lost-the-arab-spring/277102/|title=How Hamas Lost the Arab Spring|last=Schanzer|first=Jonathan|date=June 21, 2013|website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Hamas pernah bersekutu kuat dengan Iran dan Syria. Iran memberikan Hamas anggaran $13–15 juta pada 2011 dan juga capaian kepada peluru berpandu jarak jauh. Biro politik Hamas pernah diletakkan di ibu negara Syria, Damsyik sebelum perang saudara Syria meletus. Hubungan antara Hamas, Iran, dan Syria bermula dingin apabila Hamas menarik sokongan kepada pemerintahan Presiden Syria, [[Bashar al-Assad]]. Malah, Hamas menyokong pemberontak Sunni berjuang melawan Assad.<ref name="al-monitor.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/hamas-qatar-relationship-independence.html#|title=Hamas Ties to Qatar Have Cost|date=April 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616195431/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/hamas-qatar-relationship-independence.html|archive-date=June 16, 2016}}</ref>

Dari 2012 hingga 2013, di bawah kepimpinan Ikhwan Muslimin, Presiden [[Mohamed Morsi]], Hamas mendapat sokongan Mesir. Walau bagaimanapun, selepas Morsi digulingkan, penggantinya [[Abdel Fattah El-Sisi|Abdul Fattah al-Sisi]] mengharamkan Ikhwan Muslimin dan memusnahkan terowong Hamas yang dibina ke Mesir. Emiriah Arab Bersatu dan Arab Saudi juga memusuhi Hamas. Sebagaimana Mesir, mereka menandakan Ikhwan sebagai pertubuhan pengganas dan Hamas dilihat sama fungsinya di Palestin.

== Lihat juga ==

* [[Hak asasi manusia di Negara Palestin]]
* [[Senarai parti politik di Negara Palestin]]

== Nota ==
<references group="lower-alpha"/>

== Rujukan ==
<references />

{{Konflik Israel–Palestin|Pihak terlibat}}
{{Hamas}}
[[Kategori:Parti politik di Palestin]]
[[Kategori:Anti-Zionisme di wilayah Palestin]]
[[Kategori:Parti politik pejuang Islam di Palestin]]
[[Kategori:Hamas| ]]
[[Kategori:Islamisme di Negara Palestin]]
[[Kategori:Ikhwan Muslimin]]

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