Leptis Magna

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Leptis Magna

ancient city, archaeological site, emporia, Roman city

Inception	7. century BCE
Native label	Leptis Magna
Country	Libya
Located in the administrative territorial entity	al-Khums
Located in or next to body of water	Mediterranean Sea
Coordinate location	32°38′18″N 14°17′26″E
Significant event	list of World Heritage in Danger
Time period	Roman Empire
Dissolved, abolished or demolished date	637
Heritage designation	World Heritage Site
World Heritage criteria	(i), (ii), (iii)

Leptis Magna le bôon na yʋ ya taaba m'be kibaré pugin dâ an ya ruku na-tẽnga m'be Carthaginian Empire la Roman Libya suka m pẽ.

Yʋʋm koabgẽ ayopoe n looga BC Phoenician zaoodga idâwan yaeyalgre kâsênga n rɩdge oman Emperor Septimius Severus (r.193–211),^[1]

Sẽn-Ka-Saab yeela a Moyiis yaa: Yeel a Aarõ ne a kambã a woto: Ad tõog ning sẽn kẽed ne maoong sẽn yõogd bugmã wɛɛngẽ wã. Maoongã tog n kell n paa tẽn-kugrã bug-toaalg zug yʋngã tõre, hal tɩ tãag yibeoogo, la tẽn-kugrã bugum tog n kell n wita beenẽ. Maan-kʋʋdã tog n yeelga a fuug ning sẽn wʋg ne gĩs-bãanegã, la a sẽgen gĩs-bãaneg põge. La bɩ a yãk bugmã sẽn dɩ maoongã tompeglem tẽn-kugrã zugã, n dʋʋg-a tẽn-kugrã sɛɛga.^[2] Rẽ poore, bɩ a yees a futã, la a ning fut a taaba, n dɩk tompeglmã n yi sik zĩigã pʋg n kẽng zĩig sẽn welg toor pʋga. La bugmã tog n kell n wita tẽn-kugrã zugu, la a ka tog n ki ye. Yibeoog fãa, maan-kʋʋdã tog n yõgna raado, la a rɩk maoongã n dogl zugẽ, la a yõog laafɩ maoongã kaam. Bugmã tog n wita wakat fãa tẽn-kugrã zugu, la a ka tog n ki ye. Ad tõog ning sẽn kẽed ne bõn-koaadl kũunã wɛɛngẽ wã la woto. A Aarõ kamb n tog n maan maoon-kãng Sẽn-Ka-Saab taoore, n tees tẽn-kugrã nen-taoore. Bɩ maan-kʋʋdã yõng bõn-koaadl kũun zom-bãanegã, ne kaamã, la ne wisdã b sẽn naag kũunã, n dɩk bõn-kãng n yõog bugum tẽn-kugrã zug tẽegr yĩnga, tɩ yɩ yũ-noog Sẽn-Ka-Saab yĩnga. Bɩ a Aarõ ne a kom-dibli wã rɩ sẽn kellã. La b tog n dɩ-a lame n ka ning rã-bɩll ye. La yaa zĩ-sõngã sẽn yaa sɛk roogã samandã pʋg la b tog n dɩ-a. B ka tog n ning zomã rã-bɩll n yaool n dʋg-a ye. Bala, maand ning sẽn yõogd bugum mam yĩnga pʋga, rẽndã yaa pʋɩɩr mam sẽn kõ bãmba. Bõn-kãng na n yɩɩ bũmb sẽn welg toore. A na n yɩɩ wa kongr maoongã ne beegr maoongã sẽn yaa to-to wã. A Aarõ kambã sẽn ya-b kom-dibli wã tõe n dɩɩ rɩ-kãnga. Yõwã yaa no-tũudg sẽn ka sɛta sẽn kẽed ne maoong sẽn yõogd bugum Sẽn-Ka-Saab yĩngã wɛɛngẽ, yãmb zamaan-dãmbã fãa yĩnga. La bũmb ning fãa sẽn na n sɩɩs-a na n welga toore.»^[3]

Sẽn-Ka-Saab goma ne a Moyiis n yeele: Daar ning b sẽn na n sudg a Aarõ ne a kambã zut kaamã, ad kũun ning bãmb sẽn na n kõ Sẽn-Ka-Saabo: ‹B tog n waa ne zom-bãaneg wamde, tɩ yɩ kũun wakat fãa yĩnga, la b welg zom wamdã a yiib n wa ne pʋɩ-sʋkã yibeoogo, la a wa ne pʋɩ-sʋk a to wã zaabre. B tog n naga zomã ne kaam n kɩɩm-a ne rʋko. La bɩ f rɩk-a n kalem taab n wes-a n kõ tɩ yɩ kũun b sẽn kɩɩme, t'a yũugã yaa noog Sẽn-Ka-Saab yĩnga. A Aarõ biig ning sẽn paam kaam sudgr n lebg maan-kʋʋd n na n deeg a ba wã zĩigã tog n kõo kũun-kãnga. Yaa no-tũudg sẽn ka sɛta Sẽn-Ka-Saab yĩnga. B tog n yõoga maoon-kãng bugum zãnga. Maan-kʋʋd fãa kũun tog n yõoga bugum zãnga, la b ka tog n dɩk-a n dɩ ye.

Sẽn-Ka-Saab goma ne a Moyiis n yeele: Yeel a Aarõ ne a kambã yaa: ‹Ad yel-wẽnã maoong tõog sẽn yaa to-to. Yaa zĩig ning b sẽn maand maoongã la b na n kodg rũngã b sẽn kõ yel-wẽnã yĩngã Sẽn-Ka-Saab taoore. Yõwã yaa bũmb sẽn welg toor zãnga. Maan-kʋʋd ning sẽn na n kodg-a rũngã yel-wẽnã yĩngã tõe n dɩ-a lame. B tog n dɩ-a-la zĩig sẽn welg toorã pʋga, yaa sɛk roogã samandẽ. Bũmb ning fãa sẽn na n sɩɩs-a maoongã nemd na n lebga bũmb sẽn welg toore. La a zɩɩmã sã n yɩk n tosg fuugu, bɩ f pek-a zĩig sẽn welg toorã pʋga, zĩig ning zɩɩmã sẽn yi wã. B tog n wãaga tãnd dʋk ning b sẽn tall n kɩɩm nemdã. Sã n mikame tɩ yaa zũud rʋk la b tall n dʋg-a, bɩ y ru rʋkã, la y waaga ne koom. La maan-kʋʋd fãa sẽn yaa rao tõe n dɩ-a lame. Yõwã yaa bũmb sẽn yaa sõama zãng fasɩ. La b sã n maan maoong yel-wẽnã yĩnga, n yãk a zɩɩmã n tall n wa ne sɛk roogẽ wã n maan sugr kosg zĩ-sõngã pʋga, bɩ b ra rɩ-a ye. B tog n yõog-a-la bugum.

Balem-tɩɩse

1.yuya

2.Kʋdemde

• Phoensẽ rãmba
• Rom Tẽnga
• Rom Rĩunng bedra
• Vandal Rĩunga
• Bizãtin Rĩung bedra
• Lislaam Wẽ-n-dɩke
• Gaagre

3.Fot-ramba

4.Leb-n-ges-y

5.Sebtiise

• Goam-loeese
• Sɛb-wila

6.Taoore kaorengo

7.Kɛɛng wila

• Libya in the Roman era

Goam-loeese

1. Ghaki (2015), p. 67.
2. Brogan & Wilson (2012).
3. Head (1911).
4. Lipiński (2004), p. 345.
5. Strabo, Geography, §17.3.18.
6. "لَبْدَة, Libya". National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. 30 June 2006. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23 – via Geographic.org.
7. Leptis Magna at the Encyclopædia Britannica
8. Bullo (2002), pp. 167–171.
9. Matthews (1957), p. 37.
10. Beechey & Beechey (1828), pp. 54–56.
11. Mommsen (1909), Chapter XIII. The African Provinces.
12. Prevost (2007), pp. 462–463.
13. Livius.org, Photos: Lepcis Magna, Byzantine Church.
14. Bullo (2002), pp. 185–188.
15. The Atlantic, 10 January 2018.
16. Musso (2010).
17. The Times, 13 June 2005.
18. The Times, 14 June 2011.
19. CNN, 14 June 2011.
20. AP, 4 November 2011.
21. AFP, 23 December 2016.
22. Numbered list item

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Beechey, Frederick William; Beechey, Henry William (1828). Proceedings of the Expedition to Explore the Northern Coast of Africa, from Tripoly Eastward; in MDCCCXXI and MDCCCXXII. Comprehending an Account of the Greater Syrtis and Cyrenaica; and of the Ancient Cities Composing the Pentapolis. London: John Murray. OCLC 719432955.

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Coghlan, Tom (14 June 2011). "Wonder of the Ancient World at risk as Gaddafi uses ruins to hide deadly rockets". The Times. Archived from the original on 2020-08-31.

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De Miro, Ernesto; Polito, Antonella (2005). Leptis Magna. Dieci anni di scavi archeologici nell area del Foro Vecchio. I livelli fenici, punici e romani [Leptis Magna: Ten Years of Archaeological Excavations in the Area of the Old Forum. The Phoenician, Punic and Roman Levels.]. Quaderni di Archeologia della Libya, 19 (in Italian and Arabic). Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider. ISBN 9788882653095.

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Head, Barclay; et al. (assisted by G. F. Hill, George MacDonald, and W. Wroth) (1911). "Syrtica". Historia Numorum (2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 875 – via Digital Historia Numorum, ed. Ed Snible.

Kreikenbom, Detlev (2007). "Leptis Magna vor der arabischen Eroberung" [Leptis Magna Before the Arab Conquest]. In Kreikenbom, Detlev; Muth, Franz-Christoph; Thielmann, Jörn (eds.). Arabische Christen – Christen in Arabien [Arab Christians – Christians in Arabia]. Nordostafrikanisch-Westasiatische Studien, 6 (in German). Frankfurt am Main & New York: Peter Lang. pp. 35–54. ISBN 9783631550403.

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Matthews, Kenneth D. Jr. (1957). Cities in the Sand: Leptis Magna and Sabratha in Roman Africa. Photographs by Alfred W. Cook. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. OCLC 414295.

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Musso, Luisa (2010). Contributions by Daniela Baldoni, Barbara Bianchi, Maria Gloria Calì, Barbara Davidde, Ginette Di Vita-Evrard, Massimiliano Munzi, Roberto Petriaggi, Beatrice Pinna Caboni, Gianni Ponti & Ramadan Shebani. "Missione archeologica dell'Università Roma Tre, 1998-2007" [Archaeological Mission of Roma Tre University, 1998-2007] (PDF). The Department of Archaeology of Libya. Libya Antiqua (in English and Italian). Pisa & Rome: Fabrizio Serra Editore. N.S., vol. V: 49–78. OCLC 4221464. Retrieved 2020-08-31 – via Academia.edu.

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• Babelon, E.C.F. (1911). "Leptis § Leptis Magna" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). p. 482.
• Bianchi Bandinelli, Ranuccio; Vergara Caffarelli, Ernesto; Caputo, Giacomo (1966). The Buried City: Excavations at Leptis Magna. Photographs by Fabrizio Clerici. New York: F. A. Praeger. OCLC 670109.
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• Huß, Werner; Niemeyer, Hans Georg (2006). "Leptis Magna". In Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth; Salazar, Christine F. (eds.). Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity. Vol. 7. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e701890. ISBN 9789004122598.
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• Ward-Perkins, J. B. (1993). Kenrick, Philip (ed.). The Severan Buildings Of Lepcis Magna: An Architectural Survey (PDF). Society for Libyan Studies Monograph, 2. With a contribution by Barri Jones and Roger Ling; architectural drawings prepared and edited by R. Kronenburg. London: The Society for Libyan Studies, on behalf of the Department of Antiquities, Tripoli, SPLAJ. ISBN 9780950836362. Retrieved 2020-08-31.

• Lepcis Magna - The Roman Empire in Africa, documenting the archaeological site and excavations undertaken in the 1990s, including teams from King's College London and the UCL Institute of Archaeology
• Lepcis Magna article on Livius.org
• Lepcis (Leptis) Magna Images, a gallery of photographs taken at the site in February 2008
• Neapolis/Lepcis Magna on Pleiades, a collaborative scholarly gazetteer to the ancient world

1. ↑ Ghaki (2015), p. 67.
2. ↑ Brogan & Wilson (2012).
3. ↑ ة, Libya". National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. 30 June 2006. Archived from the original on 2020-05-23 – via Geographic.org.