Utente:Cornelius383/Sandbox2
| Ānanda Mārga | |
|---|---|
| Ānanda Mārga Pracaraka Samgha | |
| Abbreviazione | AMPS |
| Tipo | Organizzazione socio-spirituale No-profit |
| Fondazione | 1º gennaio 1955 |
| Fondatore | Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar |
| Scopo | Diffusione del Tantra Yoga e servizio sociale |
| Sede centrale |  Calcutta
|
| Altre sedi | In quasi tutti i Paesi |
| Area di azione | Mondo |
| Lingua ufficiale | inglese |
| Motto | Átmamokśártham’ Jagaddhitáya Ca ("Auto-liberazione individuale e servizio alla creazione") |
| [www.anadamarga.org Sito web] | |
| Ānanda Mārga Pracaraka Samgha | |
|---|---|
| Altri stati | Associazione internazionale |
| Fondata da | Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar |
| Sede principale | India |
| Slogan | «Átmamokśártham’ Jagaddhitáya Ca ("Auto-liberazione individuale e servizio per il benessere della creazione")» |
| Sito web | www.anadamarga.org |
Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar Shrii Shrii Anandamurti (Jamalpur, 21 maggio 1921 – Calcutta, 21 ottobre 1990) è stato un filosofo indiano.
| Acronimo | Organismo | Descrizione |
|---|---|---|
| RU | "Renaissence Universal" | È un'associazione di studiosi, accademici, artisti, giornalisti, avvocati, professionisti, dirigenti, studenti e altri gruppi di pensatori che credono nel neoumanesimo universalista, nella divulgazione e nella ricerca intellettuale, intuizionale o spirituale. Il loro obbiettivo mira a sostenere e coltivare le più sottili facoltà della psiche umana incoraggiando l'arte, la musica, la letteratura e tutte le altre branche delle arti. |
| PWSA | "Progressive Women Spiritual Association" | PWSA mira ad avvicinare le donne alle pratiche spirituali nella vita quotidiana [[Guida]|guidandole]] verso un benessere sostenibile fisiche, mentale e spirituale. |
| AMURT and AMURTEL | "Ananda Marga Universal Relief Team" | È l'organizzazione dell'AMPS che si occupa del benessere sociale e del soccorso. Una branca congiunta di AMURT gestita direttamente da donne è chiamate AMURTEL. AMURT ha progetti in più di 80 Paesi ed organizza sia progetti di primo soccorso durante i disastri che progetti a lungo termine come la costruzione di scuole, ospedali, case per l'infanzia e altre attività per lo sviluppo delle comunità.[1] |
| PCAP | "Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Plants" | This board was founded on 1977[2] by Sarkar to ensure adequate protection to plants and animals. PCAP cover a large spectrum of ecology issues such as: Afforestation, Environmental education, Vegetarianism, Ecotourism, Biodiversity protection, Organic gardens, Rural Eco-communities and protection of Indigenous Forest dwellers. "This Universe is the patrimony of all living beings, because all are children of the same Cosmic Father. But the skylicking greed of man always tries to deprive his animal brothers of their right to live in accordance with their inborn instincts and natural wonts. The PCAP program is to bring world-wide consciousness among human beings, regarding the rights of the members of the animal and plant kingdom."[3] |
| RAWA | "Renaissance Artists and Writers Association" | AMPS also strives for development of humanity in all other spheres of life. Renaissance Artists and Writers Association (RAWA) is an organization for the development of the fine arts. RAWA regularly arranges cultural training and events. The Ananda Marga Association of Yoga Educators (AMAYE) was started in 2006 as a forum for research, discussion and sharing of knowledge about Ananda Marga Yoga & Spiritual practices and a conference is held every year. |
| ERAWS | "Education, relief, tribal and women's welfare section" | The service activities of this section founded in 1963 are focused on: 1)Education: creating and managing primary, post primary and higher schools, research institutes etc., 2)Relief: creating and managing children's and students' homes (for destitute children and for poor students), cheap hostels, retiring homes, academies of light (for deaf dumb and crippled), invalid homes, refuge reabilitation etc., 3)Tribal: tribal welfare units, medical camps etc., 4)Women's welfare: women welfare units, women's homes, nursing homes etc. |
| AMGK | "Ananda Marga Gurukula" | Ananda Marga Gurukula[4][5] was founded by P.R. Sarkar in order to build Ananda Marga University with its headquarters at Anandanagar, Purulia district (India) and to bring together the entire neohumanist education movement under its overall academic guidance and direction. The educational network of Gurukula now runs over 1000 schools in India and other continents.
Ánanda Márga Gurukula (AMGK) is engaged in creating a worldwide network of Neo-humanist Schools and Institutes to hasten the advent of a society in which there is love, peace, understanding, inspiration, justice and health for all.[6] Reflecting the broadness of Sarkar’s universal vision, AMGK has become a multi-faceted organization, with different branches dedicated to the upliftment of humanity through education, relief, welfare, the arts, ecology, intellectual renaissance, women's emancipation, and humanistic economy. All these institutions are based on neo-humanist educational philosophy. In 1990, the Ananda Marga "Education Relief and Welfare Section" (ERAWS), which grew to a global network of about 1,000 neo-humanist schools and institutes, culminated in the founding of the Ananda Marga Gurukula University, with links to several hundred self-reliant eco-village projects ("Master Units") throughout the world. AMGK is actively engaged in the following projects:
The headquarters of AMGK is in Anandanagar, West Bengal, India.[7] AMGK Inc., is its global liaison office, located in Ithaca, New York. Its Chancellor operates from office located at Ydrefors, Sweden. Dr. Acharya Shambhushivananda Avadhuta, PhD (University of Pennsylvania) is the Founding Chancellor (Kulapati) of Ananda Marga Gurukula the kulapati is supported by a steering body (cakradhuri), and an academic council (mahasamiti). The "Neo-Humanist Schools and Research Institutes", affiliated with AMGK, publishes a bi-annual newsletter, the Gurukula Network, in May and November. |
CRONOLOGIA
| Date | Eventi |
|---|---|
| 1954 | 7 Novembre: Sarkar riunisce insieme i suoi discepoli per la prima volta e rivolge loro il suo primo saluto spirituale.[8] |
| 1955 | 5 Gennaio: cerimonia di attribuzione del nome. Viene costituita a Jamalpur, Bihar, India l'organizazzione Ananda Marga. Il 9 January, Sarkar inaugura ufficialmente l'Ananda Marga Pracharaka Samgha ("Organizazzione per Propagare il Sentiero della Beatitudine"). Sarkar precisa che lo scopo dell'organizzazione è basato su un duplice ideale: "liberazione del sè spirituale ed il Servizio all'umanità.[8] Nella stessa data nella Rampur colony di Jamalpur, si svolse il primo Dharma Maha Cakra (una cerimonia spirituale nella quale i discepoli praticano la meditazione in presenza del Maestro che tiene un importante discorso spirituale ed esegue un particolare Mudra chiamato Varabaja Mudra). Dal 15 al 28 Marzo venne creato a Jamalpur il primo gruppo di acharya. Furono pubblicati i primi volumi delle opere di Sarkar[9], inclusi Ananda Marga Elementary Philosophy[10], e Problems of the Day.[11] |
| 1956 | Sarkar espone Caryacarya ("Cosa fare e cosa non fare")[12] (Carya significa "da fare" e acarya significa "non fare") in tre volumi con usi e codici sociali. Viene fondato l'Ananda Marga College ad Anandanagar, nel Distretto di Purulia. |
| 1957 | Sarkar detta il volume Guide to Human Conduct ("Guida alla Condotta Umana"),[13] con indicazioni per nuovi valori umani e regole di vita sociale. |
| 1958 | 25 Gennaio: a Trimuhan, nel distretto di Bhagalpur, Bihar, India, viene fondato Renaissance Universal (RU) ("Rinascita Universale") il primo dei 35 rami dell'organizzazione. Anche "Renaissance Artists and Writers Association" (RAWA) (Associazione per la Rinascita degli Artisti e degli Scrittori") viene fondata a Bhagalpur[14] al fine di "riportare l'arte al suo vero significato". Sarkar publica Yogic Treatment and Natural Remedies ("Trattamenti Yogici e Rimedi Naturali").[15] |
| 1959 | Nel suo quinto libro Idea and Ideology ("Idea e Ideologia"),[16] una collezione di discorsi dedicati ai tirocinanti Tattvika ("coloro che conoscono i tattvas o principi) avanzati. Dal 27 Maggio al 5 Giugno, Sarkar espone la Progressive Utilization Theory o "Teoria dell'Utilizzazione Progressiva" (PROUT),[17] una teoria socioeconomica basata sul Neoumanesimo e sui valori umani cardinal. |
| 1961 | Sarkar condensa l'intera filosofia dell'Ananda Marga in 85 Aforismi composti in Sanscrito in un libro intitolato Ananda Sutram ("Aforismi sulla Beatitudine")[18] ("Aforismi che conducono ad ananda, beatitudine"). Il libro contiene concetti originali di metafisica, epistemologia, etica e macrostoria.[19] |
| 1962 | Sarkar crea un ordine di monaci e monache (asceti rinuncianti o acharya) e di centri di addestramento ("training centers" o Prashiksana Matha) in varie parti del mondo: Ydrefors (Svezia)[2], Davao (Filippine), Varanasi e Bangalore (India) e Ghana (Africa). Questi ácáryas sono fulltimers e lavorano a tempo pieno per la missione. Tra questi i più giovani sono chiamati brahmachariis (maschi) e brahmacariniis (femmine), sono vestiti con una divisa color zafferano in alto e bianca in basso, mentre i seniors, conosciuti col nome di avadhuta (maschile) e avadhutika (femminile), sono vestiti con una divisa tutta di color zafferano. |
| 1963 | Viene fondata la sezione ERAWS dell'Ananda Marga ("Educazione Education, Soccorso Relief e benessere Welfare per le donne Women). Le attività di servizio come quelle nelle scuole, negli orfanotrofi e nei centri di soccorso vengono da ora in poi gestite da ERAWS. Ananda Marga registra il suo quartier generale ad Anandanagar, Bengala occidentale. |
| 1964 | Viene istituito l'"Ananda Marga Board of Education" (il Settore dell'Educazione). |
| 1965 | The Women’s Welfare Department (WWD)[20] and the Ananda Marga Universal Relief Team (AMURT) were started. AMURT is now an international NGO with many teams very active in the areas affected by natural disasters.[21][22][23] |
| 1967 | I primi acarya lasciano il subcontinente indiano per propagare nel mondo le pratiche e la filosofia spirituale dell'Ananda Marga.[24][25] |
| 1969 | The first Ananda Marga New York Sectoral office (whose jurisdiction is North and Central America and the Caribbean) was opened in Carbondale, Illinois, USA.[24][25] |
| 1971 | Sarkar was arrested and imprisoned pending trial for allegedly conspiring to murder several former members of the organization.[26] Under a declared opposition from the Indian government, Sarkar received life sentence (Barker 1989: 168), which was overturned in a re-trial in 1978. Sarkar claimed that on February 12, 1973 he was poisoned while in Bankipur Central Jail, Patna.[27][28] His demand for a judicial investigation in his poisoning was, however, not granted by the authorities and consequently he started fasting April 1, 1973 on a daily glass of yoghurt water until his release, five years and four months later.[29] |
| 1973 | Established approximately 100 local centers in many countries of the world teaching yoga, meditation, spiritual and social philosophies to thousands.[24][25] |
| 1975 | Ananda Marga Relief Team Ladies (AMURTEL) was started. AMURTEL is managed by women and initiates programs that raise the standard of health and education of women and their children. |
| 1975 to 1977 | Durante lo stato d'emergenza imposto dal governo di Indira Gandhi gran parte degli oppositori vengono messi fuori legge ed arrestati ed anche l'Ananda Marga viene bandita. La maggioranza delle sue scuole in India vengono chiuse e numeroi monaci e membri dell'organizzazione arrestati. Questa situazione unitamente alla detenzione ingiusta ed al presunto avvelenamento di Sarkar in prigione (cosa che crea gravissimi di problemi di salute a Sarkar, intaccando temporaneamente anche la sua vista) porta ad una forte campagna di protesta da parte dei membri delll'Ananda Marga. Alcuni membri dell'organizzazione, andando contro gli insegnamenti del loro maestro, si danno fuoco per protesta[30][31]. |
| 1977 | Viene fondata la sezione "Prevenzione della crudeltà contro animali e piante" ("Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Plants") (PCAP)[2]. |
| 1978 | Three members of the organization were found guilty of conspiring to murder the Indian High Commissioner in London the previous year and were sentenced to a total of 12 years.[32] On July 4, after the end of the emergency period in India, Sarkar's conviction was overturned on appeal and he was exonerated of all charges.[33] |
| 1979 | Sarkar traveled overseas, invited by practitioners of Ananda Marga from various countries. In April, he was banned from entering the USA by the State Department, due to having spoken out against corruption in the government of India. He instead went to Jamaica in September for a gathering of Ananda Marga practitioners in North and Central America.[34] |
| 1982 | Sarkar introduced the philosophy of Neohumanism[35] and several volumes on philology. Throughout his life he gave thousands of speeches on various themes which were further transcribed and published by his disciples. The topics included spiritual philosophy, cosmology, history, anthropology, bio-psychology, farming, naturopathy, education, socioeconomic liberation, and other literary works. He also began to compose what later would comprise of 5,018 songs collectively called Prabhata Samgiita (Songs of the New Dawn). |
| 1986 | Sarkar began to propound the theory of Microvita, small, subtle entities which he said are the foundation of all existence. Research on the field has begun by the Microvita Research Institute, but their progress and findings are still in the developmental stage. |
| 1990 | Sarkar found Ananda Marga Gurukula on September 7. Sarkar died on 21 October at 3:10 pm. Acarya Shraddhananda Avadhuta was elected from the body of purodhas as President of the Ananda Marga global organization and Purodha Pramukha. He served in that capacity until his death in 2008. |
| 1991 | Ananda Marga Universal Relief Team received recognition as an NGO by the United Nations. |
| 1996 | The Supreme Court of India lifted the ban on government employees from being members of Ananda Marga, and affirmed the legal status of the organization. |
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it-WP |
Voci ampliate
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[modifica | modifica wikitesto]Note
[modifica | modifica wikitesto]- ^ AMURT Global Network: Disaster Relief, Sustainable Development, Community Service, su amurt.net, official website of AMURT U.S.A..
- ^ a b Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Plants (PCAP).
- ^ Guidelines for PCAP in "Handbook for Ananda Marga organization" Berlin 1977. See also: Sarkar, P. R., 1982.
- ^ A gurukul or Guru Kula (Sanskrit guru "teacher" or "master"; kul domain, from kula, "extended family") which literally means “the family or home of the teacher” is a type of school in India based on the ancient traditional system of education ([1]). In a gurukul students reside together as equals, irrespective of their social standing in strict contact with the master.
- ^ A Guru Kula is generally: "residential in nature, with shishyas living in proximity to the guru, often within the same house (Cheong Cheng Yin et al., 2002). In a gurukul, shishyas reside together as equals, irrespective of their social standing, learn from the guru and help the guru in his day-to-day life, including the carrying out of mundane chores such as washing clothes, cooking, etc. The guru-shishya tradition (parampara) is a hallowed one in Hinduism and appears in other religious groups in India, such as Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism.
- ^ George D. Chryssides, Exploring New Religions, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1999, p. 370, ISBN 0-8264-5959-5.
- ^ AMGK is an autonomous "Board of Education" for all AMGK schools and institutes run as per neo-humanist philosophy. NHE-Forum of AMGK deals with K-12 education and CNS-Forum of AMGK concentrates on higher education.
- ^ a b Dharmavedananda, Ácárya, 1999, p. 13 to 23.
- ^ Sarkar firmava col nome di Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar quando trattava di sociologia, economia, filologia e di vari altri temi incluse le favole per bambini, con il nome di Shrii Shrii Ánandamúrti quando trattava di tematiche spirituali.
- ^ In questo primo libro Shrii Shrii Anandamurti spiegò la filosofia di base dell'Ánanda Márga mission. Shrii Shrii Anandamurti, Ánanda Márga Elementary Philosophy, Ananda Marga Pubs, 1955.
- ^ Sarkar, Prabhat Rainjan, Problems of the Day, Ananda Marga Pubs, 1957-1968.
- ^ Shrii Shrii Ánandamúrti, Ananada Marga Caryacarya,, Ananda Marga Publications, 1995-6th ed..
- ^ Shrii Shrii Anandamurti, A Guide to Human Conduct, Ananda Marga Pubs, 1957-(1981).
- ^ RAWA fu fondata nel corso del Dharma Maha Chakra (DMC) tenuto in casa di Aniruddha Prasad, uno dei discepoli di Sarkar.
- ^ Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan, Yogic Treatments and Natural Remedies, Ananda Marga Publications, 1957 first ed. in Bengali, 1983 first ed. in English.
- ^ Home of PROUT, su prout.org. URL consultato il 12 giugno 2012.
- ^ Shrii Shrii Anandamurti, Ánanda Sútram, Ananda Marga Pubs, 1961.
- ^ Per una completa spiegazione di tutti gli aforismi vedi (Avadhūtika Ānanda Mitra Ācāryā, 1981)
- ^ WWD was started to empower women to contribute and alleviate suffering of women in many parts of the world.
- ^ Ananda Marga Disaster Relief, su amurt.net, AMURT. URL consultato il 12 giugno 2012.
- ^ Amurt ORG, su amurt.org. URL consultato il 12 giugno 2012.
- ^ AMURT Italia - Volontariato Internazionale - Adozioni a distanza, donazioni, sostegno e volontariato, su amurt.it. URL consultato il 12 giugno 2012.
- ^ a b c Franklin Ng, The Asian American Encyclopedia, Marshall Cavendish, 1995, p. 669, ISBN 1-85435-677-1.
- ^ a b c Timothy Miller, The 60's Communes: Hippies and Beyond, Syracuse University Press, 1999, p. 108, ISBN 0-8156-0601-X.
- ^ The International Commission of Jurists (Geneva) and The International League for the Rights of Man (New York), Report on the Ananda Marga leader Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (Baba) in Patna, India (PDF), su proutglobe.org, August 9, 1976. URL consultato il March 26, 2012.
- ^ Religion: Violent Bliss, Time Magazine, May 14, 1973. URL consultato il March 26, 2012.
- ^ Garda Ghista, P.R. Sarkar: Beacon of Hope for Suffering Humanity, AuthorHouse, January 20, 2011.
- ^ 40 Years Since Sarkar Was Jailed, Poisoned, su proutglobe.org, Prout Global, January 2011. URL consultato il March 26, 2012.
- ^ Herschel A. Prins, Offenders, Deviants Or Patients?, Psychology Press, 2005, p. 251, ISBN 1-58391-824-8.
- ^ (Barker 1989: 168, see also 54-5).
- ^ As part of their investigation, the anti-terrorist squad discovered documents with bomb-making instructions and a copy of The Anarchist Cookbook at the organization's London headquarters. Three weeks prior to the attack, one of the plotters had thrown a brick through the window of the New Bond Street office of Air India. The attached note called on Moraji Desai, the current Indian Prime Minister, to release Sarkar or he will have "blood on his hands". The initial plan was to shoot the High Commissioner in his car, but this was abandoned for security reasons. On the next attempt, they decided to stab the Commission's commercial counsellor, but that also failed when the would-be assassin could not go through with the attack. Finally, one of the other plotters stabbed a junior Indian government employee, when he was mistaken for the commercial counsellor. The victim suffered a punctured lung and internal bleeding, but recovered with medical help. See Birmingham Evening Mail, Saturday, November 4, 1978
- ^ See Times of India, July 5, 1978
- ^ Curtis Daniel MacDougall, Superstition and the Press, Prometheus Books, 1983, p. 446, ISBN 0-87975-211-4.
- ^ On this subject see Sarkar, Prabhat Rainjan, The Liberation of Intellect: Neohumanism, Kolkata, Ananda Marga Publications, 1982. and Prabhat Rainjan Sarkar, Neohumanism in a Nutshell vol 1 and 2, Kolkata, Ananda Marga Publications, 1987., Avadhūtika Ānanda Mitra Ācāryā, Neo-humanist Education: Education for a New World, Ananda Marga Publications, 1986.. See also Acarya Prasiidananda Avadhuta, Neo-Humanist Ecology, Ananda Marga Publications, 1990.