Theodore William Richards

Theodore William Richards (Germantown, 31 gennaio 1868 – Cambridge, 2 aprile 1928) è stato un chimico statunitense.

Biografia

Theodore William Richards era figlio di due artisti: il padre William T. Richards, era pittore, e la madre Anna Matlack Richards, poetessa.^[1]

Fu educato e istruito dalla madre, viaggiando spesso tra l'Inghilterra e la Francia. Nel 1883 entrò al Haverford College, in Pennsylvania, dove si laureò in scienze nel 1885. Tre anni dopo conseguì il dottorato in chimica alla Harvard University.^[2] Dopo il dottorato si trasferì in Germania per un anno dove studiò con Viktor Meyer. Tornato ad Harvard, divenne assistente di chimica, professore associato ed infine professore ordinario nel 1901. Nel 1903 divenne direttore del Dipartimento di Chimica ad Harvard, e nel 1912 fu nominato Erving Professor di Chimica e Direttore del Wolcott Gibbs Memorial Laboratory.

Circa metà del suo lavoro riguarda il peso atomico, cominciò nel 1886 lavorando con l'ossigeno e il rame. Fu inventore della nefelometria e dal 1912 rideterminò, con elevata accuratezza, i pesi atomici di tredici importanti elementi chimici.^[3] In seguito negli anni successivi contribuì in maniera importante, con i suoi lavori, alla determinazione del peso atomico di alcuni e al moderno concetto di atomo.^[4]

*Determinations of atomic weights*, 1910

Ricevette numerosi riconoscimenti che culminarono nel 1914 quando fu insignito del Premio Nobel per la Chimica.^[5] Richards era sposato e aveva una figlia e due figli. Era amante dello sport in particolare del golf e della vela.^[6]^[7] Morì a Cambridge, Massachusetts, il 2 aprile 1928.

Opere

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(EN) Determinations of atomic weights, Washington, Carnagie Institution of Washington, 1910.

Note

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^ (EN) Richards (PDF), su nasonline.org.
^ La Chimica nella Scuola (PDF), su aracneeditrice.it. URL consultato il 27 agosto 2016 (archiviato dall'url originale il 16 settembre 2016).
^ (EN) Theodore William Richards Facts, information, pictures, su encyclopedia.com. URL consultato il 27 agosto 2016.
^ Maria Chiara Montani, Sposare gli elementi. Breve storia della chimica, Sironi Editore, 1º gennaio 2011, p. 72, ISBN 978-88-518-0141-0. URL consultato il 27 agosto 2016.
^ (EN) The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914 - NobelPrize.org, su nobelprize.org.
^ (DE) Theodore William Richards - Business And Science ^{[collegamento interrotto]}, su business-and-science.de, 12 aprile 2016. URL consultato il 27 agosto 2016.
^ (EN) Princeton Alumni Weekly, princeton alumni weekly, 1º gennaio 1941. URL consultato il 27 agosto 2016.

Altri progetti

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Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su Theodore William Richards

Collegamenti esterni

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Richards, Theodore Williams, su Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana.
(EN) Theodore William Richards, su Enciclopedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
(EN) Theodore William Richards, su nobelprize.org.
(EN) Theodore William Richards, su Mathematics Genealogy Project, North Dakota State University.
(EN) Opere di Theodore William Richards, su Open Library, Internet Archive.

V · D · M Vincitori del Premio Nobel per la chimica
1901 - 1925	Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1901) • Emil Fischer (1902) • Svante Arrhenius (1903) • William Ramsay (1904) • Adolf von Baeyer (1905) • Henri Moissan (1906) • Eduard Buchner (1907) • Ernest Rutherford (1908) • Wilhelm Ostwald (1909) • Otto Wallach (1910) • Marie Curie (1911) • Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier (1912) • Alfred Werner (1913) • Theodore Richards (1914) • Richard Willstätter (1915) • Fritz Haber (1918) • Walther Nernst (1920) • Frederick Soddy (1921) • Francis Aston (1922) • Fritz Pregl (1923) • Richard Zsigmondy (1925)
1926 - 1950	Theodor Svedberg (1926) • Heinrich Wieland (1927) • Adolf Windaus (1928) • Arthur Harden, Hans von Euler-Chelpin (1929) • Hans Fischer (1930) • Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius (1931) • Irving Langmuir (1932) • Harold Urey (1934) • Frédéric Joliot-Curie, Irène Joliot-Curie (1935) • Peter Debye (1936) • Walter Haworth, Paul Karrer (1937) • Richard Kuhn (1938) • Adolf Butenandt, Lavoslav Ružička (1939) • George de Hevesy (1943) • Otto Hahn (1944) • Artturi Virtanen (1945) • James B. Sumner, John Northrop, Wendell Meredith Stanley (1946) • Robert Robinson (1947) • Arne Tiselius (1948) • William Giauque (1949) • Otto Diels, Kurt Alder (1950)
1951 - 1975	Edwin McMillan, Glenn T. Seaborg (1951) • Archer Martin, Richard Synge (1952) • Hermann Staudinger (1953) • Linus Pauling (1954) • Vincent du Vigneaud (1955) • Cyril Hinshelwood, Nikolaj Semënov (1956) • Alexander Todd (1957) • Frederick Sanger (1958) • Jaroslav Heyrovský (1959) • Willard Libby (1960) • Melvin Calvin (1961) • Max Perutz, John Kendrew (1962) • Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta (1963) • Dorothy Hodgkin (1964) • Robert Woodward (1965) • Robert Mulliken (1966) • Manfred Eigen, Ronald Norrish, George Porter (1967) • Lars Onsager (1968) • Derek Barton, Odd Hassel (1969) • Luis Federico Leloir (1970) • Gerhard Herzberg (1971) • Christian Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, William Stein (1972) • E. O. Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson (1973) • Paul Flory (1974) • John Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog (1975)
1976 - 2000	William Lipscomb (1976) • Il'ja Prigožin (1977) • Peter Mitchell (1978) • Herbert Brown, Georg Wittig (1979) • Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger (1980) • Ken'ichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann (1981) • Aaron Klug (1982) • Henry Taube (1983) • Robert Merrifield (1984) • Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle (1985) • Dudley Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John Polanyi (1986) • Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen (1987) • Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel (1988) • Sidney Altman, Thomas Cech (1989) • Elias Corey (1990) • Richard R. Ernst (1991) • Rudolph Marcus (1992) • Kary Mullis, Michael Smith (1993) • George Olah (1994) • Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina, Frank Rowland (1995) • Robert Curl, Harold Kroto, Richard Smalley (1996) • Paul Boyer, John Ernest Walker, Jens Skou (1997) • Walter Kohn, John Pople (1998) • Ahmed Zewail (1999) • Alan Jay Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa (2000)
2001 - oggi	William Knowles, Ryōji Noyori, Barry Sharpless (2001) • John B. Fenn, Kōichi Tanaka, Kurt Wüthrich (2002) • Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon (2003) • Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose (2004) • Robert Grubbs, Richard Schrock, Yves Chauvin (2005) • Roger D. Kornberg (2006) • Gerhard Ertl (2007) • Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Tsien (2008) • Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas Steitz, Ada Yonath (2009) • Richard Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, Akira Suzuki (2010) • Dan Shechtman (2011) • Brian Kobilka, Robert Lefkowitz (2012) • Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt, Arieh Warshel (2013) • Eric Betzig, Stefan Hell, William Moerner (2014) • Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich, Aziz Sancar (2015) • Jean-Pierre Sauvage, James Fraser Stoddart, Bernard Feringa (2016) • Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, Richard Henderson (2017) • Frances Hamilton Arnold, George Pieczenik Smith, Gregory Paul Winter (2018) • John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, Akira Yoshino (2019) • Emmanuelle Charpentier, Jennifer Doudna (2020) • David MacMillan, Benjamin List (2021) • Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Morten Meldal, Barry Sharpless (2022) • Moungi Bawendi, Aleksej Ekimov, Louis E. Brus (2023) • David Baker, Demis Hassabis, John M. Jumper (2024)

V · D · M

Vincitori Medaglia Davy 1901-1950 (Royal Society)

George Downing Living (1901) · Svante Arrhenius (1902) · Pierre Curie / Marie Curie (1903) · William Henry Perkin, Jr. (1904) · Albert Ladenburg (1905) · Rudolph Fittig (1906) · Edward Morley (1907) · William A. Tilden (1908) · James Dewar (1909) · Theodore William Richards (1910) · Henry Edward Armstrong (1911) · Otto Wallach (1912) · Raphael Meldola (1913) · William Jackson Pope (1914) · Paul Sabatier (1915) · Henri Le Châtelier (1916) · Albin Haller (1917) · F. Stanley Kipping (1918) · Percy Frankland (1919) · Charles T Heycock (1920) · Philippe Guye (1921) · Jocelyn Field Thorpe (1922) · Herbert Brereton Baker (1923) · Arthur George Perkin (1924) · James Irvine (1925) · James Walker (1926) · Arthur Amos Noyes (1927) · Frederick George Donnan (1928) · Gilbert Lewis (1929) · Robert Robinson (1930) · Arthur Lapworth (1931) · Richard Martin Willstätter (1932) · William Hobson Mills (1933) · Walter Norman Haworth (1934) · Arthur Harden (1935) · William Arthur Bone (1936) · Hans Fischer (1937) · George Barger (1938) · James William McBain (1939) · Harold Urey (1940) · Henry Drysdale Dakin (1941) · Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (1942) · Ian Morris Heilbron (1943) · Robert Robertson (1944) · Roger Adams (1945) · Christopher Ingold (1946) · Linus Pauling (1947) · Edmund Langley Hirst (1948) · Alexander Robertus Todd (1949) · John Simonsen (1950)

1877-1900 · 1901-1950 · 1951-2000 · 2001-2024

V · D · M

Vincitori del Premio Willard Gibbs (ACS)

Svante Arrhenius (1911) • Theodore William Richards (1912) • Leo Baekeland (1913) • Ira Remsen (1914) • Arthur Amos Noyes (1915) • Willis R. Whitney (1916) • Edward Morley (1917) • William Merriam Burton (1918) • William A. Noyes (1919) • Frederick Gardner Cottrell (1920) • Marie Curie (1921) • Julius Stieglitz (1923) • Gilbert Lewis (1924) • Moses Gomberg (1925) • James Colquhoun Irvine (1926) • John Jacob Abel (1927) • William Draper Harkins (1928) • Claude Silbert Hudson (1929) • Irving Langmuir (1930) • Phoebus Levene (1931) • Edward Curtis Franklin (1932) • Richard Martin Willstätter (1933) • Harold Urey (1934) • Charles August Kraus (1935) • Roger Adams (1936) • Herbert Newby McCoy (1937) • Robert R. Williams (1938) • Donald Dexter Van Slyke (1939) • Vladimir Ipatieff (1940) • Edward Adelbert Doisy (1941) • Thomas Midgley (1942) • Conrad Arnold Elvehjem (1943) • George O. Curme, Jr. (1944) • Frank C. Whitmore (1945) • Linus Pauling (1946) • Wendell Meredith Stanley (1947) • Carl F. Cori (1948) • Peter Debye (1949) • Carl S. Marvel (1950) William Francis Giauque (1951) William C. Rose (1952) • Joel Henry Hildebrand (1953) • Elmer K. Bolton (1954) • Farrington Daniels (1955) • Vincent du Vigneaud (1956) • W. Albert Noyes, Jr. (1957) • Willard Frank Libby (1958) • Hermann Irving Schlesinger (1959) • George B. Kistiakowsky (1960) • Louis Plack Hammett (1961) • Lars Onsager (1962) • Paul Doughty Bartlett (1963) • Izaak M. Kolthoff (1964) • Robert Mulliken (1965) • Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1966) • Robert Burns Woodward (1967) • Henry Eyring (1968) • Gerhard Herzberg (1969) • Frank H. Westheimer (1970) • Henry Taube (1971) • John T. Edsall (1972) • Paul Flory (1973) • Har Gobind Khorana (1974) • Herman F. Mark (1975) • Kenneth S. Pitzer (1976) • Melvin Calvin (1977) • William O. Baker (1978) • Edgar Bright Wilson (1979) • Frank Albert Cotton (1980) • Bert Lester Vallee (1981) • Gilbert Stork (1982) • John D. Roberts (1983) • Elias James Corey (1984) • Donald James Cram (1985) • Jack Halpern (1986) • Allen Bard (1987) • Rudolph Marcus (1988) • Richard Barry Bernstein (1989) • Richard Zare (1990) • Günther Wilke (1991) • Harry B. Gray (1992) • Peter B. Dervan (1993) • Frederick Hawthorne (1994) • John Meurig Thomas (1995) • Fred Basolo (1996) • Carl Djerassi (1997) • Mario Molina (1998) • Lawrence F. Dahl (1999) • Nicholas Turro (2000) • Tobin J. Marks (2001) • Ralph Hirschmann (2002) • John I. Brauman (2003) • Ronald Breslow (2004) • David A. Evans (2005) • Jacqueline K. Barton (2006) • Sylvia T. Ceyer (2007) • Carolyn R. Bertozzi (2008) • Louis Brus (2009) • Maurice Brookhart (2010) • Robert G. Bergman (2011) • Mark Ratner (2012) • Charles M. Lieber (2013) • John E. Bercaw (2014) • John F. Hartwig (2015) • Laura L. Kiessling (2016) • Judith Klinman (2017) • Cynthia Burrows (2018) • Marcetta Y. Darensbourg (2019)

V · D · M

Vincitori del Faraday Lectureship Prize (RSC)

Jean Baptiste Dumas (1869) • Stanislao Cannizzaro (1872) • August Wilhelm von Hofmann (1875) • Charles-Adolphe Wurtz (1879) • Hermann von Helmholtz (1881) • Dmitri Mendeleev (1889) • Lord Rayleigh (1895) • Wilhelm Ostwald (1904) • Hermann Emil Fischer (1907) • Theodore William Richards (1911) • Svante Arrhenius (1914) • Robert Millikan (1924) • Richard Martin Willstätter (1927) • Niels Bohr (1930) • P. Debye (1933) • Ernest Rutherford (1936) • Irving Langmuir (1939) • Robert Robinson (1947) • George Charles de Hevesy (1950) • Cyril Norman Hinshelwood (1953) • Otto Hahn (1956) • Leopold Ružička (1958) • Christopher Ingold (1961) • Ronald Norrish (1965) • Charles Alfred Coulson (1968) • Gerhard Herzberg (1970) • Frederick Dainton (1974) • Manfred Eigen (1977) • George Porter (1980) • John Shipley Rowlinson (1983) • Alan Carrington (1986) • John Meurig Thomas (1989) • Yuan T. Lee (1992) • William Klemperer (1995) • Amyand David Buckingham (1998) • Richard Zare (2001) • Alexander Pines (2004) • Gerhard Ertl (2007) • John Charles Polanyi (2010) • Richard Saykally (2012) • Michel Che (2014) • Graham Fleming (2016) • Graham Hutchings (2018) • Richard Catlow (2020)

V · D · M Presidenti dell'American Chemical Society
1876–1900	John W. Draper (1876) · J. Lawrence Smith (1877) · Samuel W. Johnson (1878) · T. Sterry Hunt (1879) · Frederick A. Genth (1880) · Charles F. Chandler (1881) · John W. Mallet (1882) · James C. Booth (1883) · Albert B. Prescott (1886) · Charles Anthony Goessmann (1887) · T. Sterry Hunt (1888) · Charles F. Chandler (1889) · Henry B. Nason (1890) · George F. Barker (1891) · George C. Caldwell (1892) · Harvey W. Wiley (1893) · Edgar Fahs Smith (1895) · Charles B. Dudley (1896) · Charles E. Munroe (1898) · Edward W. Morley (1899) · William McMurtrie (1900)
1901–1925	Frank W. Clarke (1901) · Ira Remsen (1902) · John H. Long (1903) · Arthur Amos Noyes (1904) · Francis P. Venable (1905) · William F. Hillebrand (1906) · Marston T. Bogert (1907) · Willis R. Whitney (1909) · Wilder D. Bancroft (1910) · Alexander Smith (1911) · Arthur Dehon Little (1912) · Theodore W. Richards (1914) · Charles H. Herty (1915) · Julius Stieglitz (1917) · William H. Nichols (1918) · William A. Noyes (1920) · Edgar Fahs Smith (1921) · Edward C. Franklin (1923) · Leo H. Baekeland (1924) · James Flack Norris (1925)
1926–1950	George D. Rosengarten (1927) · Samuel W. Parr (1928) · Irving Langmuir (1929) · William McPherson (1930) · Moses Gomberg (1931) · L.V. Redman (1932) · Arthur B. Lamb (1933) · Charles L. Reese (1934) · Roger Adams (1935) · Edward Bartow (1936) · Edward R. Weidlein (1937) · Frank C. Whitmore (1938) · Charles A. Kraus (1939) · Samuel C. Lind (1940) · William Lloyd Evans (1941) · Harry N. Holmes (1942) · Per K. Frolich (1943) · Thomas Midgley Jr. (1944) · Carl S. Marvel (1945) · Bradley Dewey (1946) · W. Albert Noyes Jr. (1947) · Charles A. Thomas (1948) · Linus Pauling (1949) · Ernest H. Volwiler (1950)
1951–1975	N. Howell Funnan (1951) · Edgar C. Britton (1952) · Farrington Daniels (1953) · Harry L. Fisher (1954) · Joel H. Hildebrand (1955) · John C. Warner (1956) · Roger J. Williams (1957) · Clifford F. Rassweiler (1958) · John C. Bailar Jr. (1959) · Albert L. Elder (1960) · Arthur C. Cope (1961) · Karl Folkers (1962) · Henry Eyring (1963) · Maurice H. Arveson (1964) · Charles C. Price (1965) · William J. Sparks (1966) · Charles G. Overberger (1967) · Robert W. Cairns (1968) · Wallace R. Brode (1969) · Byron Riegel (1970) · Melvin Calvin (1971) · Max Tishler (1972) · Alan C. Nixon (1973) · Bernard S. Friedman (1974) · William J. Bailey (1975)
1976–2000	Glenn T. Seaborg (1976) · Henry A. Hill (1977) · Anna J. Harrison (1978) · Gardner W. Stacy (1979) · James D. D'Ianni (1980) · Albert C. Zettlemoyer (1981) · Robert W. Parry (1982) · Fred Basolo (1983) · Warren D. Niederhauser (1984) · Ellis K. Fields (1985) · George C. Pimentel (1986) · Mary L. Good (1987) · Gordon L. Nelson (1988) · Clayton F. Callis (1989) · Paul G. Gassman (1990) · S. Allen Heininger (1991) · Ernest L. Eliel (1992) · Helen M. Free (1993) · Ned D. Heindel (1994) · Brian M. Rushton (1995) · Ronald Breslow (1996) · Paul S. Anderson (1997) · Paul H.L. Walter (1998) · Edel Wasserman (1999) · Daryle H. Busch (2000)
2001–presente	Attila E. Pavlath (2001) · Eli M. Pearce (2002) · Elsa Reichmanis (2003) · Charles P. Casey (2004) · William F. Carroll Jr. (2005) · Elizabeth Ann Nalley (2006) · Catherine T. Hunt (2007) · Bruce E. Bursten (2008) · Thomas H. Lane (2009) · Joseph Francisco (2010) · Nancy B. Jackson (2011) · Bassam Z. Shakhashiri (2012) · Marinda Li Wu (2013) · Thomas J. Barton (2014) · Diane Grob Schmidt (2015) · Donna J. Nelson (2016) · Allison A. Campbell (2017) · Peter K. Dorhout (2018) · Bonnie A. Charpentier (2019) · Luis Echegoyen (2020)

Controllo di autorità	VIAF (EN) 64121092 · ISNI (EN) 0000 0000 8143 4863 · SBN TO0V425730 · LCCN (EN) n87802226 · GND (DE) 116506555 · BNE (ES) XX1417789 (data) · BNF (FR) cb12560306f (data) · J9U (EN, HE) 987007274761505171

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