Note: Compare the paratactic relation of oxeia and bareia with the parataxis of the two allophonic realizations of the Mandarin (cmn) tone: 上聲; as for the ↓΄ pitch, compare with the phenomenon of Swedish and Portuguese prosody); also compare the falling tone after an oxeia with the falling tone on a vowel that occurs in Japanese after an acute-accented vowel.
Note: The similarities are striking; the only part that doesn't fit at all is Renaissance Latin as corresponding to Dhimotiki. The correct correpondence is between Early Modern (Koine-derived) Hellenic dialects and Early Modern Romance languages.
Wp/grc/ǂKxʽauǁʽein γλῶττα
ǂKχʽαυǁʽεινικὴ γλῶττα 'ʽʼŝ | lat-med (medical) | lat-medv (mediaeval)
άνάλημμα: flying buttress, astronomical analemma, Pappos' math. terminology (rlated to math. lemma?), in RevAttGrc (grc-rvd, Revived Attic Greek) it could denote project but the word has already too many connotations σωρός
στοιβή
//h3.nom.n//
<περὶ>[pe.↓rí]|<περί>[pe.rí]
Ϝϝ ɔɛ
ΑΒΓΔΕϜϝΖΗΘΙ Ǐǐ|Ĭĭ
Lobatschevskiĭ
ȷίȷημι Lobatschevskiĭ, Λοβατσ'εῦσκι, Λοβατσ'ἐϝσκιι Ἡ Ϝικιπαιδεία.
Ἡ ϝικιπαιδεία.
Ἡ Ϝικιπαιδεία.Ἡ ϝικιπαιδεία.
ϜΙΚΙΠΑΙΔΕΙΑ.Template:IPAΙΚΙΠΑΙΔΕΙΑ. [All] [Most Used]
[Portal]
grc-att-rvd
Template:Grc-ipa-rows e͜ʊ è
Νηκυκλοπαιδεία (Necyclopaedia)
[ho͝ɪ]
(the rule is -ώτατος, after a short-vowel-syllable not preceded by two or more consonants;
in that case it's -ότατος)
Ws/grc/Ἀγαθὰ καὶ κακά διεπαφή (not διεπιφάνεια), εἰκόνιον
P = I (current) x V (differential potential)
(ρέον or ρεῦμα)
Documentation
Use this script template to enclose text in the polytonic, Ancient Greek script. It may be called directly, as λέγω, or may be passed via the sc parameter to templates that support that parameter. Note that text in a non-Latin script should ordinarily be accompanied by a romanization; for Ancient Greek, see Wiktionary:Ancient Greek Romanization and Pronunciation.
* λέγω
* Ancient Greek: λέγω grc (grc) (legō)
* From Ancient Greek λέγω (legō), “‘I say, speak’”)
Unlike most script templates, this one is not named as an ISO 15924 code because many common modern Greek fonts do not support polytonic characters, and the ones that do have a very different look from most fonts for use with modern Greek. Thus, this template supports fonts that are good for displaying Ancient Greek and are commonly pre-installed on most people's computers, ensuring that polytonic text appears properly. Compare:
* Οὐρανός using no template
* Οὐρανός using Template:Grek
* Οὐρανός using Οὐρανός
Iε,μ is reducible if and only if μ is an integer and ε=−(−1)μ. If Iε,μ is irreducible then it is isomorphic to Iε,−μ.
I−1, 0 splits as the direct sum Iε,0 = D+0 + D−0 of two irreducible representations, called limit of discrete series representations. D+0 has a basis wj for j≥1, and D-0 has a basis wj for j≤−1,
If Iε,μ is reducible with μ>0 (so ε=−(−1)μ) then it has a unique irreducible quotient which has finite dimension μ, and the kernel is the sum of two discrete series representations D+μ + D−μ. The representation Dμ has a basis wμ+j for j≥1, and D-μ has a basis w−μ−jj≤−1.
If Iε,μ is reducible with μ<0 (so ε=−(−1)μ) D+μ + D−μ.
μ, −(−1)μ.
D+0, D−0, μ=0
Dμ μ −(−1)μ
Iε,μ ε≠−(−1)μ (where Iε,μIε,−μ).
To be translated, concluded, and fixed...ΔΕΛΤΟΣ: ΜΕΤΑΓΛΩΤΤΙΣΤΕΑ, ΟΛΟΚΛΗΡΩΤΕΑ ΚΑΙ ΔΙΟΡΘΩΤΕΑ...
Gelfand, I.; Neumark, M. Unitary representations of the Lorentz group. Acad. Sci. USSR. J. Phys. 10, (1946), pp. 93--94
Harish-Chandra, Plancherel formula for the 2×2 real unimodular group. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 38 (1952), pp. 337--342
Serge Lang, SL2(R). Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 105. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1985. ISBN 0-387-96198-4
William Thurston. Three-dimensional geometry and topology. Vol. 1. Edited by Silvio Levy. Princeton Mathematical Series, 35. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1997. x+311 pp. ISBN 0-691-08304-5
Catallactics is the praxeological theory of the way the free market system reaches exchange ratios and prices.
[πραξεολογικὴ θεωρία | Σύστημα ἐλευθέρας ἀγορᾶς λόγους ἀνταλλαγῆς| τιμάς.]
It aims to analyse all actions based on monetary [νομισματικὸν] calculation and trace the formation of prices back to the point where an agent makes his or her choices. It explains prices as they are and not as they should be. The laws [νόμοι] of catallactics are not value judgments [κρίσεις], but aim to be exact, objective and of universal validity [καθολικῆς ἐγκυρότητος].
It was first used extensively by the Austrian [Αὐστριακοῦ] economist Ludwig von Mises [Λουδοwίκου φὸν Μίζες].
Friedrich Hayek used the term Catallaxy [Καταλλαξία] to describe as "the order brought about by the mutual adjustment of many individual economies in a market."[1] He was unhappy with the usage of the word "economy", feeling that the Greek root of the word - which translates as "household management" - implied that economic agents in a market economy possessed shared goals. Hayek derived the word "Catallaxy" (Hayek's suggested Greek construction would be rendered καταλλαξία) from the Greek verb ρῆμα (καταλλάσσω) which meant not only "to exchange" but also "to admit in the community" [κοινότητα] and "to change from enemy into friend."
Πραξεολογία
In human society many actions will be trading activities where one person regards a possession of another person as more desirable than one of his own possessions, and the other person has a similar higher regard for his colleague's possession than he does for his own. This assertion modifies the classical economic view about exchange, which posits that individuals exchange goods and services that they both appraise as being equal in value. This subject of praxeology is known as catallactics.
The categories of praxeology, the general, formal theory of human action, as outlined by Murray Rothbard (pp. 945-946) are as follows:[1]
* A. The Theory of the Isolated Individual (Crusoe Economics - Ροβινσῶνος Κρούσου)
* B. The Theory of Voluntary Interpersonal Exchange (Catallactics, or the Economics of the Market)
o 1. Barter [Ἀνταλλαγή]
o 2. With Medium of Exchange [Μέσον Ἀνταλλαγῆς]
+ a. On the Unhampered Market [Ἀπαρακώλυτος Ἀγορά]
+ b. Effects of Violent Intervention with the Market [Ἐπιδράσεις Βιαίας Παρεμβάσεως]
+ c. Effects of Violent Abolition of the Market (Socialism) [Ἐπιδράσεις Βιαίας Καταργήσεως]
* C. The Theory of War--Hostile Action [Θεωρία Πολέμου -- Ἐχθρικὴ Δρᾶσις]
* D. The Theory of Games (e.g., von Neumann and Morgenstern) [Θεωρία Παιγνίων]
* E. Unknown
Digital gold currency (or DGC) is a form of electronic money based on ounces of gold.
It is a kind of representative money, like a US paper gold certificate at the time (prior to 1933) that these were exchangeable for gold on demand.
The typical unit of account for such currency is the gold gram or the troy ounce, although other units such as the gold dinar are sometimes used. DGCs are backed by gold through unallocated or allocated gold storage.
They are issued by a number of companies, each of which provides a system that enables users to pay each other in units that hold the same value as gold bullion.
These competing providers issue independent currency, which normally carries the same name as their company.
A literary trope (from Greek τρόπος - tropos "turn" related to the root of τρέπω - trepō "to turn, to direct, to alter, to change") is a common pattern, theme, motif in literature, or a term often used to denote figures of speech in which words are used in a sense different from their literal meaning
categoria formale est composita e morphismis et obiectis. topos compositus est categoria quaedam habens limita colimitaque finita et classificatorem subobiectorum et objectum exponentialem.
Stanley Kubrick (natus die 26 Iulii 1928 in Urbe Novo Eboraco – mortuus est die 7 Martii 1999 in Childwickbury Manor apud Londinium) fuit moderator cinematographicus et pellicularum scriptor et factor Americanus.
Stanley Kubrick: Στανλεῖ(χ)ος (from enm stan "stone" + leegh [leːx] "meadow") Κοῦβρικ
Τὸ Αἰφνίδιον Κέρδος / Ἡ Ληστεία (The Killing, 1956)
Ἀτραποὶ Δόξης (Paths of Glory, 1957)
Σπάρτακος (Spartacus, 1960)
Λολίτη (Lolita, 1962)
Δρ. Strangelove ἤ: Πὼς Ἔμαθον Παύειν Ἀγωνιᾶν μέν, ἀλλὰ Ἀγαπᾶν τὴν Βομβίδα δέ (Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, 1964)
2001: Ἡ Ὀδύσσεια τοῦ Διαστήματος (2001: A Space Odyssey, 1968)
Τὸ Ὡρολογιακὸν Χρυσόμηλον (A Clockwork Orange, 1971)
Βάρριος Λίνδον (Barry Lyndon, 1975)
Ἡ Λάμψις (The Shining, 1980)
Πλήρως Μεταλλικὸν Περίβλημα (Full Metal Jacket, 1987)
Africa & Asia (User:Nychus and others have proposed these countrynames but they didn't specify what are their English equivalents or if they found these names cited somewhere --some seem to be a bit odd).
Africa:
Νομιδική "?"
Αζανία "?" (w:en:Azania) (Tanzania is already listed as Τανζανία)
Μαυρουσία "?" ("Mauritania" is already mentioned as Μαυριτία)
palumbinus: ("belonging to pigeon" can be rendered by) "περιστερίδειος" or "περιστερήσιος"
parturitio: τοκετός (m.)
puerpuralis: λοχευτικός, λόχειος
punicus: καρχηδονιακός
scriptica: γραπτική
venenum: grc-att: ἰός (m., long ι) (but this word may also mean "virus" in grc-rvd), grc-ke: φάρμακον (but this word may also mean "drug" in grc-rvd), gkm: φαρμάκιον
fearh: γρώνιον (dim. of the Laconian Doric Greek γρώνα (long α)), σῡΐδιον (dim. of the Doric Greek σῦς (m.))
gorian: ἀτενίζειν
grǽd: γραστιδωτός (or γρασσιδωτός)
grǽdig: λιμαζόμενος, καταναλωτής, καταβροχθίζων
grǽfa: θαμν-ών, gen. -ῶνος (-ών is a typical grc *ἐκτροφειώνυμον/*ectropheonym? & *φυτειώνυμον/*phyteonym? "breeding-placename & plantation-placename")
mamihlapinatapai: ματιά μεταξύ δύο ανθρώπων, ο καθένας εκ των οποίων εύχεται ο άλλος να ξεκινούσε κάτι που και οι δύο θα επιυθυμούσαν αλλά κανείς από τους δύο δεν θέλει να ξεκινήσει | ὀφθαλμισμός μεταξὺ δυοῖν ἀνθρώπων, καθενὸς ἐξ αὐτῶν εὐχομένου περὶ τοῦ ἄρξεσθαι ὑπὸ τοῦ ἑτέρου τὸ πράττειν τὶ, ἐπιθυμητὸν μὲν ὑπ’ ἀμφοτέρων, οὕπερ δὲ ἡ ἔναρξις ἠθελημένη ἐστὶ ὑπ’ οὐδενός
I do find sensible most (except viri and virii) of the suggestions so far about the correct theoretical plural of the latin word vīrus. However, I find the suggestion vīra a bit more sensible than the other ones, since the singular of vīrus is a neuter noun (except that it, along with vulgus, have -us where most all other lat neuters have -um) and the proper morpheme for plural neuter nouns in this language is -a:
"In ancient Chinese ancient Chinese, these tones included: 1) a high flat pronunciation; 2) a high and rising pronunciation; 3) a low pronunciation; 4) a clipped pronunciation, which ended in an unvoiced consonant. In poetry, classes 1 and 2 were combined into a category called “level tone,” and 3 and 4 comprised the category of “slant tone” words." (Here A.Chinese apparently denotes ltc.)
入 [nyip] entering (voiceless stops) [Ø][ˍ][˩˧ɔ᷅??] (cmn Rù) (no historical correspondences in cmn)
˓cɔ˒
X = [ʔ] = ɔ / H = [h] = ˒
IPA:
sjuwk˩˧ tewʔ˧˥ kjwɨj˥ pjɨj˥ kip˩˧‖
↗ha˥ tsɥhoh˩ dzɥeʔ˧˥ kjwɨj˥ drjeŋ˥‖
˥
˧˥
˩
˩˧?? ("nothing much is known about the pitch level of the tone")
[sjuwk入 tewX上 kjwɨj平 pjɨj平 kip入.
ha平 tsyhoH去 dzyeX上 kjwɨj平 drjeng平?]
Rare/inexistent och clusters:
wɣ
jwh
dzrw (cf. dzrwænʔ)
Chan's hypothesis on och vowel inventory:
i e æ ɑ o u y ø oe
(alt. hypotheses: Pulleyblank's and Baxter's)
Relation with zho-yue:
"In classical Chinese, four basic tones are the level (平 ˌp‘iŋ), the rising (上 ˏsœŋ), the going (去 ˉhœy) and the entering (入 ˍjɐp). The entering tone is a special case for when a syllable ends with [p], [t], or [k]; those syllables have a shorter quality than others.
The tones are further divided into upper and lower level, ie. the rising and the going tones. The entering tone is divided into upper entering, middle entering and lower entering. The upper entering is the same tone as upper level; middle entering the same as upper going; and lower entering the same as lower going."
V-/V+:
si˥, si˥˧ / si˨˩, si˩
si˧˥ / si˩˧
si˧ / si˨
sik˥ (s.c.v.) | sik˧ (l.c.v) / sik˨
Note: s.c.v. stands for short central vowel; l.c.v long central vowel; V-:voiceless; V+: voiced; L: sonorant.
Compare with ltc:
˥ 55
˧˥ 35
˩ 11
˩˧?? 13??
Summary:
Tone system:
high flat | high-rising | low | clipped | high flat+high-rising = so-called_level | low+clipped=so-called_slant
Evo. from ltc to zho-yue:
赌:tuʔ → tou˧˥
Evo. from och to ltc:
唐
庚
阳
青
Reconstructions:
歌:-aj → -a
谈:-am → -am
冬:-uŋ → -owng
对转 (duizhuan):
往 *gwrjangx
于 *gwrjag
扬 *lang
舁 *lag
Proto-Sino-Tibetan (sit):
八 yue:[baat˧] from och *pret < sit *b-ryat (cf. Classical Tibetan (bod-clas) brgyad)
Note: ?? denotes high uncertainty; _ denotes a word boundary; C: consonantl V: vowel.
Note: The translations below were provided by User:Itsmine and User:Shinjiman.
