Na nkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ, setae /ˈsiːtiː/ (SG: seta /ˈsi:tə/; site na okwu Latin maka "bristle") bụ nke ọ bụla n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị bristle- ma ọ bụ ntutu dị iche iche na ihe ndị dị adị.
Annelid setae bụ bristles siri ike dị n'ahụ. Ha na-enyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, earthworms aka ịrapara n'elu ma gbochie ịdọrọ azụ n'oge mmegharị peristaltic. Ntutu ndị a na-eme ka o sie ike ịdọrọ ikpuru n'ala. Setae na oligochaetes (otu ìgwè gụnyere earthworms) nwere chitin n'ụzọ dị ukwuu.[1] A na-ekewa ha dabere na aka ha jikọtara; dịka ọmụmaatụ, notosetae jikọtara na notopodia; neurosetae na neuropodia.[2]
Diptera setae bụ bristles dị n'ahụ dum ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka mechanoreceptors.
Crustaceans nwere mechano- na chemosensory setae.[3] Setae na-adịkarị n'ọnụ nke crustaceans ma nwee ike ịchọta ya na aka na-asacha.[3][4] N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a na-agbanwe setae ka ọ bụrụ ihe dị ka ihe owuwu.[4] Setae na ụkwụ nke krill na obere anụ ndị ọzọ na-enyere ha aka ịchịkọta phytoplankton. Ọ na-ejide ha ma na-ekwe ka e rie ha.
Setae na akpụkpọ anụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ bụ unicellular, nke pụtara na nke ọ bụla sitere na otu mkpụrụ ndụ epidermal nke ụdị a na-akpọ trichogen, nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "onye na-emepụta bristle". Ha na-enwe oghere na mbụ ma n'ọtụtụ ụdị na-anọgide na-enwe ọgba mgbe ha siri ike. Ha na-etolite ma na-arụ ọrụ site na mkpụrụ ndụ nke abụọ ma ọ bụ nke na-akwado ụdị a na-akpọ tormogen, nke na-emepụta membrane pụrụ iche na-agbanwe agbanwe nke na-ejikọta ala nke seta na akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ya gburugburu. Dabere n'otu akụkụ na ọdịdị na ọrụ ha, a pụrụ ịkpọ setae ntutu, macrotrichia, chaetae, ma ọ bụ ibe. Akpụkpọ ahụ setal abụghị cuticularized na mmegharị ga-ekwe omume. Ụfọdụ ụmụ ahụhụ, dị ka Eriogaster lanestris larvae, na-eji setae dị ka usoro nchebe, ebe ha nwere ike ịkpata dermatitis mgbe ha na akpụkpọ ahụ metụrụ aka.[5]
Nchịkọta nke ala ụkwụ agụ owuru ka ọ na-agagharị na ugegbe kwụ ọtọAgụ owuru na-ahụkarị na-alụ n'elu windo enyo kwụ ọtọ ma na-egosi lamellae n'okpuru ụkwụ
Ihe ndị dị n'ụkwụ agụ owuru bụ obere usoro yiri ntutu nke na-arụ ọrụ na ikike anụmanụ nwere ịrapara n'elu ihe ndị kwụ ọtọ. Akụkụ setae nke micrometer n'ime ihe ngosi nanometer a na-akpọ spatulae.[6]
Gekko's seta: Dị ka Kellar Autumn si kwuo, "Ụkwụ abụọ dị n'ihu nke tokay gecko (Gekko gecko) nwere ike iguzogide 20.1 N nke ike dị n'akụkụ n'elu na 227 mm2 nke ebe pad (Irschick et al. 1996). Ụkwụ nke tokay nwere ihe dịka 3600 tetrads nke setae kwa mm2, ma ọ bụ 14,400 setae kwamm2 (Schleich na Kastle 1986; pers. obs.Ọpụpụ ọzọ N'ihi ya, otu seta kwesịrị ịmepụta ike nkezi nke 6.2 pN, na nrụgide nke 0.090 N⋅mm−1 (0.9 atm). Otú ọ dị, otu setae gosipụtara ma ọ dị obere ma na-arapara n'ahụ karịa ka e buru n'amụma site na nha anụmanụ dum, n'okpuru ọnọdụ nnwale dịgasị iche iche, na-egosi na njikọ na mwepụ na gecko setae na-achịkwa (Autumn et al. 2000). "[7]
N'afọ 2017, e bipụtara nkọwa nke ụdị ọhụrụ nke basal deuterostome a na-akpọ Saccorhytus. Anụmanụ a yiri ka ọ nwere seta n'akụkụ ahụ ya.[8] Otú ọ dị, na 2022, a na-ewere Saccorhytus dị ka ecdysozoan mbụ, a kọwakwara ya dị ka onye "enweghị setae".[9]
Na mycology, "setae" na-ezo aka na nchara nchara, mgbidi siri ike, cystidia yiri ogwu nke a na-ahụ na corticioid na poroid fungi na ezinụlọ Hymenochaetaceae.[10] Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-abụkarị microscopic, setae nke ụdị ụfọdụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe a ma ama iji hụ ya na oghere aka.
Na botany, "seta" na-ezo aka na ahịhịa na-akwado capsule nke moss ma ọ bụ liverwort (ha abụọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na clade a na-akpọ "Setaphyta"), ma na-enye ya ihe oriri. Seta bụ akụkụ nke sporophyte ma nwee ụkwụ dị mkpirikpi n'ime gametophyte nke ọ bụ parasitic. Setae adịghị na mosses niile, mana n'ụdị ụfọdụ ha nwere ike iru sentimita 15 ruo 20 n'ịdị elu.
N'ime ezinụlọ diatom Chaetocerotaceae, "seta" na-ezo aka na ntutu dị ka mkpụrụ nke valve, ya bụ, ihu nke mkpụrụ ndụ.[11] Akpụkpọ ahụ ndị a nwere ọdịdị dị iche karịa valve. Ụdị setae nwere ike igbochi mmiri ịbanye ngwa ngwa ma chebe mkpụrụ ndụ ka ha ghara ịta nri.
Akpụkpọ anụ na-emepụta ihe bụ ụdị ihe na-arapara n'ahụ nke na-apụ apụ na uche, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ihe na-apụta apụl, ma na-egosipụta nkwụsi ike dị ukwuu. Mmepe nke ihe ndị a bụ ihe nyocha ugbu a.[6][12]
↑Butterfield (1990). "A reassessment of the enigmatic Burgess Shale fossil Wiwaxia corrugata (Matthew) and its relationship to the polychaete Canadia spinosa Walcott". Paleobiology16 (3): 287–303. DOI:10.1017/s0094837300010009.
↑ 4.04.1Keiler (2011). "Morphological diversity of setae on the grooming legs in Anomala (Decapoda: Reptantia) revealed by scanning electron microscopy". Zoologischer Anzeiger250 (4): 343–366. DOI:10.1016/j.jcz.2011.04.004.
↑ 6.06.1Santos (2007). "Directional adhesion for climbing: theoretical and practical considerations". Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology21 (12–13): 1317–1341. DOI:10.1163/156856107782328399. ISSN0169-4243.Santos, Daniel; Matthew Spenko; Aaron Parness; Kim Sangbae; Mark Cutkosky (2007). "Directional adhesion for climbing: theoretical and practical considerations". Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology. 21 (12–13): 1317–1341. doi:10.1163/156856107782328399. ISSN0169-4243. S2CID53470787. Gecko "feet and toes are a hierarchical system of complex structures consisting of lamellae, setae, and spatulae. The distinguishing characteristics of the gecko adhesion system have been described [as] (1) anisotropic attachment, (2) high pulloff force to preload ratio, (3) low detachment force, (4) material independence, (5) self-cleaning, (6) anti-self sticking and (7) non-sticky default state. ... The gecko's adhesive structures are made from ß-keratin (modulus of elasticity [approx.] 2 GPa). Such a stiff material is not inherently sticky; however, because of the gecko adhesive's hierarchical nature and extremely small distal features (spatulae are [approx.] 200 nm in size), the gecko's foot is able to intimately conform to the surface and generate significant attraction using van der Waals forces.Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Santos2007" defined multiple times with different content
↑Properties, Principles, and Parameters of the Gecko Adhesive System
↑Tomas, C. R., Hasle G. R., Syvertsen, E. E., Steidinger, K. A., Tangen, K., Throndsen, J., Heimdal, B. R., (1997). Identifying Marine Phytoplankton, Academic Press.
