Ihe ọkụkụ

Ihe ọkụkụ ike bụ ihe ọkụkụ dị ọnụ ala na nke na-adịghị akwụ ụgwọ nke a na-akụ naanị maka mmepụta bioenergy nke a na-emegharị ọhụrụ (ọ bụghị maka nri). A na-ahazi ihe ọkụkụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ siri ike, mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ gas, dị ka pellets, bioethanol ma ọ bụ biogas. A na-agba ọkụ ọkụ ka ọ na-emepụta ike eletrik ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ.

A na-ekewa osisi ndị ahụ n'ozuzu ha dị ka osisi ma ọ bụ ahịhịa. Osisi osisi gụnyere willow ^[1] na poplar, ahịhịa ahịhịhịa gụnyere Miscanthus x giganteus na Pennisetum purpureum (nke a maara dị ka Ahịhịa enyí). Ihe ọkụkụ ahịhịa, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị obere karịa osisi, na-echekwa ihe dịka okpukpu abụọ nke CO₂ (n'ụdị carbon) n'okpuru ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ọkụkụ osisi.^[2]

Site na usoro biotechnology dị ka mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, enwere ike ịmegharị osisi iji mepụta mkpụrụ dị elu. Enwere ike nweta mkpụrụ dị elu dị elu site n'osisi ndị dị ugbu a.[1]: 250  Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ uru ndị ọzọ dị ka mbelata ọnụ ahịa ndị metụtara ya (ya bụ, ego a na-akwụ n'oge a na-emepụta ihe [2]) na obere mmiri mmiri ga-enweta naanị site n'iji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ọkụkụ gbanwere.

A na-eji biomass siri ike, nke a na-ejikarị pelletized, eme ihe maka ọkụ ọkụ n'ọdụ ọkụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ naanị ya ma ọ bụ tinye ya na mmanụ ndị ọzọ. N'aka nke ọzọ enwere ike iji ya mee ihe maka ikpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ ikpokọta ọkụ na ike (CHP).

N'ọrụ ugbo obere rotation coppice (SRC), ụdị osisi na-eto ngwa ngwa dị ka willow na poplar na-eto ma na-egbute ya n'ime obere okirikiri nke afọ atọ ruo ise. Osisi ndị a na-eto nke ọma na ọnọdụ ala mmiri. Enweghị ike ịwepụ mmetụta na ọnọdụ mmiri mpaghara. Ekwesịrị ịzere nguzobe nso na ala mmiri adịghị ike.. ^[3][4]

A na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ niile dị ka ọka, ahịhịa Sudan, millet, klova dị ụtọ na-acha ọcha na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ka ha bụrụ silage wee gbanwee ghọọ gas biogas. Enwere ike iji ihe ọkụkụ ume gbakwunye ihe ọkụkụ anaerobic ma ọ bụ osisi biogas ozugbo etinyere ya na silage. Ngalaba na-eto ngwa ngwa nke ọrụ ugbo German anọwo na mpaghara nke "Mkpụrụ ọkụ Renewable Energy" na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 500,000 ha (1,200,000 acres) nke ala (2006).[2] A nwekwara ike ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ iji kwalite mkpụrụ gas ebe anụ nri nwere obere ume, dịka nri nri na ọka emebi emebi. A na-eme atụmatụ na mkpụrụ ume ugbu a nke ihe ọkụkụ bioenergy agbanwere site na silage ka ọ bụrụ methane bụ ihe dịka 2 GWh/km2 (1.8×1010 BTU/sq mi) kwa afọ. Obere ụlọ ọrụ na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ nwere ike iji akụkụ nke acreage ha itolite ma gbanwee ihe ọkụkụ ume ma kwadoo ike niile nke ugbo ahụ chọrọ ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke acreage. Na Europe na karịsịa Germany, Otú ọ dị, ọganihu ngwa ngwa a mere nanị site na nkwado gọọmenti dị ukwuu, dịka na usoro ego ego German maka ume ọhụrụ.[3] Mmepe ndị yiri nke a nke ijikọ ọrụ ugbo na mmepụta bioenergy site na silage-methane fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke a na-eleghara anya na N. America, ebe okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nhazi na nnukwu mkpali na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka mmepụta ume na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma ekpuchiwo ọganihu dị mma..^{[Tinye edensibịa][citation needed]}

European production of biodiesel from energy crops has grown steadily in the last decade, principally focused on rapeseed used for oil and energy. Production of oil/biodiesel from rape covers more than 12,000 km² in Germany alone, and has doubled in the past 15 years.^[5] Typical yield of oil as pure biodiesel is Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Convert/data' not found. or higher, making biodiesel crops economically attractive, provided sustainable crop rotations are used that are nutrient-balanced and prevent the spread of disease such as clubroot. Biodiesel yield of soybeans is significantly lower than that of rape.^[6]

Ihe ọkụkụ abụọ na-abụghị nri maka mmepụta nke cellulosic bioethanol bụ switchgrass na giant miscanthus.Enwere nchegbu banyere cellulosic bioethanol na America dịka usoro ọrụ ugbo na-akwado biomethane adịghị n'ọtụtụ mpaghara, na-enweghị ego ma ọ bụ usoro ego.   N'ihi ya, a na-etinye ọtụtụ ego onwe onye na olileanya ndị na-etinye ego na ihe ọhụrụ a na-ere ahịa na nke a na-enweta ikike na enzyme hydrolysis na usoro ndị yiri ya. Ahịhịa bụkwa ihe ọkụkụ maka biobutanol.

Bioethanol na-ezo aka na teknụzụ nke iji ọka (mkpụrụ ọka) mee ethanol ozugbo site na ịgbaze. Otú ọ dị, n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nke ubi na usoro a nwere ike iri ike dị ka uru ike nke ethanol ọ na-emepụta, ya mere ọ gaghị adịgide. Ọganihu ọhụrụ n'ịtụgharị mkpụrụ ọka stillage (nke a na-akpọ distillers grain stillage ma ọ bụ DGS) n'ime biogas na-ekwe nkwa dị ka ụzọ isi melite oke ike nke ụdị usoro bioethanol a.

Na Sweden, a na-ejikarị willow na hemp eme ihe.

Na Finland, ahịhịa canary bụ ihe ọkụkụ na-ewu ewu.^[7]

Switchgrass (panicum virgatum) bụ ihe ọkụkụ ọzọ. Ọ chọrọ site na 0.97 ruo 1.34 GJ ike fossil iji mepụta 1 tọn nke switchgrass, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1.99 ruo 2.66 GJ iji mepụta 3 tọn nke ọka.^[8] N'iburu n'uche na switchgrass nwere ihe dịka 18.8 GJ / ODT nke biomass, ike mmepụta-na-input ratio maka ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike iru 20:1.^[9]

E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ iji belata mmetọ ma belata ma ọ bụ wepụ ikuku carbon nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik fossil. Ụzọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe na nke na-efu ego bụ iji gbanwee ụlọ ọrụ ka ọ na-agba ọsọ na mmanụ dị iche (dị ka ihe ọkụkụ / biomass). N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, torfaction nke biomass nwere ike ịba uru na ụlọ ọrụ ike ma ọ bụrụ na ihe ọkụkụ / biomass bụ ihe ụlọ ọrụ ike fossil ga-eji.^[10] Ọzọkwa, mgbe ị na-eji ihe ọkụkụ ike dị ka ihe na-agbanye ọkụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ị na-etinye mmepụta biochar, ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nwere ike ịghọ carbon na-adịghị mma karịa naanị carbon na-anọpụ iche. Imeziwanye arụmọrụ ike nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na-eji coal eme ihe nwekwara ike belata ikuku.

  N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, biofuels aghọwo ihe na-adọrọ mmasị n'ọtụtụ mba dị ka ihe nwere ike ịnọchi anya mmanụ ala. Ya mere, ịghọta nkwado nke ihe onwunwe a na-agbanwe agbanwe dị ezigbo mkpa. E nwere ọtụtụ uru metụtara iji biofuels dị ka mbelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ, ọnụ ala karịa fossil fuels, renewability, wdg.^[11] Enwere ike iji ihe ọkụkụ ndị a mee ihe iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik. E gosipụtara cellulose osisi na biofuel na njikọ ya na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik kwụ otu ebe ka ha dị irè. Site na 2008 ruo 2013, e nweela mmụba 109% na mmepụta mmanụ ala zuru ụwa ọnụ ma a na-atụ anya na nke a ga-abawanye 60% ọzọ iji gboo ihe anyị chọrọ (dị ka Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) /Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)). ^[12]

Mmụba a na-atụ anya na ojiji / mkpa nke ihe ọkụkụ na-akpali ajụjụ ma ihe onwunwe a ọ dị mma. Mmụba nke mmepụta mmanụ ala na-adabere na nsogbu ndị metụtara mgbanwe n'iji ala eme ihe, mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi (ala na ihe onwunwe mmiri), ma na-agbakwunye na asọmpi nke oghere ala maka iji zụlite ihe ọkụkụ, nri, ma ọ bụ ihe ọkụkụ. Osisi ndị kachasị mma maka nri bioenergy n'ọdịnihu kwesịrị ito ngwa ngwa, na-amị mkpụrụ dị elu, ma chọọ obere ike maka uto na owuwe ihe ubi wdg.^[12] Ojiji nke ihe ọkụkụ ike maka mmepụta ike nwere ike ịba uru n'ihi nnọpụiche carbon ya. Ọ na-anọchite anya ihe ọzọ dị ọnụ ala karịa mmanụ ala mgbe ọ dịgasị iche iche n'ụdị osisi ndị a pụrụ iji mee ihe maka mmepụta ike. Mana nsogbu gbasara ọnụahịa (dị oke ọnụ karịa isi mmalite ike ndị ọzọ), arụmọrụ na ohere achọrọ iji mee ka mmepụta dị mkpa ka a tụlee ma melite ya iji nye ohere maka iji biofuels mee ihe.^[11]

N'oge osisi na-eto, osisi na-amị CO₂.^[13] Ọ bụ ezie na ebe ndị a na-anọkarị n'oké ọhịa nwere oge ntụgharị carbon nke gafere ọtụtụ iri afọ, ebe ndị a ga-anọ n'oké osimiri na-anọ n"oké ọhịa (SRF) nwere oge ntụrụndụ nke afọ 8-20, na obere ntụgharị coppicing (SRC) na-anọ afọ 2-4.^[14] Ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgide dị ka miscanthus ma ọ bụ napier ahịhịa nwere oge ntụgharị nke ọnwa 4-12. Na mgbakwunye na ịmị CO₂ n'ime anụ ahụ ya dị n'elu ala, ihe ọkụkụ biomass na-ejide carbon n'okpuru ala, na mgbọrọgwụ na ala. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, ihe ọkụkụ na-adịgide adịgide na-ejide carbon karịa ihe ọkụkụ kwa afọ n'ihi na a na-ekwe ka mgbọrọgwụ gbakọta gaa n'ihu n'enweghị nsogbu ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Ọzọkwa, ihe ọkụkụ na-adịgide adịgide na-ezere usoro Ịkụ ugbo kwa afọ (ịkọ, igwu ala) metụtara uto ihe ọkụkụ kwa afọ. Tilling na-enyere ndị 2" href="./Microorganism" id="mwAQ8" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Microorganism">microbe nke ala aka imebi carbon dịnụ, na-emepụta CO2.

A hụla na carbon nke ala dị n'okpuru ihe ọkụkụ switchgrass karịa n'okpuru ala a na-akọ ugbo, ọkachasị na omimi n'okpuru 30 cm (12 in). ^[15]

Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke carbon e jidere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ (GHGs) ga-ekpebi ma ọ bụrụ na ngụkọta nke ndụ GHG nke ọrụ bioenergy dị mma, na-anọpụ iche, ma ọ bụ na-adịghị mma. N'ụzọ doro anya, usoro ndụ GHG / carbon-negative ga-ekwe omume ma ọ bụrụ na ngụkọta nke carbon n'okpuru ala karịa ka ọ kwụọ ụgwọ maka ngụkọta ndụ GHHG n'elu ala.

Dịka ọmụmaatụ, maka Miscanthus × giganteus, nnọpụiche carbon na ọbụna ihe na-adịghị mma dị nso. Nke a pụtara na mmepụta na njigide carbon metụtara ya dị ukwuu nke na ọ na-akpata ihe karịrị ngụkọta nke ọrụ ugbo, nsị ntụgharị mmanụ, na nsị njem.^[16] Nchịkọta na-aga nke ọma na-adabere na ebe a na-akụ ihe, dịka ala kachasị mma maka njide bụ ndị na-enweghị carbon ugbu a.

Maka UK, a na-atụ anya nchedo na-aga nke ọma maka ala a na-akọ ugbo n'ọtụtụ England na Wales, na nchedo na'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma a na-eche n'akụkụ Scotland, n'ihi ala ndị nwere carbon (ọhịa dị). Ọzọkwa, maka Scotland, ihe dị ala na ihu igwe oyi a na-eme ka CO₂ ghara ịdị mma sie ike inweta. Ala ndị bara ọgaranya na carbon gụnyere peatland na oké ọhịa tozuru etozu. Ala ahịhịa nwekwara ike ịbụ nke carbon bara ọgaranya, a chọpụtakwala na njigide carbon kachasị mma na UK na-ewere ọnọdụ n'okpuru ala ahịhịhịa ka mma.^[17]

1. ↑ Mola-Yudego (September 2008). "Yield models for commercial willow biomass plantations in Sweden". Biomass and Bioenergy 32 (9): 829–837. DOI:10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.01.002. 
2. ↑ Agostini (15 January 2015). "Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out?". BioEnergy Research 8 (3): 1057–1080. DOI:10.1007/s12155-014-9571-0. PMID 26855689. 
3. ↑ Hartwich (24 September 2014). "Impact of short-rotation coppice on water and land resources". Water International 39 (6): 813–825. DOI:10.1080/02508060.2014.959870. 
4. ↑ Hartwich (11 July 2016). "Hydrological modelling of changes in the water balance due to the impact of woody biomass production in the North German Plain". Environmental Earth Sciences 75 (14). DOI:10.1007/s12665-016-5870-4. 
5. ↑ Umer. Bio Mass Energy.
6. ↑ Kirakosyan (2009). Recent Advances in Plant Biotechnology | SpringerLink (in en-gb). DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-0194-1. ISBN 978-1-4419-0193-4. 
7. ↑ Handbook for energy producers
8. ↑ (2004) "Cumulative Energy and Global Warming Impact from the Production of Biomass for Biobased Products". Journal of Industrial Ecology 7 (3–4): 147–62. DOI:10.1162/108819803323059442. 
9. ↑ Samson, R. (2008). "Developing Energy Crops for Thermal Applications: Optimizing Fuel Quality, Energy Security and GHG Mitigation", in Pimentel, David: Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems: Benefits and Risks. Berlin: Springer, 395–423. ISBN 978-1-4020-8653-3. 
10. ↑ Torrefaction of biomass sometimes needed when using biomass in converted FFPS
11. ↑ ^{11.0 11.1} Renewable Resources Co (9 December 2016). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass Energy. Renewable Resources Coalition. RenewableResourcesCoalition.org. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
12. ↑ ^{12.0 12.1} de Siqueira Ferreira (27 June 2013). "Biofuel and energy crops: high-yield Saccharinae take center stage in the post-genomics era". Genome Biology 14 (6). DOI:10.1186/gb-2013-14-6-210. PMID 23805917.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
13. ↑ Biomass explained. U.S. Energy Information Administration Federal Statistical System of the United States (25 October 2019). Retrieved on 31 October 2020.
14. ↑ Short rotation forestry. Forest Research (2018-05-29). Retrieved on 2020-10-19.
15. ↑ Soil Carbon under Switchgrass Stands and Cultivated Cropland (Interpretive Summary and Technical Abstract). USDA Agricultural Research Service, April 1, 2005
16. ↑ Whitaker (March 2018). "Consensus, uncertainties and challenges for perennial bioenergy crops and land use". GCB Bioenergy 10 (3): 150–164. DOI:10.1111/gcbb.12488. PMID 29497458. 
17. ↑ Milner (March 2016). "Potential impacts on ecosystem services of land use transitions to second-generation bioenergy crops in GB". GCB Bioenergy 8 (2): 317–333. DOI:10.1111/gcbb.12263. PMID 27547244.