Ihe mgbochi mmiri

type of dam
obere ụdị nke	dam
Ihe ejị mee ya	concrete, nkume

Willow Creek Dam dị na Oregon, ihe ntinye ike ndòda gba nsọ

. ^[1] ^[2]Ihe ike ndọda bụ dam nke a na-ahụ site na kọnkịrị ma ọ bụ nkume masonry ma mee ya iji jide mmiri site na iji naanị arọ nke ihe ahụ na mgbochi ya ntọala iji megide kwụ otu nke mmiri na-akwagide ya. A na-ihe ihe kwuru ike ndọda ka nke ọ blla nke dam ahụ kwụsie ike ma nweere onwe ya mfe na ngalaba ozi ọ llaa ọzọ

Njirimara

Ihe ike ndò n'ozuzu na-achọ ntọala nkume siri ike nke ike dị elu (obere ihu igwe ka ọ dị ọhụrụ), ọ bụ ebe na n'ike ndị a na-ahụ ahụkebe, arụwo ha na ntọala ala. Ike na-ebu nke ntọala ahụ na-mkpụrụ nke ikike nke akara, na-emetụta nkwụsi ike n'ozuzu ya. Ọzọkwa, ndị siri ike nke ihe owuwu dam ike ndọda waxyeelo mgbaghara maka nhazi ntọala dị, nke nwere ike iketa mgbawa nke ihe owuwu dam ahụ.

Ihe mgbochi ike ndọda na-enye ụfọdụ uru karịa ihe mgbochi mgbochi, uru bụ isi bụ na ha nwere ike ịnabata obere mmiri na-ebufe oke na-enweghị mmebi, n'ihi na kọmpat na-eguzogide ọgwụ. Nnukwu mmiri na-ebufe elu ka na-enwe nsogbu, ebe ha nwere ike ịchọta ntọala ma ọ bụrụ na agụghị ya na nhazi ahụ. Ihe ọghọm nke dams ndọda bụ na, n'ihi nnukwu akara ukwu ha, ha na-enwe ike ibuli nrụgide ndị na-eme dị ka ike na-emebi emebi. Enwere ike ibelata nrụgide na-ebuli elu (buoyancy) site na usoro ntinye mmiri n'ime na ntọala. N'oge a na-ewu ihe, ihe ntọala na-emepụta mmeghachi omume exothermic. Okpomọkụ a na-agbasa kọmpụta rọba ma nwee ike were ihe ruru ọtụtụ iri afọ ka ọ dị jụụ. Ka ọ na-ajụ oyi, kọnkịta ahụ siri ike ma nwee ike ịgbawa. Ọ bụ ọrụ onye nrụpụta iji hụ na nke a emeghị.

Nhazi

A na-arụ ihe mgbochi ike ndọda site na ibu ụzọ bepụ akụkụ buru ibu nke ala n'otu akụkụ nke osimiri, na-ekwe ka mmiri jupụta ohere ma chekwaa ya. Ozugbo e bipụrụ ala ahụ, a ga-enyocha ala ahụ iji jide n'aka na ọ nwere ike ịkwado ịdị arọ nke dam na mmiri. Ọ dị mkpa ijide n'aka na ala agaghị emebi ka oge na-aga, nke ga-ekwe ka mmiri na-egbutu ụzọ gburugburu ma ọ bụ n'okpuru dam. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ala na-ezuru iji nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị a; Otú ọ dị, oge ndị ọzọ ọ na-achọ nhazi site n'ịgbakwunye nkume nkwado nke ga-eme ka ịdị arọ nke dam na mmiri dịkwuo elu. Enwere ule atọ dị iche iche enwere ike ịme iji chọpụta ike nkwado ntọala: Westergaard, Eulerian, na Lagrangian nso. ^[3] . ^[4]Ozugbo ntọala ahụ dabara adaba iji wuo ya, owuwu nke mmiri mmiri nwere ike ike. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-eji ihe siri ike dị ka kọntanetị ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba na-ewu dams ike ndòda, ma na-ewu ya n'ụdị triangular iji nye nkwado.

Nhazi

Nkewasịkarị nke dams ike ndọda bụ site na ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe owuwu:

Ihe mgbochi mmiri gụnyere
- uka ihe mgbochi mmiri, mere nke:
  - ihe eji eme ihe: Dworshak Dam, Grand Coulee Dam
  - Ihe Mgbakọ Roller-Compacted (RCC) : Willow Creek Dam (Oregon), Dam Upper Stillwater
- Masonry : Aswan Low Dam, Pathfinder Dam, Cheesman Dam
- ihe mgbochi ike ndọda, nke ejiri kọmpụta emesi ike mee: Braddock Dam

Ihe adi mmiri bụ ndidi nke ihe na-eje mmiri . [1] Ihe e ji ewu ihe na-eje mmiri bụ otu ihe eji eme ihe na ihe ozi.

Ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi ike ndọda kwụ ọtọ ( Grand Coulee Dam ).
Ụfọdụ masonry na ihe ndọda ndọda nwere axis dam curved ( Shasta Dam, Cheesman Dam ) iji gbakwunye nkwụsi ike site na ime ihe. ^[5]

Enwere ike ekewa dams ndọda n'ihe gbasara ịdị elu nhazi ha:

Dị ala, ruo 100 ụkwụ.
Ọkara dị elu, n'etiti 100 na 300 ụkwụ.
Elu, karịrị 300 ụkwụ.

A na-arụ ihe mgbochi ike ndọda iji nagide ụfọdụ ala ọma jijiji kacha sie ike. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-arụ ntọala nke dam ike ndọda iji kwado ịdị arọ nke dam na mmiri niile, ọ na-agbanwe nnọọ ike n'ihi na ọ na-amịkọrọ nnukwu ume ma na-ebuga ya n'ime ụwa. Ọ dị mkpa ka ọ nwee ike ịmịnye ike site na ala ọma jijiji n'ihi na, ọ bụrụ na mgbochi ahụ ga-agbaji, ọ ga-eziga oke mmiri na-agba ọsọ na ala ma bibie ihe niile dị n'ụzọ ya. Ala ọmajiji bụ ihe ize ndụ kasịnụ nye dams ike ndọda na ya mere, kwa afọ na mgbe ọ bụla ala ọma jijiji gachara, a ga-anwale ha maka mgbawa, ịdịte aka, na ike. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-atụ anya na mgbochi ike ndọda ga-adịru ebe ọ bụla site na afọ 50 ruo 150, ọ dị mkpa ka a na-edobe ha ma dochie ha mgbe niile. ^[6]

Ntụaka

↑ Design of Gravity Dams, Bureau of Reclamation, 1976
↑ Design of Small Dams, Bureau of Reclamation, 1987
↑ (1976) Design of gravity dams: Design manual for concrete gravity dams. Denver, CO: US Dept. of the Interior.
↑ Khosravi (2015). Design and Modal Analysis of Gravity Dams by Ansys Parametric Design Language. Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand: Walailak Journal of Science & Technology.
↑ Gravity Dam Design, US Army Corps of Engineers, EM 1110-2-2200, June 1995
↑ Lucian (1986). Earthquake analysis and response of concrete gravity dams. US Army Corps of Engineers. ISBN 0943198070.

[1] Design of Gravity Dams, Bureau of Reclamation, 1976

[2] Design of Small Dams, Bureau of Reclamation, 1987

[3] (1976) Design of gravity dams: Design manual for concrete gravity dams. Denver, CO: US Dept. of the Interior.

[4] Khosravi (2015). Design and Modal Analysis of Gravity Dams by Ansys Parametric Design Language. Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand: Walailak Journal of Science & Technology.

[5] Gravity Dam Design, US Army Corps of Engineers, EM 1110-2-2200, June 1995

[6] Lucian (1986). Earthquake analysis and response of concrete gravity dams. US Army Corps of Engineers. ISBN 0943198070.

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