Asụsụ Munda

language family
obere ụdị nke	Austroasiatic

^[1]Asụsụ Munda bụ otu asụsụ ndị yiri ibe ha nke ihe dị ka nde mmadụ itoolu na-asụ na India, Bangladesh na Nepal. ^[2] N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-akpọ ha asụsụ Kolarian. ^[3] M alaka nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ Austroasiatic, nke pụtara na ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ ndị dị ka asụsụ Mon Ndị Khmer, Ndị Vietnamese, yana asụsụ ndị pere mpe na Thailand na Laos na Asụsụ Mangic nke South China. ^[4]^[5]Bhumij, Ho, Mundari, na Santali bụ asụsụ Munda ama ama. ^[6] [2]

na-ekewa ezinụlọ ahụ n'ozuzu ya n'alaka abụọ: North Munda, nke a na-asụ na Chota Nagpur Plateau nke Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Odisha na West Bengal, yana n'akụkụ Bangladesh na Nepal, na South Munda, a na-ekwu na etiti Odisha na n'akụkụ ókèala dị n'etiti Andhra Pradesh na Odisha. ^[7] ^[8]

North Munda, nke Santali bụ asụsụ a na-asụkarị ma bụrụ asụsụ gọọmentị na India, nwere okpukpu abụọ karịa ndị na-asụrụ South Munda. Mgbe Santali gasịrị, asụsụ Mundari na Ho nọ n'ọnọdụ na-esote n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, Korku na Sora sochiri. Asụsụ Munda ndị fọdụrụnụ ndị obere ìgwè ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-asụ, a kọwakwara ha nke ọma.

Ihe ndị e ji mara asụsụ Munda gụnyere ọnụọgụ atọ (otu, abụọ na ọtụtụ), nwoke na nwanyị abụọ (ndị dị ndụ na ndị na-adịghị ndụ), ọdịiche dị n'etiti nnọchiaha nke onye mbụ na-agụnye na nke pụrụ iche, iji nsonaazụ ma ọ bụ ndị enyemaka iji gosipụta oge, na akụkụ, ngụkọta, na mgbagwoju anya reduplication, yana ịgbanwee. [1] ^[9] Munda bụkwa polysynthetic na aglutinating. Na usoro ụda nke Munda, usoro ụdaume anaghị adịkarị ma e wezụga n'etiti okwu.

Mmalite

^[10]^[11]

Rau ^[12] Sidwell (2019), ^[13] tinyere Blench (2019), na-atụ aro na tupu Proto-Munda abịala na Mahanadi River Delta n'ihe dị ka 1,500 BCE site na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia site na ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri, kama site na ala. Asụsụ Munda mechara gbasaa na mmiri Mahanadi. ^[14] nke 2021 -atụ aro na asụsụ Munda gbasara ruo n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Uttar Pradesh ma metụta Asụsụ Indo-Aryan nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. [1] [2]

Nchịkọta

Munda nwere alaka ise a na-enweghị esemokwu (Korku dị ka onye nọpụrụ iche, Remo, Savara, Kherwar, na Kharia-Juang). Agbanyeghị, a na-arụrịta ụka banyere mmekọrịta ha.

Diffloth (1974)

A na-ekwukarị nkewa nke Diffloth (1974):

Diffloth (2005)

Diffloth (2005) jidere Koraput (nke Anderson jụrụ, n'okpuru) mana ọ hapụrụ South Munda ma tinye Kharia-Juang na asụsụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu:

Anderson (1999)

^[15] Gregory Anderson na 1999 bụ nke a: Otú ọ dị, na 2001, Anderson kewara Juang na Kharia na alaka Juang-Kharia ma wepụkwa Gtaʔ na alaka Gutob-Remo-Gtaʔ mbụ ya. Ya mere, atụmatụ ya nke afọ 2001 gụnyere alaka ise maka South Munda.

Anderson (2001)

Anderson (2001) na-agbaso Diffloth (1974) ma e wezụga ịjụ ịdị irè nke Koraput. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-atụ aro, na ndabere nke ntụnyere ọdịdị, na Proto-South Munda kewara kpọmkwem n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ nke Diffloth, Kharia-Juang, Sora-Gorum (Savara), na Gutob-Remo-Gtaʼ (Remo). ^[16]

Alaka South Munda ya nwere alaka ise na-esonụ, ebe alaka North Munda bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka nke Diffloth (1974) na Anderson (1999).

Rịba ama: "[[" = na-ekerịta ụfọdụ isoglosses ọhụrụ (usoro, okwu). Na asụsụ Austronesian na Papua, Malcolm Ross akpọwo nke a "njikọ".

Sidwell (2015)

Paul Sidwell (2015:197) ^[17] na-ewere Munda dị ka nke nwere alaka 6 na-ahazi, ọ naghị anabata South Munda dị iche iche.

Nbudata

Aha asụsụ	Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọkà okwu (2011)	Ebe
Korwa	28,400	Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand
Birjia	25,000	Jharkhand, West Bengal
Mundari (nke gụnyere Bhumij)	1,600,000	Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar
Asur	7,000	Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha
Ho	1,400,000	Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal
Birhor	2,000	Jharkhand
Santali	7,400,000	Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Assam, Bangladesh, Nepal
Turi	2,000	Jharkhand
Korku	727,000	Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra
Kharia	298,000	Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh
Juang	30,400	Odisha
Gtaʼ	4,500	Odisha
Bonda	9,000	Odisha
Gutob	10,000	Odisha, Andhra Pradesh
Gorum	20	Odisha, Andhra Pradesh
Sora	410,000	Odisha, Andhra Pradesh
Juray	25,000	Odisha
Lodhi	25,000	Odisha, West Bengal
Koda	47,300	West Bengal, Odisha, Bangladesh
Kol	1,600	West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bangladesh

Ihe owuwu

Sidwell & Rau (2015: 319, 340-363) wughachiri ụdị prototype ahụ. ^[18] Nrụzigharị Proto-Munda kemgbe ahụ Rau dezigharịrị ma melite ya (2019). [1]

Hụkwa

Asụsụ Nihali
Ndị Munda

Ihe odide

Ihe edeturu

↑ Santhali (en). Ethnologue. Retrieved on 21 January 2024.
↑ (23 January 2016) in Hock: The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia. DOI:10.1515/9783110423303. ISBN 9783110423303.
↑ Bradley (2012) notes, MK in the wider sense including the Munda languages of eastern South Asia is also known as Austroasiatic
↑ Daladier. Kinship and Spirit Terms Renewed as Classifiers of "Animate" Nouns and Their Reduced Combining Forms in Austroasiatic. Elanguage. Retrieved on 22 March 2015.
↑ Pinnow. A comparative study of the verb in Munda language. Sealang.com. Retrieved on 22 March 2015.
↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named auto
↑ Bhattacharya (1975). "Munda studies: A new classification of Munda". Indo-Iranian Journal 17 (1): 97–101. DOI:10.1163/000000075794742852. ISSN 1572-8536.
↑ Munda languages. The Language Gulper. Retrieved on 14 May 2019.
↑ Donegan. "South-East Asian Features in the Munda Languages". Berkley Linguistics Society.
↑ Sidwell AA studies state of the art 2018.pdf. Google Docs. Retrieved on 12 May 2023.
↑ Sidwell, Paul. 2018. Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 22 May 2018.
↑ Blench, Roger. 2019. The Munda maritime dispersal: when, where and what is the evidence?
↑ Rau, Felix (2019). "The Munda Maritime Hypothesis". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (JSEALS) 12 (2). ISSN 1836-6821.
↑ John Peterson (October 2021). The spread of Munda in prehistoric South Asia -the view from areal typology To appear in: Volume in Celebration of the Bicentenary of Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University). Retrieved on 1 September 2022.
↑ Anderson, Gregory D.S. (1999). "A new classification of the Munda languages: Evidence from comparative verb morphology." Paper presented at 209th meeting of the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, MD.
↑ Anderson (2001). A New Classification of South Munda: Evidence from Comparative Verb Morphology, Indian Linguistics. Poona: Linguistic Society of India, 21–36.
↑ Sidwell, Paul. 2015. "Austroasiatic classification." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
↑ Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.

Nkwupụta n'ozuzu

Diffloth (2005). "The contribution of linguistic palaeontology to the homeland of Austro-Asiatic", in Sagart: The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. RoutledgeCurzon, 79–82.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

Anderson (2007). The Munda verb: typological perspectives, Trends in linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-018965-0.
(2008) in Anderson: Munda Languages, Routledge Language Family Series. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32890-6.
Anderson (2015). "Prosody, phonological domains and the structure of roots, stems and words in the Munda languages in a comparative/historical light.". Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 2 (2): 163–183. DOI:10.1515/jsall-2015-0009.
Anderson (2002). "Switch-Reference in South Munda", in Macken: Papers from the 10th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University, South East Asian Studies Program, 39–54.
Donegan (2002). "South-East Asian Features in the Munda Languages: Evidence for the Analytic-to-Synthetic Drift of Munda", in Chew: Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Special Session on Tibeto-Burman and Southeast Asian Linguistics, in honour of Prof. James A. Matisoff. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Linguistics Society, 111–129.
Newberry (2000). North Munda hieroglyphics. Victoria, BC: J Newberry.
Śarmā (2003). Munda: sub-stratum of Tibeto-Himalayan languages, Studies in Tibeto-Himalayan languages. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. ISBN 81-7099-860-3.
Varma (1978). Munda and Dravidian languages: a linguistic analysis. Hoshiarpur: Vishveshvaranand Vishva Bandhu Institute of Sanskrit and Indological Studies, Panjab University. OCLC 25852225.
Zide (1999). "The Proto-Munda Verb and Some Connections with Mon-Khmer". Working Papers International Symposium on South Asian Languages Contact and Convergence, and Typology: 401–421.
Zide (2001). "The Proto-Munda Verb: Some Connections with Mon-Khmer", in Subbarao: Yearbook of South-Asian Languages and Linguistics. Delhi: Sage Publications, 517–540. DOI:10.1515/9783110245264.517.
Anderson (2001). "Recent Advances in the Reconstruction of the Proto-Munda Verb", in Brinton: Historical Linguistics 1999: Selected papers from the 14th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Vancouver, 9–13 August 1999, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 13–30. DOI:10.1075/cilt.215.03and. ISBN 978-90-272-3722-4.

Ịkwaga n'akụkọ ihe mere eme

Rau (2019). "The Maritime Munda Hypothesis". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 12 (2): 31–53.

Njikọ mpụga

Ọrụ Asụsụ SEAlang Munda
- SEAlang Munda Etimological Dictionary
Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Donegan & Stampe Munda
Asụsụ Munda na Living Tongues
Akwụkwọ edemede
Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ asụsụ Ho nke K. David Harrison, Swarthmore College
RWAAI (Nchekwa na Ebe Ọrụ maka Ihe Nketa Na-adịghị Ahụ anya nke Austroasiatic)
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0003-66EE-3@view Asụsụ Munda na RWAAI Digital Archive

South Munda. Mgbe Santali gasịrị, asụsụ Mundari na Ho nọ n'ọnọdụ na-esote n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, Korku na Sora sochiri. Asụsụ Munda ndị fọdụrụnụ ndị obere ìgwè ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-asụ, a kọwakwara ha nke ọmSouth Munda. Mgbe Santali gasịrị, asụsụ Mundari na Ho nọ n'ọnọdụ na-esote n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, Korku na Sora sochiri. Asụsụ Munda ndị fọdụrụnụ ndị obere ìgwè ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na-asụ, a kọwakwara ha nke ọm

[1] Santhali (en). Ethnologue. Retrieved on 21 January 2024.

[2] (23 January 2016) in Hock: The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia. DOI:10.1515/9783110423303. ISBN 9783110423303.

[3] Bradley (2012) notes, MK in the wider sense including the Munda languages of eastern South Asia is also known as Austroasiatic

[elanguage-4] Daladier. Kinship and Spirit Terms Renewed as Classifiers of "Animate" Nouns and Their Reduced Combining Forms in Austroasiatic. Elanguage. Retrieved on 22 March 2015.

[Sealang-5] Pinnow. A comparative study of the verb in Munda language. Sealang.com. Retrieved on 22 March 2015.

[auto-6] Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named auto

[Bhattacharya-7] Bhattacharya (1975). "Munda studies: A new classification of Munda". Indo-Iranian Journal 17 (1): 97–101. DOI:10.1163/000000075794742852. ISSN 1572-8536.

[Languagesgulper-8] Munda languages. The Language Gulper. Retrieved on 14 May 2019.

[9] Donegan. "South-East Asian Features in the Munda Languages". Berkley Linguistics Society.

[10] Sidwell AA studies state of the art 2018.pdf. Google Docs. Retrieved on 12 May 2023.

[11] Sidwell, Paul. 2018. Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 22 May 2018.

[12] Blench, Roger. 2019. The Munda maritime dispersal: when, where and what is the evidence?

[13] Rau, Felix (2019). "The Munda Maritime Hypothesis". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (JSEALS) 12 (2). ISSN 1836-6821.

[14] John Peterson (October 2021). The spread of Munda in prehistoric South Asia -the view from areal typology To appear in: Volume in Celebration of the Bicentenary of Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Deemed University). Retrieved on 1 September 2022.

[Anderson1999-15] Anderson, Gregory D.S. (1999). "A new classification of the Munda languages: Evidence from comparative verb morphology." Paper presented at 209th meeting of the American Oriental Society, Baltimore, MD.

[16] Anderson (2001). A New Classification of South Munda: Evidence from Comparative Verb Morphology, Indian Linguistics. Poona: Linguistic Society of India, 21–36.

[17] Sidwell, Paul. 2015. "Austroasiatic classification." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.

[SidwellRau2015-18] Sidwell, Paul and Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages. Leiden: Brill.

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