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Ogige

Dezie njikọ ndi a
Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
Mbipụta nke a enweghịzị nkwado nke nwere ike ịbụte ndeghe. Biko Biko kwalite ibe ndokọba ọrụ gị ma jiri ihu ọzọ bipụta ọrụ dị.
see caption
Akụkụ nke Brooklyn Botanic Garden nke nwere osisi cherry <i id="mwDA">Prunus</i> 'Kanzan' na-acha pinki pinki

Ogige bụ oghere a na-eme atụmatụ, na-abụkarị n'èzí, nke e debere maka ịkụ ihe, ngosi, na ịnụ ụtọ osisi na ụdị okike ndị ọzọ. Otu njirimara na-achọpụta ọbụna ubi ọhịa ọhịa bụ njikwa. Ogige ahụ nwere ike itinye ma ihe okike na ihe arụrụ arụ.

Ogige ntụrụndụ na-enwekarị atụmatụ imewe gụnyere ihe oyiyi, follies, pergolas, trellises, stumperies, ala mmiri kpọrọ nkụ, na ihe ndị dị ka isi iyi, ọdọ mmiri (nke nwere ma ọ bụ na-enweghị azụ), nsụda mmiri ma ọ bụ iyi. Ogige ụfọdụ bụ maka ebumnuche ịchọ mma naanị, ebe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe oriri, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe dị iche iche, ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ na-agwakọta ya na osisi ịchọ mma. A na-ekewa ubi ndị na-emepụta nri na ugbo site na obere nha ha, usoro ọrụ siri ike, na ebumnuche ha (nwere obi ụtọ maka ihe ntụrụndụ ma ọ bụ nkwado onwe onye karịa ịmepụta maka ire ere, dịka n'ogige ahịa). Ogige okooko osisi na-ejikọta osisi dị iche iche n'ịdị elu, ụcha, ọdịdị, na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ iji mepụta mmasị na obi ụtọ.[1]

Ụdị a na-ahụkarị taa bụ ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ogige ọha na eze, mana okwu ogige ahụ abụwo nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe. A na-akpọbu Ogige ntụrụndụ, nke na-egosi Anụ ọhịa n'ebe obibi ndị e chepụtara echepụta, ogige ntorobịa.[2][3] ogige ọdịda anyanwụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dabere na osisi, na ogige, nke na-egosi ogige, na-egosipụtakarị ụdị ogige botanical dị mkpirikpi. Ụfọdụ ụdị ọdịnala nke ogige ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, dị ka Ogige Zen, na-eji osisi eme ihe nke nta ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. Ogige ntụrụndụ, n'aka nke ọzọ, dị ka ogige ntụrụntụ England nke mbụ mepụtara na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, nwere ike ịhapụ okooko osisi kpamkpam.

Ihe owuwu ala bụ ọrụ ọkachamara metụtara ya yana ndị na-ese ihe n'ọdịdị ala na-achọ itinye aka na imewe n'ọtụtụ akpịrịkpa ma na-arụ ọrụ ma ọha na nke onwe..[4]

Okwu mmalite

Ihe odide nke okwu ugbo na-ezo aka na ogige: o sitere na Middle English gardin, sitere na Anglo-French gardin, jardin, nke German; dị ka Old High German gard, gart, ogige ma ọ bụ ogige, dị ka ọ dị na Stuttgart. Lee Grad (mmezi Slavic) maka nkọwapụta zuru oke.[1] Okwu ndị a yard, court, na Latin hortus (nke pụtara "ubi", ya mere ubi ubi na ubi mkpụrụ osisi), bụ cognates-ha niile na-ezo aka n'obere oghere.[5]

Okwu ahụ bụ "ogige" na British English na-ezo aka na obere ala gbara ogige, nke na-ejikarị ụlọ eme ihe.[6] A ga-akpọ nke a yard na American English.[7]

Ojiji

Nlegharị anya site na Botanical Garden nke Curitiba (Southern Brazil): parterres, okooko osisi, isi iyi, Ihe a tụrụ atụ, greenhouses na ụzọ mejupụtara ebe a na-eji maka ntụrụndụ na ịmụ ma chebe osisi.

Ogige nwere ike ịnwe ihe mara mma, ọrụ, na ntụrụndụ:

  • Imekọ ihe ọnụ na okike
  • Nnyocha nke okike
    • Ịhụ Nnụnụ na ụmụ ahụhụ
    • Ntụgharị uche n'oge mgbanwe
  • Ịdị jụụ
    • Ịtọ ụdị dị iche iche nke gnomes n'ubiGnomes nke ubi
    • Nri abalị ezinụlọ n'elu ụlọ
    • Ụmụaka na-egwuri egwu n'ubi
    • Ịgụ ihe na izu ike n'ime hammock
    • Idebe ihe ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ
    • Ịkụ ite n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihewụnye
    • Ịgbagharị n'ìhè anyanwụ na-ekpo ọkụ
    • Ịgbapụ ìhè anyanwụ na okpomọkụ na-egbu egbu
  • Ịzụlite ihe bara uru
    • Okooko osisi ị ga-ebi ma weta n'ime ụlọ maka ịma mma ime ụlọ
    • Ahịhịa na akwụkwọ nri maka isi nri

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Eshia

China

Nhazi nke ogige ndị China nke e tinyere n'ime ala, gụnyere pavilion

Ogige ndị China izizi edekọ ka emebere na ndagwurugwu nke Osimiri Yellow, n'oge usoro ndị eze Shang (1600–1046 BC). Ogige ndị a bụ nnukwu ogige ntụrụndụ gbachiri emechi ebe ndị eze na ndị a ma ama na-achụ nta anụ, ma ọ bụ ebe a na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri. Ihe odide ndị mbụ sitere n'oge a, ndị a kpụrụ n'elu shei mbe, nwere mkpụrụedemede China atọ maka ubi, gị, pu na yuan. Ị bụ ubi eze ebe a na-edebe nnụnụ na anụmanụ, ebe pu bụ ubi maka ihe ọkụkụ. N'oge usoro ndị eze Qin (221–206 BC), yuan ghọrọ agwa maka ubi niile.[1] Omume ochie maka yuan bụ obere foto nke ubi; a na-agbanye ya n'okirikiri nke nwere ike ịnọchite anya mgbidi, ma nwee akara ndị nwere ike ịnọchite anya atụmatụ nke ihe owuwu, obere square nke nwere ike ịnọchite anya ọdọ mmiri, na akara maka ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ osisi pọmigranet..[8]

Ogige eze a ma ama nke usoro ndị eze Shang bụ Terrace, Pond na Park of the Spirit (Lingtai, Lingzhao Lingyou) nke Eze Wenwang wuru n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke isi obodo ya, Yin. A kọwara ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na Classic of Poetry n'ụzọ a:

Eze na-agagharị na Ogige Mmụọ,
Anụ ọhịa na-egbu ikpere n'ala n'elu ahịhịa, na-enye ụmụ ha nri.
Mgbada mara mma ma na-egbuke egbuke.
Cranes ndị na-enweghị ntụpọ nwere ábụ́bà na-acha ọcha na-egbuke egbuke.
Eze na-agagharị na Pond of the Spirit,
Mmiri ahụ jupụtara na azụ, ndị na-agbagharị.[9]

Ogige eze ọzọ nke mbụ bụ Shaqui, ma ọ bụ dunes nke ájá, nke onye ọchịchị Shang ikpeazụ, Eze Zhou wuru (1075–1046 BC). Ihe mejupụtara ya bụ terrace ụwa, ma ọ bụ tai, bụ́ nke jere ozi dị ka ebe a na-ekiri ihe n'etiti otu nnukwu ogige ntụrụndụ. A kọwara ya n'otu n'ime oge ochie nke akwụkwọ ndị China, Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji).[1] Dị ka Shiji si kwuo, otu n'ime ihe ndị ama ama nke ubi a bụ ọdọ mmiri mmanya na anụ ọhịa (酒池肉林). Ewubere otu nnukwu ọdọ mmiri, nke ga-ezuru ọtụtụ obere ụgbọ mmiri, n'ala obí eze, nke e jikwa nkume oval a chara acha awara awara awara awara dị n'ime ya, site n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ wee jupụta na mmanya. Ewubere otu obere agwaetiti n’etiti ọdọ mmiri ahụ, bụ́ ebe a na-akụ osisi, bụ́ nke nwere skewer nke anụ a ṅara n’ọkụ nke kokwasịrị n’alaka ha. Eze Zhou na ndị enyi ya na ndị iko ya bufere n'ụgbọ mmiri ha, na-aṅụ mmanya na aka ha ma na-eri anụ a ṅara n'ọkụ nke osisi. Ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma na ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke China mesịrị kpọtụrụ ogige a dị ka ihe atụ nke nrụrụ aka na uto ọjọọ..[10]

N'Oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ (722-481 BC), na 535 BC, Eze Jing nke usoro Zhou wuru Terrace nke Shanghua, nke nwere obí eze mara mma. N'afọ 505 BC, a malitere ogige mara mma, Terrace of Gusu. Ọ dị n'akụkụ ugwu, ma gụnye usoro terraces jikọtara site na gallery, yana ọdọ mmiri ebe ụgbọ mmiri n'ụdị dragọn na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-agagharị. Site n'elu ugwu kachasị elu, a na-ahụ anya ruo Lake Tai, Great Lake.[11]

India

Manasollasa bụ ihe odide Sanskrit nke narị afọ nke iri na abụọ nke na-enye nkọwa gbasara imepụta ubi na isiokwu ndị ọzọ dịgasị iche iche.[12] A na-akọwa ma ogige ntụrụndụ ọha na eze na ogige ọhịa, na ihe dị ka ụdị osisi 40 a tụrụ aro maka ogige ntorobịa ahụ na isi Vana-krida. [12] [17] Shilparatna, ihe odide sitere na narị afọ nke iri na isii, na-ekwu na ogige okooko osisi ma ọ bụ ogige ntụrụndụ ọha kwesịrị ịdị n'akụkụ ugwu nke obodo.[13]

Japan

Ogige moss na ụlọ nsọ Saihō-ji na Kyoto, malitere na 1339.

Ogige ndị Japan mbụ e dekọrọ bụ ogige ntụrụndụ nke ndị eze ukwu na ndị a ma ama. A kpọtụrụ ha aha n'ọtụtụ akụkụ dị mkpirikpi nke Nihon Shoki, akụkọ ihe mere eme mbụ nke akụkọ ihe mere mere eme nke Japan, nke e bipụtara na 720 OA. N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 74 OA, akụkọ ahụ dere, sị: "Emperor Keikō tinyere carp ole na ole n'ime ọdọ mmiri, wee nwee obi ụtọ ịhụ ha n'ụtụtụ na mgbede". N'afọ sochirinụ, "Emperor tụbara ụgbọ mmiri nwere okpukpu abụọ n'ọdọ mmiri Ijishi na Ihare, wee soro iko nwanyị eze ukwu ya banye n'ụgbọ mmiri, ha wee soro ya mee oriri". N'afọ 486, akụkọ ihe mere eme dere na "Emperor Kenzō banyere n'ogige ahụ wee mee oriri n'akụkụ iyi na-agba gburugburu".[14]

Korea

Ogige ndị Korea bụ ụdị ogige a kọwara dị ka nke okike, nke a na-ejighị n'aka, nke dị mfe na nke a na'amanyeghị, na-achọ ijikọta ya na ụwa okike.[15] Ha nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke laghachiri azụ karịa puku afọ abụọ, mana a maghị ha nke ọma n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ.[16] Ihe ndekọ kachasị ochie sitere n'oge Alaeze Atọ (57 BC - 668 AD) mgbe ihe owuwu na ogige obí eze gosipụtara mmepe a kpọtụrụ aha na Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Alaeze Atọ nke Korea.

Europe

Nrụzigharị ogige ahụ n'ụlọ Vettii na Pompeii.

Aghọtaghị ịkọ ugbo dị ka ụdị nka na Europe ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke 16 mgbe ọ banyere n'okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, dị ka akara nke echiche nke "ezigbo mba". Na-akpalite ihe onyonyo nke ubi Iden, oge njupụta na ụbara ebe ụmụ mmadụ na-amataghị agụụ ma ọ bụ esemokwu sitere na esemokwu ihe onwunwe. John Evelyn dere na mmalite narị afọ nke 17, sị: "Ọ dịghị ndụ na-adọgbu onwe ya n'ọrụ mgbe ahụ bụ nke ezigbo ndị Gard'ners; kama ọrụ jupụtara n'ịdị jụụ na afọ ojuju; Natural na Nkuzi, na dị ka (ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla) na-enye aka na nsọpụrụ Chineke. na Ntụgharị uche."[1] N'oge oge nke Enclosures, agrarian mkpokọta nke afọ feudal bụ ezigbo mma na akwụkwọ edemede "echiche efu nke ịtọhapụ nlọghachi na ubi na ọzara..[17]

France

Mgbe ọ gachara njem ya na Ịtali na 1495, ebe ọ hụrụ ogige na ụlọ elu nke Naples, Eze Charles nke Asatọ kpọtara ndị ọrụ aka na ndị na-emepụta ogige ndị Ịtali, dị ka Pacello da Mercogliano, site na Naples wee nye iwu ka e wuo ogige ndị Itali n'ụlọ ya na Château d'Amboise na Châtea Gaillard, ebe obibi ọzọ dị na Amboise. Onye nọchiri ya bụ Henry nke Abụọ, onye gakwara Ịtali ma zute Leonardo da Vinci, mepụtara ogige ndị Ịtali dị nso na Chateau de Blois . [18] Malite na 1528, Eze Francis nke Mbụ mepụtara ogige ọhụrụ na Château de Fontainebleau, nke gosipụtara isi iyi, parterres, oké ọhịa nke osisi pine si Provence weta, na ọgba aka mbụ na France.[19] Château de Chenonceau nwere ogige abụọ n'ụdị ọhụrụ, otu e kere maka Diane nke Poitiers na 1551, na nke abụọ maka Catherine de 'Medici na 1560. [20] N'afọ 1536, onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ Philibert de l'Orme, mgbe o si na Rom lọta, mepụtara ogige nke Château d'Anet na-agbaso iwu ndị Ịtali. Nkwekọrịta a kwadebere nke ọma nke Anet, ya na parterres ya na elu mmiri jikọtara ya na ngalaba ahịhịa ndụ, ghọrọ otu n'ime ihe atụ kachasị mbụ na nke kachasị emetụta ogige French.[21]

The French formal garden (Templeeti:Lang-fr) contrasted with the design principles of the English landscape garden (Templeeti:Lang-fr) namely, to "force nature" instead of leaving it undisturbed.[22] Typical French formal gardens had "parterres, geometrical shapes and neatly clipped topiary", in contrast to the English style of garden in which "plants and shrubs seem to grow naturally without artifice."[23] By the mid-17th century axial symmetry had ascended to prominence in the French gardening traditions of Andre Mollet and Jacques Boyceau, from which the latter wrote: "All things, however beautiful they may be chosen, will be defective if they are not ordered and placed in proper symmetry."[24] A good example of the French formal style are the Tuileries gardens in Paris which were originally designed during the reign of King Henry II in the mid-sixteenth century. The gardens were redesigned into the formal French style for the Sun King Louis XIV. The gardens were ordered into symmetrical lines: long rows of elm or chestnut trees, clipped hedgerows, along with parterres, "reflect[ing] the orderly triumph of man's will over nature."[25]

Ogige ala French nwere mmetụta nke ogige ala England ma bụrụ nke a ma ama na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asatọ. [26][27]

United Kingdom

Tupu oge Grand Manner, a chọtara ogige ntụrụndụ ole na ole dị mkpa na Britain nke e mepụtara n'okpuru mmetụta nke kọntinent ahụ. Omenala ubi nke ụlọ Britain na-abụkarị nke bara uru na ebumnuche, kama ịma mma, n'adịghị ka nnukwu ogige ndị a na-ahụkarị na ala ụlọ elu, na nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe na mahadum. Tudor Gardens mesiri ike ọdịiche karịa mgbanwe, nke a na-ekewa site na agba na nrọ efu. Ebumnuche ha abụghị ka ha bụrụ ihe na-akwado ụlọ ma ọ bụ ihe owuwu, kama e chepụtara ha dị ka oghere kwụụrụ onwe ya, nke a haziri ka ha too ma gosipụta okooko osisi na osisi ịchọ mma. Ndị na-elekọta ubi gosipụtara nka ha n'ogige ntutu, na nhazi dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-agụnyekarị mgbidi igbe, na ahịhịa na-esi ísì ụtọ dị ka rosemary. Ụzọ ájá na-aga n'etiti ihe mgbochi nke eriri ndị mepere emepe ebe eriri ndị mechiri emepe jupụtara na otu okooko osisi. A na-etinye ogige ntụrụndụ na ogige ntụgharị mgbe niile n'Ala dị larịị, na ebe dị elu maka ala ebe a ga-ahụ mgbagwoju anya nke ogige ntụziaka.[24]

Henry Wotton kọwara ogige ndị Jacobean dị ka "mgbagwoju anya dị ụtọ" n'afọ 1624. N'okpuru mmetụta nke Renaissance nke Ịtali, ogige Caroline malitere ịhapụ ụfọdụ ọgba aghara nke atụmatụ ndị gara aga, na-egosi mmalite nke usoro na-aga n'ihu nke na-ewere ụlọ ahụ n'uche, ma gosipụta ala dị elu nke a ga-ahụ ụlọ na ogige. Nanị ogige Caroline dị ndụ dị na Bolsover Castle na Derbyshire, mana ọ dị mfe ịdọta mmasị dị ukwuu. N'oge ọchịchị Charles nke Abụọ, e wuru ọtụtụ ụlọ ọhụrụ nke Baroque; ebe ọ nọ n'England Oliver Cromwell chọrọ ibibi ọtụtụ ogige Tudor, Jacobean na Caroline.[24]

Nhazi

Nhazi ubi bụ usoro nke ịmepụta atụmatụ maka nhazi na ịkụ ubi na ala mara mma. Ndị nwe ubi n'onwe ha, ma ọ bụ ndị ọkachamara nwere ike ịmepụta ogige. A na-azụkarị ndị ọkachamara na-emepụta ubi na ụkpụrụ nke imewe na ịkọ ugbo, ma nwee ihe ọmụma na ahụmịhe nke iji osisi. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara na-emepụta ubi bụkwa ndị na-ese ihe n'ala, ọkwa ọzụzụ nke na-achọkarị ogo dị elu na mgbe mgbe ikike ọrụ.

Akụkụ nke imewe ubi gụnyere nhazi nke ala siri ike, dị ka ụzọ, nkume, mgbidi, ihe ndị dị na mmiri, ebe a na-anọdụ ala na oche, yana osisi n'onwe ha, na-atụle ihe ha chọrọ n'ubi, ọdịdị ha site n'oge ruo n'oge, ndụ ha, omume uto, nha, ọsọ nke uto, na njikọta ya na osisi ndị ọzọ na ihe ndị dị n'ala. Ọtụtụ ogige nwere ngwakọta nke ihe okike na ihe e wuru ewu, ọ bụ ezie na ọbụna ogige 'okike' bụ ihe okike aka mere mgbe niile. Ihe okike dị n'ogige na-agụnye osisi (dị ka osisi na ahịhịa), anụmanụ (dị ka arthropods na nnụnụ), ala, mmiri, ikuku na ìhè. Ihe ndị e wuru na-agụnye ọ bụghị naanị ụzọ, patios, oche, ihe a tụrụ atụ, usoro mmiri, ọkụ na ụlọ (dị ka ụlọ nkwakọba ihe, gazebos, pergolas na follies), kamakwa ihe owuwu dị ndụ dị ka àkwà okooko osisi, ọdọ mmiri na ahịhịa.

A na-eburu n'uche mkpa nlekọta ubi. Gụnyere oge ma ọ bụ ego dị maka mmezi mgbe niile, (nke a nwere ike imetụta nhọrọ nke osisi gbasara ọsọ nke uto) ịgbasa ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ nke osisi (nke kwa afọ ma ọ bụ nke na-adịgide adịgide), oge okooko osisi, na ọtụtụ njirimara ndị ọzọ. Enwere ike ịkewapụta ogige n'ìgwè abụọ, ogige ntụrụndụ na ogige ntụgharị. Ihe kachasị mkpa a ga-atụle n'ime ogige ọ bụla bụ otu a ga-esi jiri ogige ahụ mee ihe, ụdị ejiji a chọrọ, na ụzọ ogige ahụ ga-esi jikọọ n'ụlọ ma ọ bụ ihe owuwu ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Ihe ndị a niile na-adabere na mmefu ego. Enwere ike idozi mmefu ego site na ụdị ubi dị mfe nke nwere obere osisi na ihe ndị siri ike, mkpụrụ karịa ahịhịa maka ahịhịhịa, na osisi ndị na-eto ngwa ngwa; n'aka nke ọzọ, ndị nwe ubi nwere ike ịhọrọ ịmepụta ubi ha n'oge, mpaghara site na mpaghara.[34]  

Ụdị

Ụdị ubi
Ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ nzube a kapịrị ọnụ Ogige Alpine, Ogige ahịhịa, Ogige cactus, fernery, ogige okooko osisi, Ogige moss, ogige mkpụrụ osisi, oghere anụ ahụ (onye bu ụzọ n'ogige botanical), ogige pollinator, ogige rose, ogige mmiri, Ogige anụ ọhịa (iji kwado anụ ọhịa), ogige botanilic, ogige ahịa (obere mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ ego), ogige mmeri (n'oge a zụlitere iji gbakwunye nri), ogige hydroponic Ogige mmiri ozuzo (nwale mmiri ozuzo).
Ụdị ejiji ma ọ bụ ịma mma Bonsai, Ogige Mary mma (ogige mara mma ma ọ bụ ogige mara amara), Ogige Dutch, ogige ntụrụndụ (ogige ntụrụntụ zoro ezo nke nwere mmetụta "dị ka ụlọ"), Ogige ndị Germany, Ogige ndị Gris, ogige nkwonkwo (ogige nwere ihe oyiyi nke nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke Mary), Ogige ndị mọnk, Ogige Mughal, ogige okike (ogige okike), ogige ntụgharị, ogige ezumike, ogige nsọ, Ogige Shakespeare, ogige mgbụsị akwụkwọ, ogige, ogigeOgige ọhịa
Ebe e debere ya Ogige azụ, Ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ, ogige cottage, ogige ọhịa, Ogige ihu, ogige obodo, ogige square foot, ogige obibi, Ogige elu ụlọ, Ogige kichin, ogige ndòogige onyinyo
Ihe onwunwe Ogige karama, terrarium, greenhouse, mgbidi akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ogige kwụ ọtọ, ogige container, ogige ihe a tụrụ atụ, ogige àkwà dị elu, ogige nkume, ogige oyi

Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi

Ndị na-elekọta ubi nwere ike imebi gburugburu ebe obibi site n'ụzọ ha si akụ ubi, ma ọ bụ ha nwere ike ime ka gburugburu ebe obibi ha dịkwuo mma.Mmebi nke ndị na-elekọta ubi nwere ike ịgụnye mbibi nke ebe obibi na ogige mgbe e mepụtara ụlọ na ogige; mbibi nke ogige na-apụtaghị ìhè na mmebi iji nye ihe ubi dị ka peat, [28] nkume maka ogige nkume, [29] na site na iji mmiri pọmpụ iji gbaa ogige mmiri; ọnwụ nke ihe dị ndụ n'ogige ahụ n'onwe ya, dị ka igbu ọ bụghị naanị slugs na snails kamakwa ndị na-eri ha dị ka hedgehogs na song slushes site na-egwu egwu; ọnwụ nke ndị na ogige ahụ kpatara mkpofu osisi site na-enweghị ntụ; ọnwụ nke osisi na-emepụta site na-emepụta; dị ndụ na-enweghị isi na-emepụta.

Mgbanwe ihu igwe

Ndị na-elekọta ubi nwere ike inye aka gbochie mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, gụnyere iji osisi, obere osisi, osisi kpuchie ala na osisi ndị ọzọ na-adịgide adịgide n'ogige ha, na-agbanwe ihe mkpofu ubi ka ọ bụrụ ihe okike n'ala kama ịgba ya ọkụ, na-edebe ala na compost n'ime ikuku, na-ezere peat, na-agagharị site na ngwá ọrụ ike gaa na ngwá ọrụ aka ma ọ bụ gbanwee atụmatụ ubi ha ka ọ ghara ịdị mkpa, na iji osisi nitrogen-edozi fatịlaịza.[30]

Mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-enwe ọtụtụ mmetụta na ogige; ụfọdụ nnyocha na-atụ aro na ọtụtụ n'ime ha ga-abụ ihe na-adịghị mma. Ogige ntụrụndụ na-enyekwa aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ndị na-elekọta ubi nwere ike ịmepụta gas na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. Gas atọ bụ carbon dioxide, methane, na nitrous oxide. Ndị na-elekọta ubi na-emepụta carbon dioxide ozugbo site n'ịkụcha ala ma mebie carbon ala, site n'isure ihe mkpofu ubi n'ọkụ ọkụ, site na iji ngwá ọrụ ike nke na-ere mmanụ ala ma ọ bụ jiri ọkụ eletrik sitere na mmanụ ala, na site na iji peat. Ndị na-elekọta ubi na-emepụta methane site na ịta ala ma mee ka ọ bụrụ anaerobic, yana ikwe ka ụyọkọ compost ha bụrụ compacted na anaerobic. Ndị na-elekọta ubi na-emepụta nitrous oxide site na itinye nitrogen fatịlaịza gabigara ókè mgbe osisi na-eto eto nke mere Nri nitrogen dị na fatịlaịtị ga-agbanwe site na nje ala gaa na nitrous oxides.

Ịgba mmiri

Ụfọdụ ndị na-elekọta ubi na-elekọta ubi ha n'ejighị mmiri ọ bụla si n'èzí ogige ahụ. Ọmụmatụ na Britain gụnyere Ventnor Botanic Garden na Isle of Wight, na akụkụ nke ogige Bet Chatto dị na Essex, ogige Sticky Wicket na Dorset, na ubi Royal Horticultural Society na Harlow Carr na Hyde Hall. Ogige mmiri ozuzo na-amịkọrọ mmiri ozuzo na-adakwasị n'elu ebe siri ike dị nso, kama iziga ya n'ime mmiri mmiri ozuzo..[31]

Hụkwa

 

  • Ndepụta nke isiokwu ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ubi
  • Nchịkọta nke ọrụ ugbo na ọrụ ugbo
  • Ndepụta nke ndị ọkachamara na-elekọta ubi
  • Ndepụta akwụkwọ / mbipụta nke ịkọ ugbo na ịkọ ugbo

Ebem si dee

  1. ↑ Anguelovski. Urban gardening.
  2. ↑ Turner (1 September 2005). Garden History: Philosophy and Design 2000 BC – 2000 AD. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-37082-5. Retrieved on 8 December 2021. 
  3. ↑ Klindienst (2006). The Earth Knows My Name: Food, Culture, and Sustainability in the Gardens of Ethnic Americans. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-8562-2. Retrieved on 2021-12-08. 
  4. ↑ Fusco (2001). "Creating relevant science through urban planning and gardening". Journal of Research in Science Teaching 38 (8): 860–877. DOI:10.1002/tea.1036. 
  5. ↑ Etymology of words referring to enclosures, probably from a Sanskrit stem. In German, for example, Stuttgart. The word is generic for compounds and walled cities, as in Stalingrad, and the Russian word for city, gorod. Gird and girdle are also related. Yourdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2010-02-13.
  6. ↑ Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved on 2007-05-24.
  7. ↑ Schur (1987). British English from A to Zed: A Definitive Guide to the Queen's English. Skyhorse. ISBN 9781620875773. 
  8. ↑ Tong Jun, Records of Jiang Gardens, cited in Feng Chanoxiong, The Classical Gardens of Suzhou.
  9. ↑ Translation in Jardins de Chine, ou la quête du paradis, cited in Che Bing Chiu, Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis, p. 11.
  10. ↑ Che Bing Chiu, Jardins de Chine, ou la quete du paradis, p. 11.
  11. ↑ Che Bing Chiu, Jardins de Chine, p. 12
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Nalini Sadhale and YL Nene (2010), Bhudharakrida in Manasollasa, Asian Agri-History, Vol. 14, No. 4, pages 319–335
  13. ↑ Singh (1976). "Cities and parks in ancient India". Ekistics 42 (253): 372–376. 
  14. ↑ Nitschke, Le Jardin Japonais, p. 30.
  15. ↑ Hoare (January 1988). Korea: An Introduction - Google Book Search. Kegan Paul International. ISBN 9780710302991. Retrieved on 2009-01-12. 
  16. ↑ Archived copy. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved on 2011-05-18.
  17. ↑ Samson, Alexander. Locus Amoenus: Gardens and Horticulture in the Renaissance, 2012 :8
  18. ↑ Wenzler, Architecture du jardin, pg. 12
  19. ↑ Philippe Prevot, Histoire des jardins, pg. 107
  20. ↑ Prevot, Histoire des Jardins, 114
  21. ↑ Bernard Jeannel, Le Nôtre, Éd. Hazan, p. 17
  22. ↑ Weiss (1995). Mirrors of Infinity: The French Formal Garden and 17th-Century Metaphysics. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 9781568980508. 
  23. ↑ Scurr (2022). Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows. Vintage. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Hayes (2013). Landscape and Garden Design: Lessons from History. Whittle, 1–3. ISBN 978-1849950824. Hayes, Gordon (2013). Landscape and Garden Design: Lessons from History. Whittle. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-1849950824. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "hayes" defined multiple times with different content
  25. ↑ Scurr (2022). Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows. Vintage. 
  26. ↑ Calder (2006). Experiencing the Garden in the Eighteenth Century. Lang. ISBN 9783039102914. 
  27. ↑ Weiss (1995). Mirrors of Infinity: The French Formal Garden and 17th-Century Metaphysics. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 9781568980508. 
  28. ↑ Higgins. "Is this popular gardening material bad for the planet?", The Washington Post. Retrieved on 29 August 2022.
  29. ↑ Lindenmayer (2003). Wildlife on Farms: How to Conserve Native Animals. Csiro. ISBN 9780643068667. Retrieved on 29 August 2022. 
  30. ↑ (2008) in Ingram: Science and the Garden: The scientific basis of horticultural practice. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6063-6. 
  31. ↑ Dunnett and Clayden (2007). Rain Gardens: Managing Water Sustainably in the Garden and Designed Landscape. Portland, OR: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-826-6. 
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