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Gender Bias in Intra-Household Allocation of Education in India: Has it fallen over time?

Author

Listed:
  • Sandip Datta

    (Delhi School of Economics)

  • Geeta Gandhi Kingdon

    (UCL Institute of Education, London and City Montessori School, Lucknow)

Abstract
This paper employs a hurdle model approach to ask whether the extent of gender bias in education expenditure within rural households in India changed over time from 1995 to 2014. Our most striking finding is that there has been a change over time in the way that gender bias is practiced within the household. In 1995, gender bias occurred through a significantly higher probability of school-enrolment of boys than girls, but by 2014, gender bias was practiced via significantly higher conditional education expenditure on boys than girls, and this was largely achieved via pro-male private school enrolment decisions. Households practicing gender equality in school enrolment by 2014 is a positive trend. However, girls’ significant disadvantage vis a vis boys in terms of lower education expenditure, achieved via their lower private school enrolment rate by 2014, is problematic if lower expenditure is associated with lower levels of cognitive skills (literacy, numeracy, etc.) since both individual economic returns and national economic growth accrue to cognitive skills and not independently to completing a given number of years in school. Household fixed effects analysis shows that the observed gender biases are a within-household phenomenon rather than an artefact of differences in unobservables across households.

Suggested Citation

  • Sandip Datta & Geeta Gandhi Kingdon, 2021. "Gender Bias in Intra-Household Allocation of Education in India: Has it fallen over time?," DoQSS Working Papers 21-06, Quantitative Social Science - UCL Social Research Institute, University College London.
    • Handle: RePEc:qss:dqsswp:2106
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    Cited by:

    1. Xu, Sijia & Shonchoy, Abu S. & Fujii, Tomoki, 2022. "Assessing gender parity in intrahousehold allocation of educational resources: Evidence from Bangladesh," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 151(C).
    2. Monica Pinilla-Roncancio & Amy E. Ritterbusch & Sharon Sanchez-Franco & Catalina González-Uribe & Sandra García-Jaramillo, 2021. "Conceptual Debates on Poverty Measurement: The Use of Qualitative Expert Consultation to Guide Methodological Decision-making in Designing a Multidimensional Child-Poverty Measure," Child Indicators Research, Springer;The International Society of Child Indicators (ISCI), vol. 14(6), pages 2449-2469, December.
    3. Emran, M. Shahe & Jiang, Hanchen & Shilpi, Forhad, 2020. "Gender Bias and Intergenerational Educational Mobility: Theory and Evidence from China and India," GLO Discussion Paper Series 497, Global Labor Organization (GLO).
    4. Pradeep Kumar Choudhury & Amit Kumar, 2022. "How Much do Households Spend on Professional Higher Education in India? Results from a National Survey," Indian Journal of Human Development, , vol. 16(1), pages 77-96, April.
    5. Kumar, G. Naveen, 2023. "Improving public school productivity: Evidence from model schools in India," Economics of Education Review, Elsevier, vol. 97(C).
    6. Harvinder Singh & Angrej Singh Gill & Pradeep Kumar Choudhury, 2023. "Household Expenditure on Secondary Education in Haryana (India): Levels, Patterns and Determinants," Millennial Asia, , vol. 14(4), pages 605-635, December.
    7. Aswathy Rachel Varughese & Indrajit Bairagya, 2023. "Socio-economic inequalities in spending on various levels of education across Indian households: an update," Indian Economic Review, Springer, vol. 58(1), pages 197-229, June.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Gender bias; Education expenditure; Education and Gender; India;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I24 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Inequality
    • I24 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Inequality

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