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Diagnosis and Challenges of Sustainable Agricultural Development in Egypt

Author

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  • Soliman, Ibrahim
Abstract
Sustainable agricultural development seeks not only to preserve and maintain natural resources, but also to develop them, as future generations would have much more demand quantity-wise and quality-wise for agricultural and food products. Such goals should ensure a balance with the development of livelihoods enjoyed by the individuals concerned. Livelihood should not be restricted to an indicator of sufficient income levels but should also include public health concerns and education standards. The objective of this study was therefore to diagnose the challenges facing sustainable agricultural development in Egypt. The analysis examined six dimensions: trade trends with an emphasis on agricultural trade; rural poverty indicators and causes; degradation of agricultural resources (soil and irrigation water); agricultural labor employment in relation to migration and the technological packages adopted; public health criteria; and education indicators. The final section was allocated for a profile of the strategy towards rural development. The deficit in the trade balance showed an increase due to the deterioration of Egyptian exports in the world market, in particular the EU, due to the impacts of non-tariff barriers. Inequalities and rural poverty showed the extent of the unequal distribution of agricultural resources. They also demonstrated whether or not income generated from agriculture was capable of alleviating poverty in small-scale farming households and whether or not poverty in rural Egypt runs deeper than in urban areas. The appraisal of the degradation in natural resources focused on agricultural land and irrigation water. Whereas the agricultural land resources analysis concerned social and economic attitudes as well as the deterioration in soil fertility and quality, the analysis dealt with the types of quantitative and qualitative waste in irrigation water resources. Worrying demographic issues were examined via migration trends and unemployment indicators as well as through the labor force and employment by sector. Public health indicators showed that the imbalance between access to piped water and the sanitation network in rural regions was the worst of all Egyptian regions. While piped water reached 97 % of rural households, only one-third of them have access to the sanitation network and only 13 % of rural households in Upper Egypt had access to sanitation in 2008. The public health indicators recorded 30 beds and 13 doctors for every 10,000 citizens in major cities, there were fewer than 20 beds and 2 doctors per 10,000 citizens in rural towns. Surprisingly, there is a higher ratio of nurses to doctors in rural regions than in urban regions in Egypt. This implies a lack of doctors in rural regions and the preference of rural women to work as nurses in the vicinity of their home villages for social reasons, in particular the fact that other employment opportunities in rural areas for women are rare. Literacy rate estimates would appear to show that the lowest literacy rate is in rural Upper Egypt at about 57 % and that the highest rate is in urban Lower Egypt at around 79 %. The literacy gap between rural and urban areas in Egypt nevertheless fell from 45 % in 1995 to less than 21 % in 2010. The study was concluded with the definition of a profile for a strategy aimed at rural development in Egypt including a proposed program to alleviate poverty.

Suggested Citation

  • Soliman, Ibrahim, 2015. "Diagnosis and Challenges of Sustainable Agricultural Development in Egypt," MPRA Paper 66443, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:66443
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Adams, Richard H, Jr, 1991. "The Economic Uses and Impact of International Remittances in Rural Egypt," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 39(4), pages 695-722, July.
    2. Soliman, Ibrahim, 1992. "Agricultural Mechanization And Economic Efficiency Of Agricultural Production In Egypt," Conference Papers 112669, Zagazig University, Department of Agricultural Economics.
    3. Soliman, Ibrahim, 1995. "A Model For The Appraisal Of The Environmental Impacts Of The Projects," Conference Papers 119883, Zagazig University, Department of Agricultural Economics.
    4. Soliman, Ibrahim & Ewaida, Osama, 1996. "Impact of technological changes and economic liberalization on agricultural labor employment and Productivity," MPRA Paper 31165, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 29 Dec 1996.
    5. Soliman, Ibrahim & Gaber, Mohamed, 2010. "Rural Development Policies in Egypt," MPRA Paper 66630, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    6. Soliman, Ibrahim & Eid, Nafissa, 1995. "Impacts Of Egyptian Socio-Economic Environment On Dietary Pattern And Adequacy," Journal Articles 107278, Zagazig University, Department of Agricultural Economics.
    7. Soliman, Ibrahim, 2010. "Human Development Indicators in Rural Egypt," MPRA Paper 66547, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised Apr 2010.
    8. Hazell, P. B. R. & Soliman, Ibrahim & Siam, Gamal & Perez, Nicostrato, 1995. "Impact of the structural adjustment program on agricultural production and resource use in Egypt:," EPTD discussion papers 10, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    9. S. Brock Blomberg & Gregory D. Hess, 2002. "The Temporal Links between Conflict and Economic Activity," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 46(1), pages 74-90, February.
    10. El-Asfahani, Aida & Soliman, Ibrahim, 1989. "Planning for food and nutrition security in Egypt: social, economic, and political considerations," MPRA Paper 67544, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    11. World Bank, 2004. "World Development Indicators 2004," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 13890.
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    Cited by:

    1. Abdelkader, Mahmood & Sliuzas, Richard & Boerboom, Luc & Zevenbergen, Jaap, 2022. "The unintended consequences of Egypt's institutional land regime on unplanned settlement growth in the Nile Valley," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C).
    2. Heba E. Helmy, 2019. "Are Rural Egyptians Better Off? Trends in Inequality and Real Consumption Expenditure in Rural Egypt," Poverty & Public Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(3), pages 238-264, September.
    3. Soliman, Ibrahim & A. Fawzy, Heba & G. amer, M. & M. Fouad, S., 2017. "دوال الاستهلاك والطلب الفعال الكمي والنوعي على الألبان ومنتجاتها في الحضر والريف المصري [Consumption Functions And The Qualitative Demand For Milk Products In Egyptian Urban And Rural]," MPRA Paper 114579, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Soliman, Ibrahim & محمد صفوت الحارحي, لبني, 2018. "دالة الاستهلاك والطلب الفعال وفقا لأنصبة السوق المصري من اللحوم الحمراء المجمدة المستوردة [Consumption function and effective demand for imported frozen red meat by Egyptian market shares]," MPRA Paper 114445, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Egypt; Development Economics; Supply Chain Management; sustainable agricultural development;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • O13 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Agriculture; Natural Resources; Environment; Other Primary Products
    • Q14 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Agriculture - - - Agricultural Finance
    • Q18 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Agriculture - - - Agricultural Policy; Food Policy; Animal Welfare Policy

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