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Transgender Earnings Gaps in the United States: Evidence from Administrative Data

Author

Listed:
  • Christopher S. Carpenter
  • Lucas Goodman
  • Maxine J. Lee
Abstract
We provide the first evidence on transgender earnings in the US using administrative data on over 55,000 individuals who changed their gender marker with the Social Security Administration and had gender-congruent first name changes on tax records. We validate and describe this sample which exhibits positive selection likely associated with the ability to legally affirm gender. To address selection we estimate transgender earnings gaps using timing variation within-person and variation across siblings and coworkers. All three approaches return evidence of robust transgender earnings penalties of 6-13 log points driven by extensive and intensive margin differences.

Suggested Citation

  • Christopher S. Carpenter & Lucas Goodman & Maxine J. Lee, 2024. "Transgender Earnings Gaps in the United States: Evidence from Administrative Data," NBER Working Papers 32691, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32691
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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • J0 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - General
    • J10 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - General

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