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Globalization, Governance, and the Returns to Cross-Border Acquisitions

Author

Listed:
  • Jesse Ellis
  • Sara B. Moeller
  • Frederik P. Schlingemann
  • René M. Stulz
Abstract
Using a sample of control cross-border acquisitions from 61 countries from 1990 to 2007, we find that acquirers from countries with better governance gain more from such acquisitions and their gains are higher when targets are from countries with worse governance. Other acquirer country characteristics are not consistently related to acquisition gains. For instance, the anti-self-dealing index of the acquirer has opposite associations with acquirer returns depending on whether the acquisition of a public firm is paid for with cash or equity. Strikingly, global effects in acquisition returns are at least as important as acquirer country effects. First, the acquirer's industry and the year of the acquisition explain more of the stock-price reaction than the country of the acquirer. Second, for acquisitions of private firms or subsidiaries, acquirers gain more when acquisition returns are high for acquirers from other countries. We find strong evidence that better alignment of interests between insiders and minority shareholders is associated with greater acquirer returns and weaker evidence that this effect mitigates the adverse impact of poor country governance.

Suggested Citation

  • Jesse Ellis & Sara B. Moeller & Frederik P. Schlingemann & René M. Stulz, 2011. "Globalization, Governance, and the Returns to Cross-Border Acquisitions," NBER Working Papers 16676, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:16676
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    Cited by:

    1. Mike Burkart & Konrad Raff, 2015. "Performance Pay, CEO Dismissal, and the Dual Role of Takeovers," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 19(4), pages 1383-1414.
    2. Isil Erel & Yeejin Jang & Michael S. Weisbach, 2012. "Financing-Motivated Acquisitions," NBER Working Papers 17867, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. Arulampalam, Wiji & Devereux, Michael P. & Liberini, Federica, 2019. "Taxes and the location of targets," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 176(C), pages 161-178.
    4. Isil Erel & Yeejin Jang & Michael S. Weisbach, 2015. "Do Acquisitions Relieve Target Firms’ Financial Constraints?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 70(1), pages 289-328, February.
    5. Laing, Elaine & Gurdgiev, Constantin & Durand, Robert B. & Boermans, Boris, 2019. "U.S. tax inversions and shareholder wealth effects," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 35-52.
    6. Ahern, Kenneth R. & Daminelli, Daniele & Fracassi, Cesare, 2015. "Lost in translation? The effect of cultural values on mergers around the world," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(1), pages 165-189.
    7. Liberini, Federica, 2014. "Corporate Taxes and the Growth of the Firm," The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS) 1042, University of Warwick, Department of Economics.
    8. Karolyi, G. Andrew & Liao, Rose C., 2017. "State capitalism's global reach: Evidence from foreign acquisitions by state-owned companies," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 367-391.
    9. Xu, Emma Qianying, 2017. "Cross-border merger waves," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 207-231.
    10. Thenmozhi, M. & Narayanan, P.C., 2016. "Rule of law or country level corporate governance: What matters more in emerging market acquisitions?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(C), pages 448-463.
    11. Aktas, Nihat & de Bodt, Eric & Roll, Richard, 2013. "Learning from repetitive acquisitions: Evidence from the time between deals," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 108(1), pages 99-117.
    12. Beltratti, Andrea & Paladino, Giovanna, 2013. "Is M&A different during a crisis? Evidence from the European banking sector," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(12), pages 5394-5405.
    13. INOUE Kotaro & NARA Saori & YAMASAKI Takashi, 2013. "Are Japanese Acquisitions Efficient Investments?," Discussion papers 13085, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
    14. Hu, May & Yang, Jingjing, 2016. "The role of leverage in cross-border mergers and acquisitions," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 43(C), pages 170-199.
    15. Col, Burcin & Errunza, Vihang, 2022. "Havenly acquisitions," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    16. Bird, Andrew & Edwards, Alexander & Shevlin, Terry, 2017. "Does U.S. foreign earnings lockout advantage foreign acquirers?," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(1), pages 150-166.

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    JEL classification:

    • G31 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies
    • G32 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill
    • G34 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Corporate Governance

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