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Incarceration, recidivism and employment

Author

Listed:
  • Manudeep, Bhuller

    (Department of Economics, University of Chicago; Research Department, Statistics Norway)

  • Dahl, Gordon B.

    (Department of Economics, UC San Diego)

  • Løken, Katrine V.

    (Department of Economics, University of Bergen)

  • Mogstad, Magne

    (Department of Economics, University of Chicago; Research Department, Statistics Norway; NBER)

Abstract
Understanding whether, and in what situations, time spent in prison is criminogenic or preventive has proven challenging due to data availability and correlated unobservables. This paper overcomes these challenges in the context of Norway’s criminal justice system, offering new insights into how incarceration affects subsequent crime and employment. We construct a panel dataset containing the criminal behavior and labor market outcomes of the entire population, and exploit the random assignment of criminal cases to judges who differ systematically in their stringency in sentencing defendants to prison. Using judge stringency as an instrumental variable, we find that imprisonment discourages further criminal behavior, and that the reduction extends beyond incapacitation. Incarceration decreases the probability an individual will reoffend within 5 years by 27 percentage points, and reduces the number of offenses over this same period by 10 criminal charges. In comparison, OLS shows positive associations between incarceration and subsequent criminal behavior. This sharp contrast suggests the high rates of recidivism among ex-convicts is due to selection, and not a consequence of the experience of being in prison. Exploring factors that may explain the preventive effect of incarceration, we find the decline in crime is driven by individuals who were not working prior to incarceration. Among these individuals, imprisonment increases participation in programs directed at improving employability and reducing recidivism, and ultimately, raises employment and earnings while discouraging further criminal behavior. Contrary to the widely embraced ‘nothing works’ doctrine, these findings demonstrate that time spent in prison with a focus on rehabilitation can indeed be preventive.

Suggested Citation

  • Manudeep, Bhuller & Dahl, Gordon B. & Løken, Katrine V. & Mogstad, Magne, 2016. "Incarceration, recidivism and employment," Working Papers in Economics 07/16, University of Bergen, Department of Economics.
    • Handle: RePEc:hhs:bergec:2016_007
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    crime; employment; incarceration; recidivism;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J24 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
    • K42 - Law and Economics - - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior - - - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law

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