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Évolution de l'accès à l'emploi et des conditions de travail des immigrants au Québec, en Ontario et en Colombie-Britannique entre 2006 et 2012

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  • Brahim Boudarbat
  • Marie Connolly
Abstract
This report provides a statistical portrait of the labour market situation of immigrants in Quebec compared to Ontario and British Columbia. We analysed this situation from two angles, quantitative (activity and unemployment rates) and qualitative (working conditions), over a sufficiently long period of time to neutralise the cyclical effects and draw solid conclusions. Empirical data are from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) for the period 2006-2012 and refer to the population aged 15 to 64. Quantitatively, our results support those of previous studies that access to employment is more difficult for immigrants from Quebec than from other Canadian provinces, particularly British Columbia. They also indicate that this situation is far from temporary, since immigrants in Quebec face a high double-digit unemployment rate and this disadvantage persists over time. However, the analysis of terms and conditions of employment provides a downside to British Columbia's good performance relative to Quebec in terms of immigrant employment. Indeed, this performance is essentially due to the greater propensity of immigrants in British Columbia to opt for self-employment and to accept lower quality jobs. They are also relatively more likely to rely on their network of family and friends when looking for work. In fact, this province is far from being a model for the economic integration of immigrants despite low unemployment rates among them. Finally, we note the important role that the place of graduation plays in access to employment ñ especially in Quebec ñ and in the quality of employment. In all three provinces studied, immigrants who graduated in Africa, Asia or the Americas (except the United States and Canada) are significantly disadvantaged. However, these regions are by far the main sources of immigration to Quebec and Canada. All in all, Quebec ñ like Ontario and British Columbia ñ is far from making the most of the resources available through immigration. As a result, provincial and federal governments will need to focus more on promoting the full use of these resources through the effective participation of immigrants in the labour market. Ce rapport brosse un portrait statistique de la situation des immigrants sur le marché du travail au Québec en comparaison avec l'Ontario et la Colombie-Britannique. Nous avons analysé cette situation sous deux angles, quantitatif (taux d'activité et de chômage) et qualitatif (conditions de travail) et ce, sur une période suffisamment longue qui permet de neutraliser les effets conjoncturels et de tirer des conclusions solides. Les données empiriques proviennent de l'Enquête sur la population active (EPA) pour la période 2006-2012 et se rapportent à la population de 15 à 64 ans. Sur le plan quantitatif, nos résultats appuient ceux des études précédentes à l'effet que l'accès à l'emploi est plus difficile pour les immigrants du Québec comparativement à ceux des autres provinces canadiennes, notamment ceux de la Colombie-Britannique. Ils indiquent par surcroît que cette situation est loin d'être temporaire puisque les immigrants du Québec sont confrontés à un taux de chômage élevé à deux chiffres et que ce désavantage se maintient dans le temps. Toutefois, l'analyse des conditions d'emploi vient mettre un bémol sur la bonne performance de la Colombie-Britannique par rapport au Québec au chapitre de l'emploi des immigrants. En effet, cette performance s'expliquerait essentiellement par la plus grande propension des immigrants de la Colombie-Britannique à opter pour l'auto-emploi et à accepter des emplois de moins bonne qualité. Ils sont également relativement plus nombreux à s'appuyer sur leur réseau de parents et amis lors de la recherche d'emploi. En fait, cette province est loin de constituer un modèle d'intégration économique des immigrants en dépit des faibles taux de chômage parmi ceux-ci. Enfin, nous relevons le rôle important que joue le lieu d'obtention du diplôme dans l'accès à l'emploi surtout au Québec et dans la qualité de celui-ci. Dans les trois provinces étudiées, les immigrants ayant obtenu leur diplôme en Afrique, en Asie ou dans les Amériques (sauf États-Unis et Canada) sont largement défavorisés. Or, ces régions sont de loin les principales sources d'immigration au Québec et au Canada. Tout compte fait, le Québec tout comme l'Ontario et la Colombie-Britannique est loin de tirer le meilleur parti des ressources qu'offre l'immigration. Par conséquent, les gouvernements provinciaux et fédéral devront s'attacher davantage à promouvoir la pleine utilisation de ces ressources à travers une participation efficace des immigrants au marché du travail.

Suggested Citation

  • Brahim Boudarbat & Marie Connolly, 2013. "Évolution de l'accès à l'emploi et des conditions de travail des immigrants au Québec, en Ontario et en Colombie-Britannique entre 2006 et 2012," CIRANO Working Papers 2013s-28, CIRANO.
    • Handle: RePEc:cir:cirwor:2013s-28
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    File URL: https://cirano.qc.ca/files/publications/2013s-28.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Brahim Boudarbat & Claude Montmarquette, 2013. "Origine et sources de la surqualification dans la région métropolitaine de Montréal," CIRANO Project Reports 2013rp-08, CIRANO.
    2. Philip Oreopoulos, 2009. "Why Do Skilled Immigrants Struggle in the Labor Market? A Field Experiment with Six Thousand Resumes," NBER Working Papers 15036, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. Brahim Boudarbat & Maude Boulet, 2010. "Immigration au Québec : Politiques et intégration au marché du travail," CIRANO Project Reports 2010rp-05, CIRANO.
    4. Picot, Garnett, 2008. "Situation economique et sociale des immigrants au Canada : recherche et elaboration de donnees a Statistique Canada," Direction des études analytiques : documents de recherche 2008319f, Statistics Canada, Direction des études analytiques.
    5. Boudarbat, Brahim & Gontero, Sonia Ines, 2008. "Offre de travail des femmes mariées immigrantes au Canada," L'Actualité Economique, Société Canadienne de Science Economique, vol. 84(2), pages 129-153, juin.
    6. Brahim Boudarbat, 2011. "Les défis de l'intégration des immigrants dans le marché du travail au Québec : enseignements tirés d'une comparaison avec l'Ontario et la Colombie-Britannique," CIRANO Project Reports 2011rp-07, CIRANO.
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    Cited by:

    1. Brahim Boudarbat & Claude Montmarquette, 2020. "Y a-t-il discrimination à l’embauche des jeunes Maghrébins au Québec ? Résultats d’une expérience contrôlée à Montréal," CIRANO Project Reports 2020rp-26, CIRANO.
    2. LEBIHAN, Laetitia & MAO TAKONGMO, Charles Olivier & McKELLIPS, Fanny, 2017. "Health Inequalities for Immigrants in Canada : Quebec versus the Rest of Canada," MPRA Paper 79970, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised Jun 2017.
    3. Lebihan Laetitia & Olivier Mao Takongmo Charles & McKellips Fanny, 2018. "Health Disparities for Immigrants: Theory and Evidence from Canada," Review of Economics, De Gruyter, vol. 69(3), pages 183-206, December.

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    Keywords

    ; Immigration; conditions de travail; marché du travail;
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