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Islam and the State: Religious Education in the Age of Mass Schooling∗

Author

Listed:
  • Samuel Bazzi

    (Boston University, CEPR, NBER)

  • Masyhur Hilmy

    (Boston University)

  • Benjamin Marx

    (Sciences Po and CEPR)

Abstract
Public schooling systems are an essential feature of modern states. These systems often developed at the expense of religious schools, which undertook the bulk of education historically and still cater to large student populations worldwide. This paper examines how Indonesia’s long-standing Islamic school system responded to the construction of 61,000 public elementary schools in the mid-1970s. The policy was designed in part to foster nation building and to curb religious influence in society. We are the first to study the market response to these ideological objectives. Using novel data on Islamic school construction and curriculum, we identify both short-run effects on exposed cohorts as well as dynamic, long-run effects on education markets. While primary enrollment shifted towards state schools, religious education increased on net as Islamic secondary schools absorbed the increased demand for continued education. The Islamic sector not only entered new markets to compete with the state but also increased religious curriculum at newly created schools. Our results suggest that the Islamic sector response increased religiosity at the expense of a secular national identity. Overall, this ideological competition in education undermined the nation-building impacts of mass schooling.

Suggested Citation

  • Samuel Bazzi & Masyhur Hilmy & Benjamin Marx, 2020. "Islam and the State: Religious Education in the Age of Mass Schooling∗," Boston University - Department of Economics - The Institute for Economic Development Working Papers Series dp-349, Boston University - Department of Economics.
    • Handle: RePEc:bos:iedwpr:dp-349
    as

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    File URL: http://www.bu.edu/econ/files/2020/07/IslamState_Manuscript.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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    4. Becker, Sascha O. & Pfaff, Steven, 2022. "Church and State in historical political economy," The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS) 1409, University of Warwick, Department of Economics.
    5. Benjamin W. Arold & M. Danish Shakeel, 2021. "The Unintended Effects of the Common Core State Standards on Non-Targeted Subjects," ifo Working Paper Series 354, ifo Institute - Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
    6. Benjamin W. Arold & Ludger Woessmann & Larissa Zierow, 2022. "Can Schools Change Religious Attitudes? Evidence from German State Reforms of Compulsory Religious Education," CESifo Working Paper Series 9504, CESifo.
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    8. Ahsan, Md Nazmul & Emran, M. Shahe & Shilpi, Forhad, 2024. "On the Rank-Rank Model of Intergenerational Mobility: Pitfalls for Policy Evaluation," MPRA Paper 121676, University Library of Munich, Germany.
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    10. Muhammad Fikru Rizal & Nicole Black & David W. Johnston & Rohan Sweeney, 2023. "Long‐term health effects of a school construction program," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(8), pages 1670-1688, August.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Religion; Education; Nation Building; Islam; School Competition;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H52 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - Government Expenditures and Education
    • I25 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Education - - - Education and Economic Development
    • N45 - Economic History - - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation - - - Asia including Middle East
    • P16 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Capitalist Economies - - - Capitalist Institutions; Welfare State
    • Z12 - Other Special Topics - - Cultural Economics - - - Religion

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