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Central Bank Digital Currencies: The Motivation

Author

Listed:
  • Bert Van Roosebeke

    (International Association of Deposit Insurers)

  • Ryan Defina

    (International Association of Deposit Insurers)

Abstract
A growing number of central banks are considering the issuance of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). Upon their introduction and depending on their exact design, CBDCs may have considerable consequences for deposit insurers as well. In the first of a set of papers, this Fintech Brief sets out four of the main motivations for issuing CBDCs. Acknowledging considerable divergences across jurisdictions, we find: CBDCs for the general public ('retail CBDCs') would constitute a central bank liability and a form of digital cash. To the public, they would be an alternative to central bank issued cash and private money, such as bank deposits. A large and growing share of central banks are experimenting with retail CBDCs. Some 20% of central banks indicate that they are likely to issue a retail CBDC by 2026, 40% indicate this is 'possible'. Short-term monetary policy considerations are unlikely to play a significant role in central banks' motivation for CBDCs. Whereas central banks in emerging markets and developing economies note that CBDCs may contribute to promoting financial inclusion, in advanced economies, CBDCs are not the most straightforward instrument in doing so. The evolution of payments plays a pivotal role in developing CBDCs. Given the declining role of cash in some jurisdictions, CBDCs as a new form of central bank money may contribute to safeguarding trust in the public currency. However, the available CBDC amounts necessary for that purpose may cause conflicts with likely and financial-stability-related limits on the volume of CBDCs that individuals may hold. As CBDCs would offer an alternative payment solution, they would contribute to resilience in future payment markets that may be privately dominated. However, given their digital nature, CBDCs may well be subject to similar cybersecurity and other digital risks that apply to private payment systems. CBDCs may contribute to competition and efficiency in an otherwise oligopolistic market for payment services, dominated by BigTechs. While potentially challenging to implement, a regulatory or competition-law-based response may be possible and would be less intrusive than introducing a CBDC. Central banks face the risk of large-scale use by the public of private or public (i.e. CBDC) digital currencies, not denominated in the domestic currency. These currencies may play a decisive role in the economy, and if foreign-based, largely out of reach of domestic legislation. CBDCs and/or private payment solutions in the domestic currency may assist in mitigating this risk, given sufficient demand for these.

Suggested Citation

  • Bert Van Roosebeke & Ryan Defina, 2021. "Central Bank Digital Currencies: The Motivation," IADI Fintech Briefs 5, International Association of Deposit Insurers.
  • Handle: RePEc:awl:finbri:5
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sarmiento, Adolfo, 2022. "Seven lessons from the e-Peso pilot plan: The possibility of a Central Bank Digital Currency," Latin American Journal of Central Banking (previously Monetaria), Elsevier, vol. 3(2).
    2. Markus K. Brunnermeier & Harold James & Jean-Pierre Landau, 2019. "The Digitalization of Money," Working Papers 2019-13, Princeton University. Economics Department..
    3. Defina, Ryan & Van Roosebeke, Bert & Manga, Paul, 2021. "E-Money and Deposit Insurance in Kenya," MPRA Paper 111007, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Bindseil, Ulrich, 2020. "Tiered CBDC and the financial system," Working Paper Series 2351, European Central Bank.
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    6. Andrew Usher & Edona Reshidi & Francisco Rivadeneyra & Scott Hendry, 2021. "The Positive Case for a CBDC," Discussion Papers 2021-11, Bank of Canada.
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    9. Defina, Ryan, 2021. "Machine Learning Methods: Potential for Deposit Insurance," MPRA Paper 110712, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    10. Codruta Boar & Andreas Wehrli, 2021. "Ready, steady, go? - Results of the third BIS survey on central bank digital currency," BIS Papers, Bank for International Settlements, number 114.
    11. Tim Atkin & Gianni La Cava, 2017. "The Transmission of Monetary Policy: How Does It Work?," RBA Bulletin (Print copy discontinued), Reserve Bank of Australia, pages 01-08, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Van Roosebeke, Bert & Defina, Ryan, 2022. "Central Bank Digital Currencies: A Review of Operating Models and Design Issues," MPRA Paper 116240, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    2. Bert Van Roosebeke & Ryan Defina, 2023. "Deposit Insurance in 2023: Global Trends and Key Issues," IADI Research Papers 23-02, International Association of Deposit Insurers.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    deposit insurance; bank resolution;

    JEL classification:

    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G33 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Bankruptcy; Liquidation

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