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Building Resilience against Adverse Shocks: What are the determinants of vulnerability and resilience?

Author

Listed:
  • Lykke Andersen

    (Institute for Advanced Development Studies)

  • Marcelo Cardona

    (Institute for Advanced Development Studies)

Abstract
This paper proposes a simple way to measure livelihood diversification, and uses this measure together with income levels to classify Bolivian households by level of vulnerability. Regression analysis is then carried out to determine the factors and strategies associated with high resilience or high vulnerability. The results show that the single most important strategy for resilience is to have a working and income earning spouse in the household. This is still much too uncommon in Bolivia. A second important factor is the age of the head of household. Young families are considerably more vulnerable than more mature families, as they have not had time to build up assets that can provide alternative sources of livelihood. One of the most surprising results of the study is that urban households are considerably more vulnerable to adverse shocks than rural households, whereas gender and ethnicity are irrelevant. The paper finishes with a comprehensive list of policy recommendations.

Suggested Citation

  • Lykke Andersen & Marcelo Cardona, 2013. "Building Resilience against Adverse Shocks: What are the determinants of vulnerability and resilience?," Development Research Working Paper Series 02/2013, Institute for Advanced Development Studies.
    • Handle: RePEc:adv:wpaper:201302
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    File URL: http://www.inesad.edu.bo/pdf/wp2013/wp02_2013.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Frank Ellis, 1998. "Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 35(1), pages 1-38.
    2. Carlos Gustavo Machicado & Beatriz Muriel & Luis Carlos Jemio, 2010. "Aporte de los Servicios Ecosistémicos silvícolas a la Economía Boliviana," Development Research Working Paper Series 12/2010, Institute for Advanced Development Studies.
    3. Muriel Hernández, Beatriz & Machicado Salas , Carlos Gustavo, 2014. "Empleo y Regulación Laboral: Análisis Empírico de Las Firmas Manufactureras Bolivianas, 1988-2007," Revista Latinoamericana de Desarrollo Economico, Carrera de Economía de la Universidad Católica Boliviana (UCB) "San Pablo", issue 21, pages 9-60, Mayo.
    4. Barrett, C. B. & Reardon, T. & Webb, P., 2001. "Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: concepts, dynamics, and policy implications," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 315-331, August.
    5. Lykke E. Andersen, 2011. "Development from within," INESAD ebooks, Institute for Advanced Development Studies, edition 1, volume 1, number 201101, July.
    6. Lykke Andersen & Horacio Valencia, 2010. "Trabajo no agrícola de las familias rurales de Bolivia: un análisis de determinantes y efectos," Capítulos de Libros PUCP / Chapters of PUCP books, in: José Rodríguez & Albert Berry (ed.), Desafíos laborales en América Latina después de dos décadas de reformas estructurales. Bolivia, Paraguay y Perú 1997-2008, edition 1, chapter 7, pages 397-424, Fondo Editorial - Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
    7. Lykke E. Andersen & Natasha N. Andersen & Marta Kornacka & Montserrat Valdivia, 2016. "M - Migración," INESAD book chapters, in: El ABC del desarrollo en Bolivia, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 0, pages 139-145, Institute for Advanced Development Studies.
    8. Neil Adger, W., 1999. "Social Vulnerability to Climate Change and Extremes in Coastal Vietnam," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 27(2), pages 249-269, February.
    9. Mariana Alfonso, 2008. "Girls Just Want to Have Fun?: Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Motherhood among Bolivian Teenagers," IDB Publications (Working Papers) 6738, Inter-American Development Bank.
    10. Niehof, Anke, 2004. "The significance of diversification for rural livelihood systems," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 321-338, August.
    11. Ellis, Frank, 2000. "Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198296966.
    12. Andersen, Lykke Eg, 2002. "Rural-Urban Migration in Bolivia: Advantages and Disadvantages," Documentos de trabajo 5/2002, Instituto de Investigaciones Socio-Económicas (IISEC), Universidad Católica Boliviana.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Andersen, Lykke E. & Cardona, Marcelo & Romero, Daniela, 2015. "¿Los programas de riego hacen que las comunidades rurales pobres de Bolivia sean menos vulnerables?," Revista Latinoamericana de Desarrollo Economico, Carrera de Economía de la Universidad Católica Boliviana (UCB) "San Pablo", issue 24, pages 9-46, Noviembre.
    2. Lykke E. Andersen & Dorte Verner & Manfred Wiebelt, 2017. "Gender and Climate Change in Latin America: An Analysis of Vulnerability, Adaptation and Resilience Based on Household Surveys," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(7), pages 857-876, October.
    3. Lykke E. Andersen & Anna Sophia Doyle & Dorte Verner & Manfred Wiebelt, 2014. "Gender, Ethnicity and Climate Change in Mexico: An analysis of vulnerability and resilience based on household surveys," Development Research Working Paper Series 07/2014, Institute for Advanced Development Studies.
    4. Andersen, Lykke E. & Breisinger, Clemens & Mason d'Croz, Daniel & Jemio, Luis Carlos & Ringler, Claudia & Robertson, Richard D. & Verner, Dorte & Wiebelt, Manfred, 2014. "Agriculture, incomes, and gender in Latin America by 2050: An assessment of climate change impacts and household resilience for Brazil, Mexico, and Peru:," IFPRI discussion papers 1390, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    5. Kimleng Sa, 2017. "Urban Climate Vulnerability in Cambodia: A Case Study in Koh Kong Province," Economies, MDPI, vol. 5(4), pages 1-19, November.
    6. Mengistu Asmamaw & Seid Tiku Mereta & Argaw Ambelu, 2019. "Exploring households’ resilience to climate change-induced shocks using Climate Resilience Index in Dinki watershed, central highlands of Ethiopia," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(7), pages 1-21, July.
    7. Balana, Bedru B. & Oyeyemi, Motunrayo & Ogunniyi, Adebayo & Fasoranti, Adetunji & Edeh, Hyacinth & Andam, Kwaw, 2022. "Have households’ livelihoods and food security rebounded from COVID-19 shocks in Nigeria? Results from a follow-up phone survey," 96th Annual Conference, April 4-6, 2022, K U Leuven, Belgium 321205, Agricultural Economics Society - AES.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Livelihood diversification; resilience; vulnerability; external shocks; Bolivia;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D33 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Factor Income Distribution
    • I32 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
    • O54 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Latin America; Caribbean

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