[go: up one dir, main page]
IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/ags/uersrr/96635.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Local Food Systems: Concepts, Impacts, and Issues

Author

Listed:
  • Martinez, Stephen W.
  • Hand, Michael S.
  • Da Pra, Michelle
  • Pollack, Susan L.
  • Ralston, Katherine L.
  • Smith, Travis A.
  • Vogel, Stephen J.
  • Clark, Shellye
  • Lohr, Luanne
  • Low, Sarah A.
  • Newman, Constance
Abstract
This comprehensive overview of local food systems explores alternative definitions of local food, estimates market size and reach, describes the characteristics of local consumers and producers, and examines early indications of the economic and health impacts of local food systems. There is no consensus on a definition of “local” or “local food systems” in terms of the geographic distance between production and consumption. But defining “local” based on marketing arrangements, such as farmers selling directly to consumers at regional farmers’ markets or to schools, is well recognized. Statistics suggest that local food markets account for a small, but growing, share of U.S. agricultural production. For smaller farms, direct marketing to consumers accounts for a higher percentage of their sales than for larger farms. Findings are mixed on the impact of local food systems on local economic development and better nutrition levels among consumers, and sparse literature is so far inconclusive about whether localization reduces energy use or greenhouse gas emissions.

Suggested Citation

  • Martinez, Stephen W. & Hand, Michael S. & Da Pra, Michelle & Pollack, Susan L. & Ralston, Katherine L. & Smith, Travis A. & Vogel, Stephen J. & Clark, Shellye & Lohr, Luanne & Low, Sarah A. & Newman, , 2010. "Local Food Systems: Concepts, Impacts, and Issues," Economic Research Report 96635, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
    • Handle: RePEc:ags:uersrr:96635
    DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.96635
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/96635/files/ERR97.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.22004/ag.econ.96635?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    Other versions of this item:

    • Martinez, Steve & Hand, Michael & Da Pra, Michelle & Pollack, Susan & Ralston, Katherine & Smith, Travis & Vogel, Stephen & Clarke, Shellye & Lohr, Luanne & Low, Sarah & Newman, Constance, 2010. "Local food systems: concepts, impacts, and issues," MPRA Paper 24313, University Library of Munich, Germany.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bond, Jennifer Keeling & Thilmany, Dawn & Bond, Craig, 2009. "What Influences Consumer Choice of Fresh Produce Purchase Location?," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 41(1), pages 61-74, April.
    2. Hinson, Roger A. & Bruchhaus, Michael N., 2005. "Louisiana Strawberries: Consumer Preferences and Retailer Advertising," Journal of Food Distribution Research, Food Distribution Research Society, vol. 36(1), pages 1-5, March.
    3. Kezis, Alan S. & Toensmeyer, Ulrich C. & King, F. Richard & Jack, Robert L. & Kerr, Howard W., 1984. "Consumer Acceptance And Preference For Direct Marketing In The Northeast," Journal of Food Distribution Research, Food Distribution Research Society, vol. 15(3), pages 1-9, September.
    4. Boehlje, Michael, 1996. "Industrialization of Agriculture: What are the Implications?," Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resource Issues, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 11(1), pages 1-4.
    5. Eastwood, David B., 1996. "Using Customer Surveys To Promote Farmers' Markets: A Case Study," Journal of Food Distribution Research, Food Distribution Research Society, vol. 27(3), pages 1-8, October.
    6. Eastwood, David B. & Brooker, John R. & Gray, Morgan D., 1999. "Location And Other Market Attributes Affecting Farmer'S Market Patronage: The Case Of Tennessee," Journal of Food Distribution Research, Food Distribution Research Society, vol. 30(1), pages 1-10, March.
    7. Gale, Fred, 1997. "Direct Farm Marketing as a Rural Development Tool," Rural America/ Rural Development Perspectives, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, vol. 12(2), February.
    8. Carlsson-Kanyama, Annika & Ekstrom, Marianne Pipping & Shanahan, Helena, 2003. "Food and life cycle energy inputs: consequences of diet and ways to increase efficiency," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 44(2-3), pages 293-307, March.
    9. Uva, Wen-fei L., 2002. "An Analysis Of Vegetable Farms' Direct Marketing Activities In New York State," Journal of Food Distribution Research, Food Distribution Research Society, vol. 33(1), pages 1-4, March.
    10. James, Jennifer S. & Rickard, Bradley J. & Rossman, William J., 2009. "Product Differentiation and Market Segmentation in Applesauce: Using a Choice Experiment to Assess the Value of Organic, Local, and Nutrition Attributes," Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association, vol. 38(3), pages 1-14, December.
    11. Giraud, Kelly L. & Bond, Craig A. & Bond, Jennifer Keeling, 2005. "Consumer Preferences for Locally Made Specialty Food Products Across Northern New England," Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association, vol. 34(2), pages 1-13, October.
    12. Matthew Mariola, 2008. "The local industrial complex? Questioning the link between local foods and energy use," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 25(2), pages 193-196, June.
    13. Anne Bellows & Michael Hamm, 2001. "Local autonomy and sustainable development: Testing import substitution in more localized food systems," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 18(3), pages 271-284, September.
    14. James, Jennifer S. & Rickard, Bradley J. & Rossman, William J., 2009. "Product Differentiation and Market Segmentation in Applesauce: Using a Choice Experiment to Assess the Value of Organic, Local, and Nutrition Attributes," Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 38(3), pages 357-370, December.
    15. Zepeda, Lydia & Li, Jinghan, 2006. "Who Buys Local Food?," Journal of Food Distribution Research, Food Distribution Research Society, vol. 37(3), pages 1-11, November.
    16. Swenson, David A., 2009. "Investigating the Potential Economic Impacts of Local Foods for Southeast Iowa," Staff General Research Papers Archive 13121, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
    17. MacDonald, James M. & O'Donoghue, Erik J. & McBride, William D. & Nehring, Richard F. & Sandretto, Carmen L. & Mosheim, Roberto, 2007. "Profits, Costs, and the Changing Structure of Dairy Farming," Economic Research Report 6704, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
    18. Julie Guthman, 2007. "Commentary on teaching food: Why I am fed up with Michael Pollan et al," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 24(2), pages 261-264, June.
    19. Uva, Wen-fei L., 2002. "An Analysis of Vegetable Farms' Direct Marketing Activities in New York State," Research Bulletins 122632, Cornell University, Department of Applied Economics and Management.
    20. Patricia Allen, 1999. "Reweaving the food security safety net: Mediating entitlement and entrepreneurship," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 16(2), pages 117-129, June.
    21. Kantor, Linda Scott, 2001. "Community Food Security Programs Improve Food Access," Food Review/ National Food Review, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, vol. 24(1), January.
    22. Farnsworth, Richard L. & Thompson, Sarahelen R. & Drury, Kathleen A. & Warner, Richard E., 1996. "Community Supported Agriculture: Filling A Niche Market," Journal of Food Distribution Research, Food Distribution Research Society, vol. 27(1), pages 1-9, February.
    23. Carlos E. Carpio & Olga Isengildina-Massa, 2009. "Consumer willingness to pay for locally grown products: the case of South Carolina," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 25(3), pages 412-426.
    24. Govindasamy, Ramu & Zurbriggen, Marta & Italia, John & Adelaja, Adesoji O. & Nitzsche, Peter & VanVranken, Richard, 1998. "Farmers Markets: Consumer Trends, Preferences, and Characteristics," P Series 36722, Rutgers University, Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics.
    25. Shermain D. Hardesty, 2008. "The Growing Role of Local Food Markets," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 90(5), pages 1289-1295.
    26. LeRoux, Matthew N. & Schmit, Todd M. & Roth, Monika & Streeter, Deborah H., 2009. "Evaluating Marketing Channel Options for Small-Scale Fruit and Vegetable Producers," Working Papers 49006, Cornell University, Department of Applied Economics and Management.
    27. Hughes, David W. & Eades, Daniel C. & Robinson, Kenneth L. & Carpio, Carlos E. & Isengildina, Olga & Brown, Cheryl, 2007. "What is the Deal with Local Food Systems: Or, Local Food Systems from a Regional Science Perspective," UCED Working Papers 112897, Clemson University, University Center for Economic Development.
    28. Golan, Elise H. & Krissoff, Barry & Kuchler, Fred & Calvin, Linda & Nelson, Kenneth E. & Price, Gregory K., 2004. "Traceability In The U.S. Food Supply: Economic Theory And Industry Studies," Agricultural Economic Reports 33939, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
    29. Jennifer Grannis & Dawn D. Thilmany, 2002. "Marketing natural pork: An empirical analysis of consumers in the mountain region," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 18(4), pages 475-489.
    30. Thilmany, Dawn D. & Watson, Philip, 2004. "The Increasing Role Of Direct Marketing And Farmers Markets For Western Us Producers," Western Economics Forum, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 3(2), pages 1-7, December.
    31. Coley, David & Howard, Mark & Winter, Michael, 2009. "Local food, food miles and carbon emissions: A comparison of farm shop and mass distribution approaches," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(2), pages 150-155, April.
    32. Biermacher, Jon T. & Upson, Steve & Miller, David C. & Pittman, Dusty, 2007. "Economic Challenges of Small-Scale Vegetable Production and Retailing in Rural Communities: An Example from Rural Oklahoma," Journal of Food Distribution Research, Food Distribution Research Society, vol. 38(3), pages 1-13.
    33. Dimitri, Carolyn & Effland, Anne, . "Milestones in U.S. Farming and Farm Policy," Amber Waves:The Economics of Food, Farming, Natural Resources, and Rural America, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, pages 1-2.
    34. Wolf, Marianne McGarry & Spittler, Arianne & Ahern, James, 2005. "A Profile of Farmers' Market Consumers and the Perceived Advantages of Produce Sold at Farmers' Markets," Journal of Food Distribution Research, Food Distribution Research Society, vol. 36(1), pages 1-10, March.
    35. Cheryl Brown & Stacy Miller, 2008. "The Impacts of Local Markets: A Review of Research on Farmers Markets and Community Supported Agriculture (CSA)," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 90(5), pages 1298-1302.
    36. Durham, Catherine A. & King, Robert P. & Roheim, Cathy A., 2009. "Consumer Definitions of "Locally Grown" for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables," Journal of Food Distribution Research, Food Distribution Research Society, vol. 40(1), pages 1-7.
    37. Brooker, John R. & Eastwood, David B., 1989. "Using State Logos To Increase Purchases Of Selected Food Products," Journal of Food Distribution Research, Food Distribution Research Society, vol. 20(1), pages 1-9, February.
    38. Swenson, David A., 2008. "Estimating the Production and Market Value-Based Impacts of Nutritional Goals in Ne Iowa," Staff General Research Papers Archive 12923, Iowa State University, Department of Economics.
    39. Kim Darby & Marvin T. Batte & Stan Ernst & Brian Roe, 2008. "Decomposing Local: A Conjoint Analysis of Locally Produced Foods," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 90(2), pages 476-486.
    40. Jekanowski, Mark D. & Williams, Daniel R., II & Schiek, William A., 2000. "Consumers' Willingness To Purchase Locally Produced Agricultural Products: An Analysis Of An Indiana Survey," Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association, vol. 29(1), pages 1-11, April.
    41. Saunders, Caroline M. & Barber, Andrew & Sorenson, Lars-Christian, 2009. "Food Miles, Carbon Footprinting and their potential impact on trade," 2009 Conference (53rd), February 11-13, 2009, Cairns, Australia 48051, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society.
    42. Beamer, Bobby G., 1999. "How To Sell Fresh Produce To Supermarket Chains," Report Papers 14849, Virginia Tech, Rural Economic Analysis Program (REAP).
    43. Key, Nigel D. & Roberts, Michael J., 2007. "Measures of Trends in Farm Size Tell Differing Stories," Amber Waves:The Economics of Food, Farming, Natural Resources, and Rural America, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, pages 1-2, November.
    44. Gallons, James & Toensmeyer, Ulrich C. & Bacon, J. Richard & German, Carl L., 1997. "An Analysis Of Consumer Characteristics Concerning Direct Marketing Of Fresh Produce In Delaware: A Case Study," Journal of Food Distribution Research, Food Distribution Research Society, vol. 28(1), pages 1-9, February.
    45. Pretty, J.N. & Ball, A.S. & Lang, T. & Morison, J.I.L., 2005. "Farm costs and food miles: An assessment of the full cost of the UK weekly food basket," Food Policy, Elsevier, vol. 30(1), pages 1-19, February.
    46. James, Jennifer S. & Rickard, Bradley J. & Rossman, William J., 2009. "Product Differentiation and Market Segmentation in Applesauce: Using a Choice Experiment to Assess the Value of Organic, Local and Nutrition Attributes," Working Papers 48916, Cornell University, Department of Applied Economics and Management.
    47. Kuches, Kristy & Toensmeyer, Ulrich C. & German, Carl L. & Kuklish, Jaime, 2000. "The Impact Of Respondents' Characteristics On Purchasing Decisions," Journal of Food Distribution Research, Food Distribution Research Society, vol. 31(1), pages 1-8, March.
    48. Eastwood, David B. & Brooker, John R. & Orr, Robert H., 1987. "Consumer Preferences for Local Versus Out-Of-State Grown Selected Fresh Produce: The Case of Knoxville, Tennessee," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 19(2), pages 183-194, December.
    49. Nord, Mark & Andrews, Margaret, 2002. "Issues In Food Assistance - Reducing Food Insecurity In The United States: Assessing Progress Toward A National Objective," Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Reports 262263, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
    50. Lehman, Joel & Bacon, J. Richard & Toensmeyer, Ulrich C. & Pesek, John D., Jr. & German, Carl L., 1998. "An Analysis Of Consumer Preferences For Delaware Farmer Direct Markets," Journal of Food Distribution Research, Food Distribution Research Society, vol. 29(1), pages 1-7, February.
    51. Henneberry, Shida Rastegari & Whitacre, Brian E. & Agustini, Haerani N., 2009. "An Evaluation of the Economic Impacts of Oklahoma Farmers Markets," Journal of Food Distribution Research, Food Distribution Research Society, vol. 40(3), pages 1-15, November.
    52. Best, Michael J. & Wolfe, Kent L., 2009. "A Profile of Local Dairy Consumers in the Southeast and the Potential for Dairies to Market Value-Added Products Locally," Journal of Food Distribution Research, Food Distribution Research Society, vol. 40(1), pages 1-10, March.
    53. Eastwood, David B. & Brooker, John R. & Orr, Robert H., 1987. "Consumer Preferences For Local Versus Out-Of-State Grown Selected Fresh Produce: The Case Of Knoxville, Tennessee," Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics, Southern Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 19(2), pages 1-12, December.
    54. Wolf, Marianne McGarry, 1997. "A Target Consumer Profile And Positioning For Promotion Of The Direct Marketing Of Fresh Produce: A Case Study," Journal of Food Distribution Research, Food Distribution Research Society, vol. 28(3), pages 1-7, October.
    55. repec:oup:ajagec:v:90:y:2008:i:5:p:1296-1302 is not listed on IDEAS
    56. Heimlich, Ralph E. & Anderson, William D., 2001. "Development At The Urban Fringe And Beyond: Impacts On Agriculture And Rural Land," Agricultural Economic Reports 33943, United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
    57. Giraud, Kelly L. & Bond, Craig A. & Bond, Jennifer J., 2005. "Consumer Preferences for Locally Made Specialty Food Products Across Northern New England," Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 34(2), pages 204-216, October.
    58. Zepeda, Lydia & Leviten-Reid, Catherine, 2004. "Consumers' Views on Local Food," Journal of Food Distribution Research, Food Distribution Research Society, vol. 35(3), pages 1-6, November.
    59. Urban, Thomas N., 1991. "Agricultural Industrialization: It's Inevitable," Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resource Issues, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 6(4), pages 1-3.
    60. Morland, K. & Wing, S. & Roux, A.D., 2002. "The contextual effect of the local food environment on residents' diets: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 92(11), pages 1761-1767.
    61. Heller, Martin C. & Keoleian, Gregory A., 2003. "Assessing the sustainability of the US food system: a life cycle perspective," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 76(3), pages 1007-1041, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Fang, Xin & Huang, Hui & Leung, PingSun, 2018. "Competitiveness of local food: an empirical analysis of the tomato market dynamics," International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, International Food and Agribusiness Management Association, vol. 21(1).
    2. Uematsu, Hiroki & Mishra, Ashok K., 2011. "Use of Direct Marketing Strategies by Farmers and Their Impact on Farm Business Income," Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 40(1), pages 1-19, April.
    3. Enthoven, Laura & Van den Broeck, Goedele, 2021. "Local food systems: Reviewing two decades of research," Agricultural Systems, Elsevier, vol. 193(C).
    4. Maples, McKenzie & Morgan, Kimberly L. & Interis, Matthew G. & Harri, Ardian, 2013. "Who Buys Food Directly from Producers in the Southeastern United States?," Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 45(3), pages 509-518, August.
    5. Ying, Jiahui & Shonkwiler, Vanessa P. & Campbell, Benjamin L., 2018. "Willingness to Pay or Not to Pay: Valuing Foods Some Respondents Find Distasteful," 2018 Annual Meeting, August 5-7, Washington, D.C. 274065, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    6. Shi, Wei & Halstead, John & Huang, Ju-Chin, 2016. "Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Locally Grown Produce: Comparison of New Hampshire and Massachusetts Results," 2016 Annual Meeting, July 31-August 2, Boston, Massachusetts 236109, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    7. Azucena Gracia, 2014. "Consumers’ preferences for a local food product: a real choice experiment," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 47(1), pages 111-128, August.
    8. Perla, Joseph M. & Rickard, Bradley J. & Schmit, Todd M., 2013. "Do Restaurants Cater to Locapours? Using Zagat Survey Data to Examine Factors that Influence Wine List Selections," Working Papers 164709, American Association of Wine Economists.
    9. Perla, Joseph M. & Rickard, Bradley J. & Schmit, Todd M., 2014. "Looking for Locapours: Using Zagat Survey Data to Examine Restaurant Demand for Local Wine," Agricultural and Resource Economics Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 43(1), pages 69-86, April.
    10. Printezis, Iryna & Grebitus, Carola, 2018. "Marketing Channels for Local Food," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 152(C), pages 161-171.
    11. Faical Akaichi & Rodolfo M. Nayga & Lawton Lanier Nalley, 2017. "Are there trade-offs in valuation with respect to greenhouse gas emissions, origin and food miles attributes?," European Review of Agricultural Economics, Oxford University Press and the European Agricultural and Applied Economics Publications Foundation, vol. 44(1), pages 3-31.
    12. Carlos E. Carpio & Olga Isengildina-Massa, 2009. "Consumer willingness to pay for locally grown products: the case of South Carolina," Agribusiness, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 25(3), pages 412-426.
    13. Shi, Wei & Halstead, John M. & Huang, Ju-Chin, 2017. "Market Experience Matters: Status Quo Effect in the Economic Valuation of Consumer Preferences for Local Produce," 2017 Annual Meeting, July 30-August 1, Chicago, Illinois 258290, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    14. Grebitus, Carola & Printezis, Iryna & Printezis, Antonios, 2017. "Relationship between Consumer Behavior and Success of Urban Agriculture," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 189-200.
    15. Wuyang HU & Ping QING & Marvin BATTE & Tim WOODS & Stam ERNST, 2013. "What is local and for what foods does it matter?," Agricultural Economics, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 59(10), pages 454-466.
    16. Grebitus, Carola & Lusk, Jayson L. & Nayga, Rodolfo M., 2013. "Effect of distance of transportation on willingness to pay for food," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(C), pages 67-75.
    17. Grebitus, Carola & Peschel, Anne & Hughner, Renee Shaw, "undated". "Drivers of Demand for Specialty Crops: The Example of Arizona-Grown Medjool Dates," 2016 Annual Meeting, July 31-August 2, Boston, Massachusetts 235545, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    18. Yang, Shang-Ho & Woods, Timothy, 2014. "The Divergence of Defining Local Food – Consumer Co-op versus Conventional Grocery Shoppers," 2014 Annual Meeting, July 27-29, 2014, Minneapolis, Minnesota 170480, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.
    19. Berg, Nathan & Preston, Kate L., 2017. "Willingness to pay for local food?: Consumer preferences and shopping behavior at Otago Farmers Market," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 343-361.
    20. Patrick Mundler & Sophie Laughrea, 2015. "Circuits alimentaires de proximité - Quels bénéfices pour le développement des territoires? Étude de cas dans trois territoires québécois," CIRANO Project Reports 2015rp-21, CIRANO.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Community/Rural/Urban Development;

    JEL classification:

    • L1 - Industrial Organization - - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ags:uersrr:96635. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: AgEcon Search (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/ersgvus.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.