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Förderbanken als Instrument zur Verbesserung der Finanzierungssituation kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen in den Transformationsstaaten Mittel- und Osteuropas

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  • Winkler, Adalbert
Abstract
Zehn Jahre nach Beginn des Reformprozesses in Mittel- und Osteuropa stehen der Aufbau eines leistungsfähigen Sektors privater kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen (KMU) sowie die Gestaltung eines effizienten Finanzsystems im Mittelpunkt der Bemühungen der wirtschaftspolitisch Verantwortlichen vor Ort sowie der multi- und bilateralen Organisationen. Zahlreiche Projekte wurden und werden mit dem Ziel initiiert, den KMU-Sektor über eine Verbesserung seiner Finanzierungssituation gezielt zu fördern. Einen spezifischen Ansatz stellt der Aufbau sogenannter Förderbanken dar, den die Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) im Auftrag der Bundesregierung verfolgt. Der Ansatz beruht auf der These, daß ein privatwirtschaftlich organisierter Finanzsektor eine notwendige Voraussetzung wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung darstellt. Allerdings versorgt er den wirtschaftspolitisch prioritären Sektor kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen nicht mit den notwendigen langfristigen Finanzierungsmitteln, obwohl die Geschäftsbanken die dazu erforderliche Kredittechnologie prinzipiell beherrschen. Dieses Verhalten der Geschäftsbanken ist darauf zurückzuführen, daß sie entweder nicht über (genügend) langfristige Refinanzierungsmittel verfügen und/oder eine langfristige Kreditvergabe an die Zielgruppe nicht als gewinnmaximierendes Finanzierungsangebot betrachten. Auf dieses Marktversagen geht das Konzept ein, indem eine Förderbank entsprechend günstig konditionierte Finanzierungsmittel über lokale Geschäftsbanken und Sparkassen an die Endkreditnehmer durchleitet, die die volle Haftung für die Kredite übernehmen. Um wirtschaftspolitische Ziele verfolgen zu können, darf eine Förderbank selbst aber nicht dem Ziel der Gewinnmaximierung verpflichtet sein. Daraus folgt, daß sie sich im Mehrheitsbesitz staatlicher bzw. öffentlich-rechtlicher Eigentümer befinden muß. Die Besonderheit dieses Ansatzes liegt darin, daß die KfW-eigene Geschichte und Organisation das Leitbild für das Projektdesign darstellen.

Suggested Citation

  • Winkler, Adalbert, 1999. "Förderbanken als Instrument zur Verbesserung der Finanzierungssituation kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen in den Transformationsstaaten Mittel- und Osteuropas," W.E.P. - Würzburg Economic Papers 2, University of Würzburg, Department of Economics.
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:wuewep:2
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    References listed on IDEAS

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