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Ökologischer Umbau von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Kosten und Nutzen

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  • Frondel, Manuel
Abstract
Dieser Beitrag nimmt eine Kosten-Nutzen-Abwägung des Ausbaus der Erneuerbaren-Energietechnologien zur Stromerzeugung in Deutschland vor. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass dieser Ausbau die Stromverbraucher seit Einführung des Erneuerbaren-Energien-Gesetz (EEG) im Jahr 2000 knapp 300 Mrd. Euro gekostet hat. Für die kommenden beiden Jahrzehnte stehen zudem Zahlungsverpflichtungen in ähnlicher Größenordnung bereits fest. Mit dem nach Russlands Angriff auf die Ukraine forcierten Erneuerbaren-Ausbau nimmt die Politik aber noch deutlich über diese rund 600 Milliarden hinaus gehende Kosten in Kauf. Eine Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse ist vor diesem Hintergrund unabdingbar, nicht zuletzt auch deshalb, weil weitere Kosten in dreistelliger Milliardenhöhe nicht in den 600 Milliarden enthalten sind, etwa die Kosten für den ohne Erneuerbare-Expansion nicht in so starkem Maße nötigen Netzausbau. Vor diesem Hintergrund sollte beim weiteren Erneuerbaren-Ausbau streng auf Kostendisziplin geachtet werden, indem die Bundesnetzagentur künftig ausschließlich technologieneutrale, statt technologiespezifischer Ausschreibungen für den Erneuerbaren-Ausbau vornimmt. Dadurch kommen zwar nur die kosteneffizientesten regenerativen Technologien zum Zuge, aber es bleiben im Klima- und Transformationsfonds Spielräume für Zukunftsinvestitionen, die das Wachstumspotential der deutschen Volkswirtschaft stärker beflügeln könnten als der Ausbau der erneuerbaren Energien. Im Gegensatz zu den hohen Kosten nimmt sich der Nutzen des Ausbaus der erneuerbaren Energien bescheiden aus. So belief sich der Anteil der Erneuerbaren am Primärenergieverbrauch im Jahr 2022 auf lediglich rund 17 %. Die Treibhausgasneutralität im Jahr 2045 allein mit Erneuerbaren erreichen zu wollen, erscheint bei einem solch geringen Anteil als eine schwer bewältigbare Herausforderung.

Suggested Citation

  • Frondel, Manuel, 2024. "Ökologischer Umbau von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft: Kosten und Nutzen," RWI Materialien 163, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung.
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:rwimat:300232
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Manuel Frondel & Christoph M. Schmidt & Colin Vance, 2014. "Revisiting Germanyùs solar cell promotion: An unfolding disaster," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 44(1), pages 3-13.
    2. Frondel, Manuel & Kussel, Gerhard & Sommer, Stephan & Vance, Colin, 2019. "Local cost for global benefit: The case of wind turbines," Ruhr Economic Papers 791, RWI - Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, Ruhr-University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, University of Duisburg-Essen, revised 2019.
    3. Joachim Weimann, 2020. "Elektroautos und das Klima: die große Verwirrung [Electric Cars and the Climate: The Big Confusion]," Wirtschaftsdienst, Springer;ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 100(11), pages 890-895, November.
    4. Morthorst, P. E., 2003. "National environmental targets and international emission reduction instruments," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 73-83, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Energiewende; Photovoltaik; Wärmewende;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • Q21 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Renewable Resources and Conservation - - - Demand and Supply; Prices
    • I38 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Government Programs; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs

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