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Real-world fuel economy and CO2 emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

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  • Plötz, Patrick
  • Funke, Simon
  • Jochem, Patrick
Abstract
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) combine electric propulsion with an internal combustion engine. Their potential to reduce transport related green-house gas emissions highly depends on their actual usage and electricity provision. Various studies underline their environmental and economic advantages, but are based on standardised driving cycles, simulations or small PHEV fleets. Here, we analyse real-world fuel economy of PHEV and the factors influencing it based on about 2,000 actual PHEV that have been observed over more than a year in the U.S. and Germany. We find that real-world fuel economy of PHEV differ widely among users. The main factors explaining this variation are the annual mileage, the regularity of daily driving, and the likelihood of long-distance trips. Current test cycle fuel economy ratings neglect these factors. Despite the broad range of PHEV fuel economies, the test cycle fuel economy ratings can be close to empiric PHEV fleet averages if the average annual mileage is about 17,000 km. For the largest group of PHEV in our data, the Chevrolet Volt, we find the average fuel economy to be 1.45 litres/100 km at an average electric driving share of 78%. The resulting real-world tank-to-wheel CO2 emissions of these PHEV are 42 gCO2/km and the annual CO2 savings in the U.S. amount to about 50 Mt. In conclusion, the variance of empirical PHEV fuel economy is considerably higher than of conventional vehicles. This should be taken into account by future test cycles and high electric driving shares should be incentivised.

Suggested Citation

  • Plötz, Patrick & Funke, Simon & Jochem, Patrick, 2015. "Real-world fuel economy and CO2 emissions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles," Working Papers "Sustainability and Innovation" S1/2015, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI).
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:fisisi:s12015
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    4. Schücking, Maximilian & Jochem, Patrick & Fichtner, Wolf & Wollersheim, Olaf & Stella, Kevin, 2017. "Charging strategies for economic operations of electric vehicles in commercial applications," MPRA Paper 91599, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Kaschub, Thomas & Jochem, Patrick & Fichtner, Wolf, 2016. "Solar energy storage in German households: profitability, load changes and flexibility," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 520-532.
    6. Harvey, L.D. Danny, 2020. "Rethinking electric vehicle subsidies, rediscovering energy efficiency," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 146(C).
    7. Bhat, Furqan A. & Tiwari, Gaurav Yash & Verma, Ashish, 2024. "Preferences for public electric vehicle charging infrastructure locations: A discrete choice analysis," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 149(C), pages 177-197.
    8. Srinivasa Raghavan, Seshadri, 2020. "Behavioral Realism of Plug-In Electric Vehicle Usage: Implications for Emission Benefits, Energy Consumption, and Policies," Institute of Transportation Studies, Working Paper Series qt1rz000pf, Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis.
    9. Paffumi, Elena & De Gennaro, Michele & Martini, Giorgio, 2018. "Alternative utility factor versus the SAE J2841 standard method for PHEV and BEV applications," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 80-97.
    10. Siavash Khalili & Eetu Rantanen & Dmitrii Bogdanov & Christian Breyer, 2019. "Global Transportation Demand Development with Impacts on the Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Climate-Constrained World," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(20), pages 1-54, October.
    11. Doluweera, Ganesh & Hahn, Fabian & Bergerson, Joule & Pruckner, Marco, 2020. "A scenario-based study on the impacts of electric vehicles on energy consumption and sustainability in Alberta," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 268(C).
    12. Wolfram, Paul & Wiedmann, Thomas, 2017. "Electrifying Australian transport: Hybrid life cycle analysis of a transition to electric light-duty vehicles and renewable electricity," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 531-540.

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    Keywords

    electric vehicles; plug-in hybrid electric vehicles; real-world fuel economy; utility factor;
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