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Impacts of neighboring countries on military expenditures

Author

Listed:
  • M Ensar Yesilyurt

    (Department of Economics, Pamukkale University)

  • J Paul Elhorst

    (Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen)

Abstract
Using the latest spatial econometric techniques and data pertaining to 144 countries over the period 1993–2007, this article tests and compares four frequently used spatial econometric models and eight matrices describing the mutual relationships among the countries, all within a common framework, which helps clarify the impact of neighboring countries on military expenditures. Furthermore, it utilizes two different data sources. Due to this setup, it provides one of the most thorough spatial analyses of military expenditures so far. Furthermore, it confirms but also challenges the results of several previous studies. Military spending measured as a ratio of GDP in one country indeed depends primarily on the spending of other countries, but in a limited number of cases, it also depends on control variables that can be observed in other countries, among which are the level of GDP, the occurrence of international wars, and the political regime. The most likely specification of the matrix describing the relationships among countries is the first-order binary contiguity matrix based on land or maritime borders, extended to include two-sided relationships among the five countries that are permanent members of the UN Security Council and one-sided relationships to all other countries. Finally, cross-sectional approaches are rejected in favor of dynamic spatial panel data approaches due to their controls for habit persistence, country, and time-period fixed effects.

Suggested Citation

  • M Ensar Yesilyurt & J Paul Elhorst, 2017. "Impacts of neighboring countries on military expenditures," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 54(6), pages 777-790, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:joupea:v:54:y:2017:i:6:p:777-790
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Raffaella Santolini, 2020. "Spatial effects on local government efficiency," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 99(1), pages 183-200, February.
    2. Justin George & Todd Sandler, 2021. "EU Demand for Defense, 1990–2019: A Strategic Spatial Approach," Games, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-18, February.
    3. Johannes Blum, 2021. "Democracy’s third wave and national defense spending," Public Choice, Springer, vol. 189(1), pages 183-212, October.
    4. Seemab Gillani & Muhammad Nouman Shafiq & Tusawar Iftikhar Ahmad, 2019. "Military Expenditures and Health Outcomes: A Global Perspective," iRASD Journal of Economics, International Research Alliance for Sustainable Development (iRASD), vol. 1(1), pages 1-20, June.
    5. Rafał Woźniak & Jacek Lewkowicz, 2023. "Can We Have More Butter and Guns Simultaneously? An Endogeneity Perspective," Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics, Warsaw School of Economics, issue 2, pages 28-46.
    6. Jiao, Xiaoying & Li, Gang & Chen, Jason Li, 2020. "Forecasting international tourism demand: a local spatiotemporal model," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    7. Shiran Li & Hongbing Deng & Kangkang Zhang, 2019. "The Impact of Economy on Carbon Emissions: An Empirical Study Based on the Synergistic Effect of Gender Factors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(19), pages 1-16, October.
    8. Jie Liu & Chao Bi, 2019. "Effects of Higher Education Levels on Total Factor Productivity Growth," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-12, March.
    9. Seemab Gillani & Muhammad Nouman Shafiq & Tusawar Iftikhar Ahmad, 2019. "Military Expenditures and Health Outcomes: A Global Perspective," iRASD Journal of Energy and Environment, International Research Association for Sustainable Development (iRASD), vol. 1(1), pages 1-20, June.
    10. Elías Melchor-Ferrer, 2020. "Determinants of labour productivity growth in Spanish and Portuguese regions: a spatial shift-share approach," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 65(1), pages 45-65, August.
    11. Jo Jakobsen & Thomas Halvorsen, 2019. "Geographical and temporal patterns of interstate security competition: Global and regional evidence," International Area Studies Review, Center for International Area Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, vol. 22(3), pages 226-246, September.
    12. Karsten Schweikert & Manuel Huth & Mark Gius, 2021. "Detecting a copycat effect in school shootings using spatio‐temporal panel count models," Contemporary Economic Policy, Western Economic Association International, vol. 39(4), pages 719-736, October.
    13. Albalate, Daniel & Bel, Germà & Mazaira-Font, Ferran A. & Ros-Oton, Xavier, 2024. "Paying for protection: bilateral trade with an alliance leader and defense spending of minor partners," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 223(C), pages 234-247.
    14. Klaus Gründler & Armin Hackenberger & Anina Harter & Niklas Potrafke, 2021. "Covid-19 Vaccination: The Role of Crisis Experience," CESifo Working Paper Series 9096, CESifo.
    15. Yan Wang & Dong Yang, 2018. "Impacts of Freight Transport on PM 2.5 Concentrations in China: A Spatial Dynamic Panel Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-16, August.
    16. Sudeshna Ghosh, 2022. "Analysing the nexus between income inequality and military expenditure in top ten defence expenditure economies," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 56(2), pages 689-712, April.
    17. Burnett, J. Wesley & Lacombe, Donald J. & Wallander, Steven, . "Spatial and Temporal Spillovers in US Cropland Values," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Western Agricultural Economics Association, vol. 49(1).
    18. Justin George & Todd Sandler, 2022. "NATO defense demand, free riding, and the Russo-Ukrainian war in 2022," Economia e Politica Industriale: Journal of Industrial and Business Economics, Springer;Associazione Amici di Economia e Politica Industriale, vol. 49(4), pages 783-806, December.
    19. Marcos Álvarez‐Díaz & Béatrice D’Hombres & Lewis Dijkstra & Claudia Ghisetti & Nicola Pontarollo, 2021. "Unveiling the local determinants of population growth in the European Union," Growth and Change, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 52(1), pages 150-166, March.
    20. Olejnik, Łukasz Wiktor, 2024. "Left-wing butter vs. right-wing guns: Government ideology and disaggregated military expenditures," ZEW Discussion Papers 24-026, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    21. J. Paul Elhorst, 2022. "The dynamic general nesting spatial econometric model for spatial panels with common factors: Further raising the bar," Review of Regional Research: Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft, Springer;Gesellschaft für Regionalforschung (GfR), vol. 42(3), pages 249-267, December.

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