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A Note on the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Outsider Assistance Programs in Rural versus Non-Rural States

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  • James J. Chrisman
  • Elizabeth Gatewood
  • Leo B. Donlevy
Abstract
Although numerous countries have developed policies and programs to encourage entrepreneurial behavior in rural areas, there have been few attempts to compare the performance of entrepreneurial development programs in rural versus non rural settings. The existing literature led us to expect that such programs will be more efficient and effective in urban areas. However, in this study, virtually no significant relationships were found between urban and rural states—defined by the proportion of the population living in non-metropolitan counties—on the variables used to measure the performance of an entrepreneurship development program. This suggests that the need for special programs tailored to rural entrepreneurs deserves further, more critical, evaluation.

Suggested Citation

  • James J. Chrisman & Elizabeth Gatewood & Leo B. Donlevy, 2002. "A Note on the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Outsider Assistance Programs in Rural versus Non-Rural States," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 26(3), pages 67-80, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:entthe:v:26:y:2002:i:3:p:67-80
    DOI: 10.1177/104225870202600304
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jon M. Hawes & William F. Crittenden, 1984. "A taxonomy of competitive retailing strategies," Strategic Management Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 5(3), pages 275-287, July.
    2. Chrisman, James J., 1989. "Strategic, administrative, and operating assistance: The value of outside consulting to pre-venture entrepreneurs," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 4(6), pages 401-418, November.
    3. Brush, Candida G. & Vanderwerf, Pieter A., 1992. "A comparison of methods and sources for obtaining estimates of new venture performance," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 7(2), pages 157-170, March.
    4. Stephan J. Goetz & David Freshwater, 2001. "State-Level Determinants of Entrepreneurship and a Preliminary Measure of Entrepreneurial Climate," Economic Development Quarterly, , vol. 15(1), pages 58-70, February.
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    7. Timothy J. Bartik, "undated". "Better Evaluation is Needed for Economic Development Programs to Survive," Upjohn Working Papers tjb1994edq, W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
    8. Chrisman, James J. & Hoy, Frank & Robinson, Richard Jr., 1987. "New venture development: The costs and benefits of public sector assistance," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 2(4), pages 315-328.
    9. Chrisman, James J. & Carsrud, Alan L. & DeCastro, Julio & Herron, Lanny, 1990. "A comparison of assistance needs of male and female pre-venture entrepreneurs," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 5(4), pages 235-248, July.
    10. Timothy J. Bartik, 1994. "Better Evaluation Is Needed for Economic Development Programs to Thrive," Economic Development Quarterly, , vol. 8(2), pages 99-106, May.
    11. Ed McMullan & James J. Chrisman & Karl Vesper, 2001. "Some Problems in Using Subjective Measures of Effectiveness to Evaluate Entrepreneurial Assistance Programs," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 26(1), pages 37-54, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Xuequn Wang & Leonard M. Jessup, 2014. "A Review and Synthesis of Entrepreneurship Research: Towards an Integrative Model of Dependent Variables," Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, vol. 23(2), pages 163-199, September.
    2. Marshall, Maria I. & Samal, Ananya, 2006. "The Effect Of Human And Financial Capital On The Entrepreneurial Process: An Urban-Rural Comparison Of Entrepreneurs In Indiana," Staff Papers 28651, Purdue University, Department of Agricultural Economics.
    3. Roland Kidwell & Franz Kellermanns & Kimberly Eddleston, 2012. "Harmony, Justice, Confusion, and Conflict in Family Firms: Implications for Ethical Climate and the “Fredo Effect”," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 106(4), pages 503-517, April.
    4. Franz Kellermanns & Kimberly Eddleston & Ravi Sarathy & Fran Murphy, 2012. "Innovativeness in family firms: a family influence perspective," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 38(1), pages 85-101, January.
    5. James J. Chrisman & Jess H. Chua & Lloyd P. Steier, 2002. "The Influence of National Culture and Family Involvement on Entrepreneurial Perceptions and Performance at the State Level," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 26(4), pages 113-130, July.
    6. Kimberly A. Eddleston & Franz W. Kellermanns & Steven W. Floyd & Victoria L. Crittenden & William F. Crittenden, 2013. "Planning for Growth: Life Stage Differences in Family Firms," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 37(5), pages 1177-1202, September.
    7. Franz W. Kellermanns & Kimberly A. Eddleston, 2006. "Corporate Entrepreneurship in Family Firms: A Family Perspective," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 30(6), pages 809-830, November.
    8. Erick P.C. Chang & James J. Chrisman & Jess H. Chua & Franz W. Kellermanns, 2008. "Regional Economy as a Determinant of the Prevalence of Family Firms in the United States: A Preliminary Report," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 32(3), pages 559-573, May.
    9. Fairchild, Gregory B., 2008. "Residential segregation influences on the likelihood of black and white self-employment," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 23(1), pages 46-74, January.
    10. Lovgren Adam & Ross R. Brent & Leschewski Andrea & Peterson H. Christopher, 2020. "Do Entrepreneurial Assistance Programs Create Value for Agri-Food Entrepreneurs?," Entrepreneurship Research Journal, De Gruyter, vol. 10(1), pages 1-14, January.
    11. José Amorós & Christian Felzensztein & Eli Gimmon, 2013. "Entrepreneurial opportunities in peripheral versus core regions in Chile," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 40(1), pages 119-139, January.
    12. Fairchild, Gregory B., 2010. "Intergenerational ethnic enclave influences on the likelihood of being self-employed," Journal of Business Venturing, Elsevier, vol. 25(3), pages 290-304, May.
    13. J. Kirk Ring & Ana Maria Peredo & James J. Chrisman, 2010. "Business Networks and Economic Development in Rural Communities in the United States," Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, , vol. 34(1), pages 171-195, January.

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