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The Interrelationship between Military Expenditure and External Debt: Patterns of Causation in Northern Africa Countries

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  • Andreas G Georgantopoulos
Abstract
It is supported by academics and scholars that defense expenditure can significantly affect a country’s economic growth and in some cases it influences external debt having implications in various macroeconomic indicators. However, relevant empirical studies have produced contradictory evidence while the literature in this field remains relatively poor. In this spirit, this survey investigates the causal links between military expenditure and external debt for four emerging Northern Africa countries (i.e. Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco) during the period 1988-2009. Empirical findings on the long-term relationship between the tested variables are based on cointegration test. The Granger Causality test results using Vector Auto Regression (VAR) estimates and the Error Correction Model imply that there is no dynamic causal link between military expenditure and external debt for Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. On the other hand regarding Egypt, results imply that a strong unidirectional causality exists running from defense expenditure to external debt. Collectively, empirical calculations show that military burden do not have any significant impact on most Northern Africa countries. The only exception is the case of Egypt; empirical results show that military expenditure robustly affect the country’s external debt. These are the only findings provided from this study that validate the hypothesis that military burden may be important in determining the evolution of debt in developing countries.

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  • Andreas G Georgantopoulos, 2011. "The Interrelationship between Military Expenditure and External Debt: Patterns of Causation in Northern Africa Countries," Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, AMH International, vol. 3(4), pages 264-273.
    • Handle: RePEc:rnd:arjebs:v:3:y:2011:i:4:p:264-273
    DOI: 10.22610/jebs.v3i4.279
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    2. Serap BARIŞ, 2018. "Are defence expenditures the reasons of foreign debts in Turkey?," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania / Editura Economica, vol. 0(2(615), S), pages 205-220, Summer.
    3. Kadir KARAGÖZ, 2018. "Impact of defence expenditures on external debt: An econometric analysis for Turkey and Turkic Republics," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania / Editura Economica, vol. 0(1(614), S), pages 183-192, Spring.
    4. Eftychia Nikolaidou, 2016. "The role of military expenditure and arms imports in the Greek debt crisis," Economics of Peace and Security Journal, EPS Publishing, vol. 11(1), pages 18-27, April.
    5. Pempetzoglou Maria, 2021. "A Literature Survey on Defense Expenditures – External Debt Nexus," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 27(1), pages 119-141, February.

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