15 hours work per week) for persons with physical health conditions, mental health conditions (depression) and physical-mental health comorbidity. Results: The odds of employment among men and women with physical-mental health comorbidity were lower compared to those with no/other conditions (men: OR 0.32, 95% CI: 0.25–0.42, women: OR 0.38 95% CI: 0.30–0.48). Women with low education had lower odds of employment compared to their counterparts with high education (OR 0.66, 95% CI: 0.57–0.76). The odds of employment at older ages was lower in Canada, Denmark and England compared with Sweden (e.g. English men: OR 0.48 95% CI 0.40–0.58; English women OR 0.33 95% CI 0.27–0.41). Conclusions: The odds of employment beyond age 60 is lower for groups with low education, particularly women, and those with physical-mental health co-morbidities. As such, policies to extend working lives should not be ‘one size fits all’ but instead consider subgroups, in particular, these groups that we have shown to be most vulnerable on the labour market."> 15 hours work per week) for persons with physical health conditions, mental health conditions (depression) and physical-mental health comorbidity. Results: The odds of employment among men and women with physical-mental health comorbidity were lower compared to those with no/other conditions (men: OR 0.32, 95% CI: 0.25–0.42, women: OR 0.38 95% CI: 0.30–0.48). Women with low education had lower odds of employment compared to their counterparts with high education (OR 0.66, 95% CI: 0.57–0.76). The odds of employment at older ages was lower in Canada, Denmark and England compared with Sweden (e.g. English men: OR 0.48 95% CI 0.40–0.58; English women OR 0.33 95% CI 0.27–0.41). Conclusions: The odds of employment beyond age 60 is lower for groups with low education, particularly women, and those with physical-mental health co-morbidities. As such, policies to extend working lives should not be ‘one size fits all’ but instead consider subgroups, in particular, these groups that we have shown to be most vulnerable on the labour market.">
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Inequalities in extending working lives beyond age 60 in Canada, Denmark, Sweden and England—By gender, level of education and health

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Listed:
  • Ashley McAllister
  • Theo Bodin
  • Henrik Brønnum-Hansen
  • Lisa Harber-Aschan
  • Ben Barr
  • Lee Bentley
  • Qing Liao
  • Natasja Koitzsch Jensen
  • Ingelise Andersen
  • Wen-Hao Chen
  • Karsten Thielen
  • Cameron Mustard
  • Finn Diderichsen
  • Margaret Whitehead
  • Bo Burström
Abstract
Background: Keeping older workers in employment is critical for societies facing the challenge of an ageing population. This study examined the association between types of health conditions and differentials in the probability of employment by level of education among men and women between 60–69 years of age in Canada, Denmark, Sweden and England. Methods: Data were drawn from the Canadian Community Health Survey, Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. We combined country data, applied logistic regression, adjusted for educational level, and stratified the analysis by sex to calculate the odds ratio (OR) of employment (>15 hours work per week) for persons with physical health conditions, mental health conditions (depression) and physical-mental health comorbidity. Results: The odds of employment among men and women with physical-mental health comorbidity were lower compared to those with no/other conditions (men: OR 0.32, 95% CI: 0.25–0.42, women: OR 0.38 95% CI: 0.30–0.48). Women with low education had lower odds of employment compared to their counterparts with high education (OR 0.66, 95% CI: 0.57–0.76). The odds of employment at older ages was lower in Canada, Denmark and England compared with Sweden (e.g. English men: OR 0.48 95% CI 0.40–0.58; English women OR 0.33 95% CI 0.27–0.41). Conclusions: The odds of employment beyond age 60 is lower for groups with low education, particularly women, and those with physical-mental health co-morbidities. As such, policies to extend working lives should not be ‘one size fits all’ but instead consider subgroups, in particular, these groups that we have shown to be most vulnerable on the labour market.

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  • Ashley McAllister & Theo Bodin & Henrik Brønnum-Hansen & Lisa Harber-Aschan & Ben Barr & Lee Bentley & Qing Liao & Natasja Koitzsch Jensen & Ingelise Andersen & Wen-Hao Chen & Karsten Thielen & Camero, 2020. "Inequalities in extending working lives beyond age 60 in Canada, Denmark, Sweden and England—By gender, level of education and health," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(8), pages 1-12, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0234900
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234900
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Larsen, Mona & Pedersen, Peder J., 2017. "Labour force activity after 65: what explain recent trends in Denmark, Germany and Sweden?," Journal for Labour Market Research, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany], vol. 50(1), pages 15-27.
    2. Larsen, Mona & Pedersen, Peder J., 2017. "Labour force activity after 65: what explain recent trends in Denmark, Germany and Sweden?," Journal for Labour Market Research, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany], vol. 50(1), pages 15-27.
    3. Eikemo, Terje Andreas & Bambra, Clare & Judge, Ken & Ringdal, Kristen, 2008. "Welfare state regimes and differences in self-perceived health in Europe: A multilevel analysis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 66(11), pages 2281-2295, June.
    4. Larsen, Mona & Pedersen, Peder J., 2017. "Labour force activity after 65: what explain recent trends in Denmark, Germany and Sweden?," Journal for Labour Market Research, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg [Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany], vol. 50(1), pages 15-27.
    5. Suzan J W Robroek & Anne Rongen & Coos H Arts & Ferdy W H Otten & Alex Burdorf & Merel Schuring, 2015. "Educational Inequalities in Exit from Paid Employment among Dutch Workers: The Influence of Health, Lifestyle and Work," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(8), pages 1-12, August.
    6. Jonathan Cribb & Carl Emmerson & Gemma Tetlow, 2013. "Incentives, shocks or signals: labour supply effects of increasing the female state pension age in the UK," IFS Working Papers W13/03, Institute for Fiscal Studies.
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