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Unintended Consequences of LOLR Facilities: The Case of Illiquid Leverage

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  • Viral V Acharya
  • Bruce Tuckman
Abstract
Although the direct effect of lender-of-last-resort (LOLR) facilities is to forestall the default of financial firms that lose funding liquidity, an indirect effect is to allow these firms to minimize deleveraging sales of illiquid assets. This unintended consequence of LOLR facilities manifests itself as excess illiquid leverage in the financial sector, can make future liquidity shortfalls more likely, and can lead to an increase in default risks. Furthermore, this increase in default risk can occur despite the fact that the combination of LOLR facilities and reduced asset sales raises the prices of illiquid assets. The behavior of U.S. broker-dealers during the crisis of 2007–09 is consistent with this unintended consequence. In particular, given the Federal Reserve’s LOLR facilities, broker-dealers could afford to try to wait out the crisis. Although they did reduce traditional measures of leverage to varying degrees, they failed to reduce sufficiently their illiquid leverage, which contributed to their failures or near failures. Several mechanisms to address this unintended consequence of LOLR facilities are proposed.

Suggested Citation

  • Viral V Acharya & Bruce Tuckman, 2014. "Unintended Consequences of LOLR Facilities: The Case of Illiquid Leverage," IMF Economic Review, Palgrave Macmillan;International Monetary Fund, vol. 62(4), pages 606-655, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:pal:imfecr:v:62:y:2014:i:4:p:606-655
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    Cited by:

    1. Weber, Patrick, 2015. "Does the Eurosystem's lender of last resort facility has a structurally di fferent option value across banks?," VfS Annual Conference 2015 (Muenster): Economic Development - Theory and Policy 113123, Verein für Socialpolitik / German Economic Association.
    2. Viral Acharya & Diane Pierret & Sascha Steffen, 2021. "Lender of last resort, buyer of last resort, and a fear of fire sales in the sovereign bond market," Financial Markets, Institutions & Instruments, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 30(4), pages 87-112, November.
    3. Garcia-de-Andoain, Carlos & Heider, Florian & Hoerova, Marie & Manganelli, Simone, 2016. "Lending-of-last-resort is as lending-of-last-resort does: Central bank liquidity provision and interbank market functioning in the euro area," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 32-47.
    4. Heider, Florian & Manganelli, Simone & Hoerova, Marie & Garcia-de-Andoain, Carlos, 2015. "Lending-of-last-resort is as lending-of-last-resort does: Central bank liquidity provision and interbank market functioning in," CEPR Discussion Papers 10901, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    5. Acharya, Viral V. & Fleming, Michael J. & Hrung, Warren B. & Sarkar, Asani, 2017. "Dealer financial conditions and lender-of-last-resort facilities," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 123(1), pages 81-107.
    6. Viral V. Acharya & Nicola Cetorelli & Bruce Tuckman, 2024. "Where Do Banks End and NBFIs Begin?," Staff Reports 1119, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
    7. Acharya, Viral & Pierret, Diane & Steffen, Sascha, 2016. "Lender of last resort versus buyer of last resort: The impact of the European Central Bank actions on the bank-sovereign nexus," ZEW Discussion Papers 16-019, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    8. Pierluigi Morelli & Giovanni Pittaluga & Elena Seghezza, 2015. "The role of the Federal Reserve as an international lender of last resort during the 2007–2008 financial crisis," International Economics and Economic Policy, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 93-106, March.
    9. Merrouche, Ouarda & Karam, Philippe & Turk, Rima & Souissi, Moez, 2014. "The Transmission of Liquidity Shocks: Evidence from Credit Rating Downgrades," CEPR Discussion Papers 10252, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    10. , 2016. "Funding Illiquidity," Working Papers on Finance 1601, University of St. Gallen, School of Finance, revised Sep 2019.
    11. Céline Gauthier & Alfred Lehar & Héctor Pérez Saiz & Moez Souissi, 2015. "Emergency Liquidity Facilities, Signalling and Funding Costs," Staff Working Papers 15-44, Bank of Canada.
    12. Bruce Tuckman, 2017. "Survive the droughts, I wish you well: Principles and cases of liquidity risk management," Financial Markets, Institutions & Instruments, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 26(3), pages 153-172, August.
    13. Ivica Klinac & Roberto Ercegovac & Mario Pecaric, 2021. "Post Crisis Banking Sector Regulation And European Union Economic Growth Nexus," Economic Review: Journal of Economics and Business, University of Tuzla, Faculty of Economics, vol. 19(2), pages 15-26, November.
    14. Mr. Philippe D Karam & Ouarda Merrouche & Moez Souissi & Ms. Rima A Turk, 2014. "The Transmission of Liquidity Shocks: The Role of Internal Capital Markets and Bank Funding Strategies," IMF Working Papers 2014/207, International Monetary Fund.
    15. F. Koulischer, 2015. "Asymmetric shocks in a currency union: The role of central bank collateral policy," Working papers 554, Banque de France.

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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • D62 - Microeconomics - - Welfare Economics - - - Externalities
    • E58 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Central Banks and Their Policies
    • G01 - Financial Economics - - General - - - Financial Crises
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
    • G24 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation

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