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Liquidity Restrictions, Runs, and Central Bank Interventions: Evidence from Money Market Funds
[Dealer financial conditions and lender-of-last-resort facilities]

Author

Listed:
  • Lei Li
  • Yi Li
  • Marco Macchiavelli
  • Xing (Alex) Zhou
Abstract
Liquidity restrictions on investors, like the redemption gates and liquidity fees introduced in the 2016 money market fund (MMF) reform, are meant to improve financial stability. However, we find evidence that such liquidity restrictions exacerbated the run on prime MMFs during the COVID-19 crisis. Our results indicate that gates and fees could generate strategic complementarities among investors in crisis times. Severe outflows from prime MMFs led the Federal Reserve to intervene with the Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility (MMLF). Using MMLF microdata, we show how the provision of “liquidity of last resort” stabilized prime funds.

Suggested Citation

  • Lei Li & Yi Li & Marco Macchiavelli & Xing (Alex) Zhou, 2021. "Liquidity Restrictions, Runs, and Central Bank Interventions: Evidence from Money Market Funds [Dealer financial conditions and lender-of-last-resort facilities]," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 34(11), pages 5402-5437.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:rfinst:v:34:y:2021:i:11:p:5402-5437.
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/rfs/hhab065
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Wang, Wenhao & Lin, Zhitao & Hu, Bing, 2023. "Macro news effects on exchange rates: Difference between carry trade target and safe-haven currencies," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    2. Huberto M. Ennis & Jeffrey M. Lacker & John A. Weinberg, 2023. "Money Market Fund Reform: Dealing with the Fundamental Problem," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-14, January.
    3. Ross Levine & Chen Lin & Mingzhu Tai & Wensi Xie, 2021. "How Did Depositors Respond to COVID-19? [A crisis of banks as liquidity providers]," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 34(11), pages 5438-5473.
    4. Ling, Aifan & Huang, Xinrui & Ling, Boya (Vivye), 2022. "Fund immunity to the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Chinese equity funds," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    5. Fricke, Daniel & Greppmair, Stefan & Paludkiewicz, Karol, 2022. "You can't always get what you want (where you want it): Cross-border effects of the US money market fund reform," Discussion Papers 03/2022, Deutsche Bundesbank.
    6. Ye Li & Simon Mayer & Simon Mayer, 2021. "Money Creation in Decentralized Finance: A Dynamic Model of Stablecoin and Crypto Shadow Banking," CESifo Working Paper Series 9260, CESifo.
    7. repec:fip:a00001:94154 is not listed on IDEAS
    8. Itay Goldstein & Ralph S J Koijen & Holger M Mueller, 2021. "COVID-19 and Its Impact on Financial Markets and the Real Economy [A model of endogenous risk intolerance and LSAPs: Asset prices and aggregate demand in a “COVID-19” shock]," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 34(11), pages 5135-5148.
    9. Allen, Kyle D. & Baig, Ahmed & Winters, Drew B., 2023. "The response of money market funds to the COVID-19 pandemic," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    10. Kenechukwu E. Anadu & Pablo D. Azar & Catherine Huang & Marco Cipriani & Thomas M. Eisenbach & Gabriele La Spada & Mattia Landoni & Marco Macchiavelli & Antoine Malfroy-Camine & J. Christina Wang, 2023. "Runs and Flights to Safety: Are Stablecoins the New Money Market Funds?," Staff Reports 1073, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
    11. Rafael Matta & Enrico Perotti, 2024. "Pay, Stay, or Delay? How to Settle a Run," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 37(4), pages 1368-1407.
    12. Francesca Carapella & Jin-Wook Chang & Sebastian Infante & Melissa Leistra & Arazi Lubis & Alexandros Vardoulakis, 2024. "Financial Stability Implications of CBDC," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2024-021, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    13. Panetti, Ettore, 2022. "Banks’ liquidity provision and panic runs with recursive preferences," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 47(PA).
    14. Wang, Wei & Li, Lin, 2024. "Digital payment, money market fund and investment behavior," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 85(C).
    15. Sirio Aramonte & Andreas Schrimpf & Hyun Song Shin, 2023. "Non-bank financial intermediaries and financial stability," Chapters, in: Refet S. Gürkaynak & Jonathan H. Wright (ed.), Research Handbook of Financial Markets, chapter 7, pages 147-170, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    16. Li, Pan & Chen, Kecai & Zhu, Xiaoneng, 2024. "Extreme Sentiment and Jumps in Analyst Forecast Dispersion," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 62(PA).
    17. Antoine Bouveret & Antoine Martin & Patrick E. McCabe, 2022. "Money Market Fund Vulnerabilities: A Global Perspective," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2022-012, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    18. Capotă, Laura-Dona & Grill, Michael & Molestina Vivar, Luis & Schmitz, Niklas & Weistroffer, Christian, 2022. "Is the EU money market fund regulation fit for purpose? Lessons from the COVID-19 turmoil," Working Paper Series 2737, European Central Bank.
    19. Yuteng Cheng & Roberto Robatto, 2024. "Financial Intermediation and Fire Sales with Liquidity Risk Pricing," Staff Working Papers 24-18, Bank of Canada.
    20. Antoine Baena & Thomas Garcia, 2023. "Swing Pricing et dynamique des flux au regard de la crise Covid-19," Working papers 914, Banque de France.
    21. Anbil, Sriya & Carlson, Mark & Styczynski, Mary-Frances, 2023. "The effect of the Federal Reserve’s lending facility on PPP lending by commercial banks," Journal of Financial Intermediation, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    22. Fricke, Daniel & Greppmair, Stefan & Paludkiewicz, Karol, 2024. "You can’t always get what you want (where you want it): Cross-border effects of the US money market fund reform," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    23. Huang, Xuesong, 2024. "Sophisticated banking contracts and fragility when withdrawal information is public," Theoretical Economics, Econometric Society, vol. 19(1), January.
    24. Xiaole Tong & Jingfei Wang, 2023. "Does the Development of Money Market Funds in China Increase the Bank Liquidity Risk?," Journal of Applied Finance & Banking, SCIENPRESS Ltd, vol. 13(1), pages 1-7.
    25. Voellmy, Lukas, 2024. "Preventing runs under sequential revelation of liquidity needs," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • G23 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • E58 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Central Banks and Their Policies

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